insufficiency of the king's termsfor securing' the object desired by the Whigs. In the conflict- between the Petitionersand the Abhorrers he supported the former, and- on the 27th of October 1680 brought forward a motion asserting the right of petitioning

the king to summon parliament, and proposed the impeachment of Chief Justice North as the author of the proclamation against tumultuous petitioning. Sacheverell was one of the managers on behalf of the Commons at the trial of- Lord Stafford in-Westminster Hall; but took no further part in public affair still after the elections of March 1681, when. he was returned unopposed for Derbyshire. He was prosecuted for riot in connexionfwith the surrender of the charter -of Nottinghamin 1682, being-tried before Chief Justice Jeffreys, who lined him 500 marks. At the general election following the death of -Charles II. in 1685 Sacheverell.lost his seat, and for the next four years he lived in retirement on his estates. In the convention parliament summoned by thee prince of Orange, in which he sat for Heytess bury, he spoke in favour of a radical resettlement of the constitution-and served on a committee, of which Somers was chairman, for drawing up a. new constitution in the form of. the Declaration of Right; and he was one of the representatives of the. Commons ln their conference with the peers on the question of declaring the thronelvacant. Nl/illiam III. appointed Sacheverell a lord of the admiralty, but he resigned the office after a few months. He procured the omission of Lord Jeffreys's name—from the Act of Indemnity. In IOQO he moved a famous 'amendment to the Corporation Bill, proposing the addition of a clause-#the purport of which was misrepresented by Macaulay+for disqualifying for office for seven years municipal*-functionaries whfo in 'defiance of the majority of .their colleagues had surrendered. their charters to the-Crown. A celebrated debate on this question took place in' the Housexof Commons in January- IOQO; but: the evident intention of the* Whigs to perpetuate their own ascendancy:by tampering with-the franchise contributed-largely to the Tory reaction which resulted in the defeat 'of-the Whigs in the elections, of that year. Sacheverell was elected member for Nottinghamshire; but he died on the 9th of. October 1691, before taking his seat. In the judgment of Speaker Onslow, Sacheverell was the faablest parliament man ” of the=reign of Charles II. He was one of the earliest of English parliamentary orators;:his speeches greatly impressed his' contemporaries, and in a later generation, as Macaulayobserves, they were “ a' favourite theme of old men who lived to seetthe conliicts of» Walpole and Pulteney." Though his fame has become dimmed in comparison withthat -of Shaftesbufy, Russell and Sidney, he was not less conspicuous in the parliamentarywproceedings of Charles II.'s reign, and heleft a more permanent mark than any of them- on the constitutional changes of the period; 17-, Sacheverell was twice;-~married. His first wife was Mary, daughter of William Staunton of'Staunton;-and his second was Jane, daughter of:Sir-John Newton. .His eldest son Robert represented the boroughiof Nottingham in six parliaments and died in 1714. The family became extinct in- 1724.

Bibliography.—Many of Sacheverells speeches are reported in Anchitell Grey's Debates-of the House of Commons, 1667-1694 (10 vols., London, 1769). See also Sir George, Si|twell, The First Whi (Scarborough, 1894); Gilbert "Burnet, History of my 'own Time é vols., Oxford, 1833); Sir John Reresby, Memoirs, 1634-1689, edited by J. jf Cartwright- (London, '1875); Roger Nor-th,1Aut-biography, edited by A. ]esso p (London, 1887); and Lives. of the Right Hon., F. North, Baron Gifford, &c. (i/Ivols., London, 1826); he Hatton Correspondence, edited by E. . Thompson for the Camden Society (2 vols., London, 1878); Laurence Eachard, Histo? of England' (3 vols., London, 1707-1718); and the Histories o England by Lingard, Von Ranke and Macaulay.

SACHS, HANS (1494-1576), German poet and dramatist, was born at Nuremberg on the 5th, of November -1494. 'His father was a tailor, and he himself was trained to the calling of a shoemaker. ~ Before this, however, he received- a good education at the Latin school of: Nuremberg, which left behind it-alasting interest in the stories of antiquity. In the spring of-1 S09 he began his apprenticeship, and was at the sametime initiated into theart of the Meistersingers by a weaver, -Leonhard Nunnenpeck. In 1 SI 1 he set out on his Wanderjahre, and worked at his craft in many towns, including Regensburg, Passau, Salzburg, Munich, .Osnabri.ick, 'Lübeck and Leipzig. In 1516 he returned to Nuremberg, where he remained during the' rest of his life, working steadily at his handiwork and devoting his leisure time to literature. In 15171 he became master of his gild and in 1519 married. The great '-eventof his intellectual life was the coming of -the Reformation; he became an ardent adherent of Luther, 'and in 1523 wrote in-Luther7s honour the poem beginning Die 'witlenbergisch N achtigall, Die man jetzt haret ilberall, and four remarkable .dialogues in prose, in which his warm sympathy with the reformer' is:tempered by counsels of moderation. In spite of this, his advocacy of the new faith brought upon him a reproof from the town council of Nuremberg; and 'he was forbidden to publish any more Bzichlein oder Reimen. It.was not-long, however, before the council itself openly threw in its lot with the Reformation. After the death of Hans Sachs's first-wife-in 1560 he married again. .Hisdeath took place on the 19th of' January 1 576.

Hans Sachs wasan, extraordinarily fertile poet. By the 'year 1567 he had' composedgaccording to his own account, 4275 Meisterlieder, 1700 tales and fables in verse, and 2o8 dramas, which filled no fewer than .34 large manuscript volumes; and this wasnot all, for he continued writing until 1573. The M eisterlieder were not printed, being intended' solely for -the use of the Nuremberg Meistersinger school, of which Sachs was the leading. spirit. His fame rests mainly- on the Sprucligedichle, -which include his dramatic writings. His f' tragedies” anHf“'come'di'es ” are, fhowever, little more than stories told in dialogue, and divided at convenient pauses into a varying number of acts; of. the essentials of-dramatic construction or the nature of dramatic action Sachs- has little idea. The subjects are drawn from-.the most varied sources, the Bible, the classic sf and the 1 Italian novelists being especially laid under contribution. He succeeds best in the short an'ecdotal1Fastnachtsspiel or Shrovetide play, where characterization and humorous situation are of more importance than dramatic form or construction. ' Farces like -Der fahrende Schiller im Paradies (1 5 50), Das Wildbad (1 5 50), Das heiss Eisen(1 5 51), DerBauer im Fegefcuer (1 552) are -inimitable intheir way, and have even been~ played with success on the modern stage.. Hans Sachs himself made beginning to an edition of his collected writings by publishing three large folio volumes (1558~1561); after his 'death two other volumes appeared (1578, 1579). . Acritical edition has been published' lg the Stuttgart 'Literarischer Verein, edited-by A. von Keller and 1 Goetze (25 vols., 1870~1896); Salmtliche Fastrrachtsspiele, ed. by E. Goetze (7 vols., 1880-1887); Samiliche Fabeln und Schfwdnke, by the same (3 vols., 1893). There are, also editions of selected writings by ']., Tittmann (3 vols., 187O-I8i']I; new ed., '1883-1885) and B.- Arnold (2 vols., '1885).» See E. K. ].“ Liitzelberger, Hans Sachs (1876); C. Schweitzer, Etude sur' La vie et les azuvres de Hans-.Sachs (1887); K. Drescher, Hans, -Sachs Stmiien (1890, 1891); E. Goetze, Hans Sachs (1891); A. L. Stiefel, Hans Sachs-Forschungen (1894); R. Genée, Hans Sachs und seine Zeit (1894;f 2nd '€d'., 1902)f EL"Geiger, 'Hans Sachs als Dichter in seinen Fastnachtsspiclen (1904). s - » .

SACHS, JULIUS VON (1832-1897), German botanist, -was born-at Breslau-on the 2nd of October I8$2. .At an early age he showed a taste -for natural- history, '~and on~ leaving school he became, in 18 51, private assistant to the physiologist J. E. Purkinje at Prague. In 1856 he graduated as doctor, of philosopliy, and then adopted a botanical career, establishing himself as Privatdozeiit for plant physiology in the -university of (Prague. In 1859 he was —appointed physiological' assistant to the Agricultural Academy of Tharandt in Saxony; and in,186'1 he was called to be-director of lthe Polytechnic at Chemnitz, but was almost immediately transferred to the Agricultural Academy at Poppelsdorf, near Bonn, where he remained until 1867, »when he was nominated professor of', botany in- the university of F reiburg-im-Breisgau. In 1868 he accepted the chaiiuof botany in the university of Würzburg, which hetcontinued to occupy (in spite of calls to all the important German universities) until his death on the 29th of May 1897.

Sachs achieved distinction as an investigator, a writer and a teacher; his name will ever be especially associated with the great development of plant physiology which marked the latter half of the 19th century, though there is scarcely a branch of