and steadfastly maintarnrrag that as regarded Hungary they were

to be looked upon not as parte; anuexae but as a regfmm During 1652-SQ he was continually frghtrng against the Turks, yet from hrs castle at Csaletornya he was rn constant cornmunrcation with the learned world, the Dutch scholar, Iacobus Tollrus, er en vrsrted hrm and has left rn hrs Epzstalae mncfarrae a. lrvely account of hrs experrcnces Tollrus was amazed at the lrngurstrc resources of Zrrnyr who spoke German, Croatran, Hungarran, Turkish and Latin with equal faerlrty Zr1ny1's Latm letters (from wlrrch We learrr that he was married a second trme, to Soplrra Lobel) are fluent and agreeable, but largely interspersed with Croatian and Magyar expressions The last year of hrs life was also rts most glorrous one. He set out to destroy the strongly tortrtred Turkrsh brrdge at Esseg, and thus cut off the retreat or the Turkrsh army re capturing all the strong fortresses on lrrs wa; He destroyed the brrdge, but the further pursuance of the campargn was frustrated by the refusal of the rmperral generals to co-operate § trll the expedrtron had covered htm with glory All Europe rang with hrs prarses It was sard that only the Zrrnyrs had the secret of conquering the Turks The emperor offered hrm the trtle of prrnce The pope struck a comrnemoratrve medal with the effrg-y of Zrrnyr as a held marshal The Spanrsh lung sent hrm the Golden Fleece The French king created hrrn a peer of France The Turks, to wrpe out the drsgrace of the Lsseg affarr, now lard srege to U]-Zerrn, a fortress which Zrrnyr had burlt, and the rmperral troops under Montecuculr looked on while he hastened to relreve rt, refusing all assistance with the result that the fortress fell It was also by the advice of Montecuculr that the disgraceful peace of as.r was concluded Zrrnyr hastened to /renna to protest against rt, but rn varn Zrrnyr qurtted Vrenna rn drsgust, after assurrng the Venetran mrnrster, Sagrrdrno that he was wrllrng at any moment to assrst tl'~e Republic against the Turks with 6000 men He then returned to Csaktornya, and there, on the 18th of lNoen1ber, was krlled by a wrld hoar which he had twrcc wounded and recklessly pursued to rts larr ll) the forest swamps armed only with hrs huntrng-knrfe

Hrs poetrcal works first appeared at Vrenna rn 1651, under the trtle of The Srren of the Adrzalrc (Hung), but hrs prrncrpal work Obrzdzo Szrgelzana, the epopoera of the glorrous selfsacrrtice of hrs herorc ancestor of the same name, only appeared rn fragments rn Magvar literature trll Arany took rt rn hand It was evidently wrrtten under the rnlluence of both Vrrgrl and Tasso though the author had no trme to polrsh and correct nts rough and occasionally somewhat wooden versrfrcatron But the fundamental rdea-the duty of Hungarian valour to shake off the Turkrsh yoke with the help of God-rs sublrme, and the whole work rs rntense with martial and relrgrous en thusrasrn It rs no unworthy companion of the other eprcs of the Renarssance period, and had many rmrtatofs /Xrany as he called rt, on

trrst rn 1848, began to recast the Zrmyzad, modern lrnes, and the work was completed by Antal Vékony rn 1892.

See J flrrany and Kazmrr Greksa, Zfmyr

Eger, 1892 Karolv bzechv Lgfe of Count

poet (Hung) Budapest, 1896, Sandor Korosr, vellz (Hung), Budapest, 1803

and Tasse (Hung),

Nzchalas Zrmgt the

Zrmy-1 and Macthra (R N B)

ZSCHOKKE, JOHANN HEINRICH DANIEL (]771'IS48), German author, was born at Magdeburg on the 22nd of March 1771 l-le was educated at the morrasterral (k-luster) school and at the Mtstadter gymnasium of hrs natrve place He spent some Irma as play wrrght Wrth a company of strolling actors, hut afterwards studred philosophy, theology and history at the umwrsrty of Frankfort on the-Oder wherein 1792 he established himself as PIZ'Ul1lll0Zf'11f He created much sensatron by an extravagant novel, Aballuw der grasse Band1!(17g3,5ubse quently also dramatized) modelled on %Cl'1lll€1'lS Rduber and the melodrarnatrc tragedy Julzus von Sasscn (1796) The Prussran government hawrng declined to make hrm a full professor, Zscholcke rn 1796 settled rn Swrtzerland, where he conducted an educational rnstrtutron in the castle of Rerchenau. The authmrtrcs of the (rrrsons admrtted hrm to the rrghts of a citizen, and rn 1798 he published hrs Gesclzzchle des Frezslaals der dren Bmuie zm hohen Ratreu The political disturbances of this year compelled hrm to close hrs rrrstrtutron He was, howey er serrt as a deputy to Aarau, where he was made president of the educational department, and afterwards as government com mrssroner to Unterwalden, hrs authority being ultimately extended over the cantons of Urr, Sclrwyz and Zug Zsclrokke drstrngurshed himself by the vrgour of hrs admrnrstratron and hy the enthusrasrn with which he devoted hrrrrself to the interests of the poorer classes of tlre oommunrty In 1800 he reorgarrraed the rnstrtutrons of the ltalrtn eantons and was appointed lieutenant-governor of the canton of Basel Zschokke retrred from public life when the central government at Bern proposed to re establish the federal system, but after the changes effected by Bonaparte he entered the serwrce of the canton of Aargau with which he remarned connected Irr 1301 he attracted attentron by hrs Gcschzchte vom Kampfc und Unlcrgfmge der srhwerzenschen Berg- und Wald-Kantoue Through hrs Suhr/1/ez zerbaie, the puhlrcatron ofwl'1ch began rn 1804, hc exercrsed A wholesome influence on puhhc affarrs, and the like may be sard of hrs Mzscellm fur dw neuesle W eltlfunde, rssued from 1807 to 1813 In 1811 he also started a monthly perrodrcal, the Erhrzterungen He wrote various hrstorrcal works, the most important of which rs Des Schwerzcflarzdes Gcschrchte far das Srhwcrzervolk (1822, 8th ed 1849) Zschokke's tales, on which hrs lrterary reputation rests, are collected IH several serres, Bzlder aus der .Schwezz (5 wols, 1824-2 5), Ausgcwahlte Novcllen und Dzchtuugen (16 vols 1868-39) Tl1e best known are Azidnch rm Maas (1794), Der Frezhof ton Aarau (1794); Alamzmtade (1802); Der Creole (1830), Dr.: Galdmachefdoff (1817), and Meister Jordan (1845) In Siunden der Andachl (1809-1816, 27 edrtrons rn Zschokke's lifetrme), which was wrdely read, he expounded rn a ratronalrstrc sprrrt the fundamental prrncrples of relrgron and moralrty Eme Selbslschau (1842) rs a k1nd of autobiography. Zschokke was not a great orrgrnal wrrter, hut he secured an enunent place rn the lrtcrature of hrs trme by hrs enthusiasm for modern rdeas rn polrtrcs and relrgron, by the sound, practical Judgment drsplay ed rn hrs works, and by the energy and lucrurty of hrs style He dred at hrs country house of Blumenhalde on the Aar on the 27th of June 1848.

An edition of Zscl1okke's selected works, rn forty volumes, was issued rn 1824-28 in 1851-54 an edrtrorr rrr thirty fue wolumes was p11l'l shed A new edrtron of the Jvmfllen was published by A Vogtlm rn twelve wolumes (IQD4) There are bro graph res of Zschokke by E Munch (1831), Emil Zsrhokke (grd ed 1876); R Sauerlandev (Aarau, 1884), and R Wernly (Aarau, 1894). See also M Schnerderrert, Zschozka same Weltanschauung und Lebenswershert (1904).

ZSCHOPAU, a town rn the krngdom of Saxony, on the left bank of the Lschopau, 18 m 5 I; from Chemnitz by the railway to Annaberg Pop (rgoo) 6748 It contarrrs a handsome parrsh church dedicated to St Martrn, a town hall and a castle (W1ldeck), burlt by the Emperor Henry I rn 932 The rndustrres rnclude rronfoundrng, cotton and thread sprnnrng, clothweav'ng and furniture making

ZUCCARELLI, FRANCESCO (1702-1788), Italran parnter, was born at Prtrgliano rn Tuscany, and studred 111 Rome under Onesr, Morandr, and Nellr At Rome, and later rn /enrce, he became famous as one of the best landscape parnters of the classrcrzrng 18th century Havrng yrsrted lingland on a prevrous occasron, he was rnduccd by son1e patrons to return thrther in 1752, remarnrrrg untrl 1773 when he settled 111 Florence, dying there rn 1788 Zuccarellr, who was one of the foundation members of the Royal Academy, en]oyed the patronage of royalty and of many wealthy Iinglrsh collectors for whom he executed hrs prrncrpal works-generally landscapes with classic rurns and small figures A large number of them are at Vtrnclsor Castle and of the seven examples which formed part of the John Samuel collertron two are now at the Natrona] Gallery The royal palace rn cn1cc contarns as many as twenty one, and the academy four Others are at the Vrenna Gallery and at the Louvre rn Parrs Hrs work was very unequal, but at hrs