long technical treatise would be required to name the many combinations of cordage and spars which make up the total rigging. All that is attempted here is to give the main lines and general principles or divisions.

The vessel dealt with here is the fully rigged ship of three or more masts. But she includes all the others and the principles are the same. > The simplest of all forms of rigging is the dipping lug, a quadrangular sail hanging from a yard, and always hoisted on the side of the mast opposite to, that on which the wind is blowing (the lee side). When the boat is to be tacked so as to bring the wind on the other side, the'sail is lowered and re hoisted. One rope can serve as halliard to hoist the sail and as a stay when it is made fast on the weather side on which the wind is blowing. The difference between such a craft and the fully rigged ship is that between a simple organism and a very complex one; but it is one of degree, not of kind. The steps in the scale are innumerable. Every sea has its own type. Some in eastern waters are of extreme antiquity, and even in Europe vessels are still to be met with which differ very little if at all from the ships of the Norsemen of the 9th and 10th centuries. For a full account of these varieties of rigging the reader may be referred to M as! and Sail in Europe and Asia (London, 1906), by H. Warington Smyth. - Q the wind on the side. When the lug is not meant to be lowered, and re hoisted on the lee side, as in the dipping lug mentioned above, it is slung at a third from the end of the yard, and is called a standing lug. A good example of the lug is the Chinese junk (fig. 4). The

IG. 4.-Four-masted ]unk.

lug is'a1“ lifting sail, " and~ does not tend to press the vessel down as the“fore'and aft sail does. Therefore it is much used by When the finer degrees of variation are neglected the types of flshinglvessels in the North K fi in may be reduced to comparatively few, which can be classed 5 h f-Eg E ea. T e type 0 the fore

b the shape of their sail and the number of their masts. At the d f ' ' h y an a t rig IS the schooner 5

bottom of the scale is such a craft as the Norse herring boat (fig. 2). (5g 5) The Sails on the ' ' 3

' V, magts bhave algaff arliove  

an a oom be ow. . ese /,

I spakrs have a pgonlg galled, E r

T”"' ==»~ ' “t e jaws, ” w ic t t o '

Q "V L l the mast, and are held in ' ll 0 l, W 1 place by a “ jaw rope " on A ~ 5, I whicg are Lshreadqd lgeaimds

cae trucs. Saisotis ' ' 7

shape are carried by fully I, ..-...» ... A rigged ships on tlae mizzené V ' f mast, and can e sprea ' sg, " . * -J- f=f ;" if-f on the fore and main. —° " 7

They are then called try- FIG.)5.f-SCl'1OOIlCl'. " I, bowsprit, with I ' /7' i S8.1lS and 3l'€ used only 111 maftlngale to "the Stem; 2, foize-W

  bad W€2~fl1€1' Whfill little topmast-stay, ]1b and stay-foresail;

~'. 2!!! l!!!5=—f/, S2111 CHZI1 be Ca1'I'1€d, 3H§ l 3, fore-gall-topsail; 4, foresail and are h01Sf€du0f1 thetgfyliag main staffs; 5, dn?ain-gaff-topsail; 6, f' ' -*L - ' ~ —' i 'Y- maSt, aSm3~ IT13.St3- EIC 6 mainsai; 7, en 0 boom, "Z F.; - €.' "1 "' .; "v ' A to the great one. The , FIG. 2 ... N0, -Se Herring Boat Lateen (Latin) sail (fig. 6) ls a triangular sail akinto the lug, and is the prevailing type of the Mediterranean. These original types She has one quadrangular sail suspended from a yard which is hung (or slung) by the middle to a single mast which is placed (or stepped) in the middle of the boat. She is the direct representative of the ships of the Norsemen. Her one sail is a “ course " such as is still used on the fore and mainmasts of a fully developed ship; ' t a topsail may be added (as in fig. 3) and then we have the beginning'

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FIG. 6.-Lateen Rig.

g ' 'I even gyhen uiligiodifiedo by gnbctui;/§ vs; ith lany other, permit; ogagg; U varia ions. e num er o mas o a ugger may vary ro

-n!l!L!!5l-i f f to live, and of at schooner .from two to five or even seven. A small

=:;, ==, ug may be carried above the large one, , and a gafi topsail added to v:; , f i . the sails of a schooner. A smal -masted fore-and-aft-rigged vessel if ijE"';'~;' ' ' may beacutter (fig. 7) or sloop. But the pure types may be com&

FIG. 3.-Nordland Boat.

of a fully clothed mast. A very similar craft called a Humber keel is used m the north of England. The lug sail is an advance on the course, since it is better adapted for sailing on the wind, with bined, in topsail schooner, brigantines, barquentines and barques, when the topsail, a quadrangular sail hanging from and fastened to a yard, slung by the middle, is combined with fore and aft sails. The lateen rig has been combined with the s uare rig to make such a rigging as the xebec-a three-masted vessel square rigged on the

main, and lateen on the fore and mizzen. Triangular sails of the