Piozzi; or the British Biographers, A Town Eclogue (1786). But though Miss Burney and some others held aloof, the Piozzis

found plenty of friends when they returned to London in 1787. PIOZZI died at Brynbella, a villa he had built on his w1fe's Camarvonshire estate in ISOQ, and Mrs Piozzi gave up her Welsh property to her husband's son, and spent most of the rest of her life at Bath and Clifton. When long past seventy she took a fancy to William Augustus Conway, the actor. She retained her v1vac1ty to the last, celebrating her 8oth birthday by a ball to six or seven hundred people at Bath. She died at Clifton on the 2nd of May 1821.

From 1776 to 1809 she kept a note-book which she called “Thraliana.” Her well-known poem of the “ Three Warnings " is to be found in many popular collections. Letters to and from the late Samuel Johnson appeared in 1788; Observations and Rcqlectzons made in the course of a Journey, through France, Italy and errnany, in 1789, and in 1801 she published Retrospectzon, or a remew of the most striking and important events, characters, and situations winch the last eighteen hundred years have presented to the 'view of manktnd 1801

See Letters and Literary Remazns of Mrs Pzozzi (Thrale), edited with notes and an Introductory Account of her Life and Writings by A. Hayward (1861); Prozzzana; or Recollections of the late Mrs Pzozzz by a Friend (1833), the anonymous friend being Edward Mangin (1772-1852), L. B. Seele, Mrs Thrale, afterwards Mrs Piozzz . . . (1891), and G. Birkbeck Hill, Johnsonzan Mzscellantes (1897). Also works noted in bibliography to Johnson, Samuel

PIPE, a term used of a musical w1nd-instrument of tubular form, and hence of any cylindrical hollow tube. The original application of the term is to the musical instrument (see Pipe and Tabor below), and the source is to be found in Lat. pipare, to chirp, of a bird. The general meaning of “ pipe, ” in the sense of a tube for such purposes as carrying water, gas, sewage, &c., is treated under Tube. Among specific uses of the word are those for the hollow steni of clay, wood or other 1nater1al with a bowl at one end 1n which tobacco is smoked (see below), for the metal or wooden sound tubes in an organ (qs/1.), and for various forms of cy l1ndr1cal veins, hollows, channels, &c., in mining and geology. The Great Roll of the Exchequer was known as the “Pipe Roll ", this contained the various “ pipes” or enrolled accounts of the sherifis, &c, which were so called either from being sent in a cylindrical case or as resembling a pipe in shape when rolled (see RECORDS).

Tobacco Pipe.-The smoking of tobacco in pipes is a. custom which prevailed 1n America for a period of unknown duration previous to the discovery of that continent by Columbus. The most ancient pipes of which remains exist have been found in mounds or tumuh called pipe mounds, principally in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Iowa. These mound pipes, which are carved in poiphyry and other hard stones, are very uniform in type. The pipe, cut out of a single piece of stone, consists of a slightly convex platform or base, generally from 3 to 4 in. in length, and about an inch broad, with the bowl on the centre. A fine hole is pierced from one

end of the platform to the

V, bottom of the bowl, the

opposite end being obviously

for holding in the hand while

q - the pipe is being smoked.

In the commonest forms the

bowl is a simple cylinder or

urn (Eg. 1), but in many cases remarkable artistic skill has been displayed in carving the bowls into miniature figures of birds, mammals, reptiles and

human heads, often grotesque

and fantastic, but

always vigorously expressed

(fig. 2). These mound or

platform pipes with carved

human and animal formsare

objects of the highest ethnographic

interest and importance,

being among the

most characteristic remains of the ancient inhabitants of the Mississippi valley. The wide area over which they, as well as

FIG. I.—“ Monitor ” Pipe.

FIG. 2.-Heron Pipe.

remains of baked clay pipes, are found throughout the American continent testifies to the universal prevalence of smoking in the pre-Columbian era. Many of the ancient clay pipes found in Mexico, &c., are elaborately moulded and ornamented, while others show considerable similarity to the early clay pipes of Europe. Among the North-American Indian tribes the tobacco pipe occupies a position of peculiar symbolic significance in connexion with the superstitious rites and usages of the race. The calumet, peace pipe or medicine pipe, is an object of the most profound ve11eration, entrusted to the care of a highly honoured official, and produced and smoked with much ceremony only on occasions of great importance and solemnity. It is remarkable that, Whilst the most ancient American pipes had no separate stem, it is the stem only of the ruedicine pipe which is the object of veneration among the Indians, the bowl used being a matter of indifference. The favourite material for Indian pipe bowls is the famous red pipe stone (catlinite), a. fine-grained easily-worked stone of a rich red colour of the Coteau des Prairies, west of the Big Stone Lake in S. Dakota. The quarries were formerly neutral ground among the warring Indian tribes, many sacred traditions being associated with the locality and its product.

It is disputed whether pipes for smoking were at all known in Europe previous to the discovery of America. That tobacco smoking was unknown is certain; but pipes of iron, bronze and clay have been so frequently found associated with Roman remains and other antiquities as to lead many authorities to maintain that such pipes must have bee11 anciently used for burning incense or for smoking aromatic herbs or hemp. Throughout Great Britain and Ireland small clay pipes are frequently dug up, in some instances associated with Roman relics. These are known amongst the people as elfin, fa1ry or Celtic pipes, and in some districts supernatural agencies have been called in to account for their existence. The eliin pipes have commonly fiat broad heels in place of the sharp spur now found on clay pipes, and on that flat space the mark or initials of the maker is occasionally found. T here is no reason to believe that these pipes are older than the 17th century. The introduction of the tobacco pipe into Europe is generally ascribed to Ralph Lane, first governor of Virginia, who in 1586 brought an Indian pipe to Sir Walter Raleigh, and taught that courtier how to use the implement. The pipe-makers of London became an incorporated body in 1619, and from England the other nations of Europe learned the art of making clay pipes.

The habit of smoking with pipes spread with incredible

rapidity; and among the various peoples the pipe assumed special characteristics, and its modifications became the medium of conveying social, political and personal allusions, in many cases with no little artistic skill and humour. The pipe also became the object of much inventive ingenuity, and it varied as greatly in material as in form-wood, horn, bone, ivory, stone, precious and other metals, amber, glass, porcelain and, above all, clay being the materials employed in various forms. By degrees pipes of special form and material came to be associated with particular people, ew. the elongated painted porcelain bowls and pendulous stem of the German peasantry, the red clay bowl and long cherry wood stem of the Turk, and the very small metallic bowl and cane stem oi the ]apanese, &c. Among other kinds of pipe which have been popular at various times are the “ corn-cob, ” where the bowl is made of the cob of maize or Indian corn, and the “ calabash ” with the bowl of a small gourd. The “ churchwarden ” is a clay pipe with a slender stem, some 16 or zo in. long. The most luxurious and elaborate form of pipe is the Persian kalynn, hookah or water tobacco pipe. This consists of three pieces, the head or bowl, the water bottle or base, and the snake or long flexible tube ending in the mouthpiece. The tobacco. which must be previously prepared by steeping in water, is placed in the head and lighted with live charcoal, a wooden stem passes from its bottom down into the water which ills the base, and the tube is fitted to a stem which ends in the bottle above the water. Thus the smoke is cooled and Washed before it reaches the smoker by passing through the water in