appears less suitable for it, probably from the want; of summer

heat, and It can hardly be recommended for Br1t1sh plantmg otherw ise than for ornamental purposes

Nearly approaching th1s is P. excelsa, the Bhotan pine, which differs ch1efl; 1n IIS longer cones and drooping glaucous foliage It is found in Kumaon and Bhotan and on some of the Nepal ranges, but does not grow 1n the mo1st climate of the Sikkim Himalayas, It is found at a height of 7000 to 12,000 ft, and attains large dimensions, the wood is highly resinous, and IS sa1d to be durable, great quantities of a white clear turpentine exude from the branches when 1n]ured The Bhotan p1ne is qu1te hardy in southern England, and has been largely planted of late as an ornamental tree.

P. Lambertiana, the giant pine or sugar pine of Cahfornia, is the largest of the genus, rising to the height of 200 ft, w1th a trunk 20 to 30 ft 1n girth, and, It is said, occasionally attaining much larger d1mens1ons The head IS of a pyramidal form, the lower branches drooping l1ke those of a Norway spruce; ILS foliage IS of a light bright green colour. The pendent cones are very large, sometimes 18 1n. long and 4 in. in diameter, with large nut l1ke seeds, wh1ch, pounded and baked, are eaten by the Ind1ans The tree abounds 1n some sandy d1str1cts, but more generally occurs singly or in small groups dispersed through the woods, atta1n1ng ILS greatest dimensions 1n light soils The wood IS soft and nearl white, but contains much resin, which when fire has run througli the forest exudes, and, having in th1s half-burnt cond1t1on a sweetish taste, has g1en the common name to the tree, the wood seem to be formed slow ly; from ILS smooth gra1n It IS valued for indoor carpentry, the saccharine burnt res1n 1S used as a la>.at1ve 1n Cal1fornia.

P. Cembra is the stone pine of S1beria and central Europe. I abounds on the Alps, the (Carpathians and the S1ber1an ranges, 1n 5w1tzerland bcxng found at an altitude of 4000 to 6000 ft It lb a straight growing tree, th grey bark ancl whorls of horizontal branches giving a cylindro-conical outline, the leaves are short, rigid and glaucous, the cones, oblong and rather pointing upwards, grow only near the top of the tree, and ripen in the second autumn, the seeds axe oily like those of P Pmea, ancl are eaten both on the Alps and by the 1nhab1tants of Siberia, a fine oil is expressed from them which is used both for food and 1n lamps, but, like that of the Italian pine, II soon turns rancid. The growth of P. Cembra slow, but the wood is of remarkably even grain, and is employ ed by the Swiss wood carvers in preference to any othcr. The Cembnz IS the “ z1rbel” or “ z1rbel-k1efer " of the Germans, and is known locally 1n St7erlancl as the “ aroile, " “ aloies, " and “ arve "

P. occidentalis a five-leaved pine with pale green foliage and small ovate cones, IS found on the high mountains of Santo Domingo and Cuba Many members of the group occur on the Mexican isthmus, one of which, P fembrozdes, produces edible seeds, another, P. Montezumae, is a valuable timber tree P Ayarahmte, the common white pine of Mexico, spreads southwards on to the mountains of (Guatemala It is a large tree with glaucous foliage like P. Strobus, and yields a valuable resin P. filifolia and P. macrophylla likewise natives of Central America, are remarkable for the extreme le11gth of their leaves, the former is said to attain a large size.  (C. P. J.) 

PINE-APPLE. The pine-apple so called consists in reality of the inflorescence of the plant, the originally separate flowers 0 which, together with the bracts supporting them, become fleshy and consolidated into one mass The swelling and fusion of the tissues tal-.e place after the process of fertilization, and it may be that the richly perfumed succulent mass is an a1d in the d1str1but1on of seed by affording food to certain animals. In the highly dey eloped eult1vated pines, however, it frequently happens that the seeds do not ripen properly The pine 1 rzmzas sctzzus, is a member of the natural order Bromeliaceae of tropical American orig1n, where it is widely spread, and it is now naturahzed in the tropical regions of the Old World. Evelyn in his Diary mentions tasting a pine-apple from Barbados at the table of Charles II, and this is we believe the first mention of the fruit in English literature. A picture, of which a copy may be seen at the rooms of the Royal Horticultural Society of London, represents the royal gardener, Mr Rose presenting on bended knee the first pine apple grown in Britam, and it is surmised that this may have been grown from the suckers” of the fruit above alluded to by Evelyn, though it generally considered that the pine was not cultivated in England till 1712 For many years pine-apples were eult1vated in large private gardens, but owing to the great developments in culture ll] the West Indies, the Azores, Canary Islands, &c., they are no longer cultivated in Britain or Europe.

PINE BLUFF, a city and the county seat of Iefferson county, Arkansas. U S A . situated at an altitude of about 200 ft i11 the alluvial bottoms of the Arkansas river, about IO7 m. from it mouth, and about 42 m S by E. of Little Rock Pop (1910), 15,102 It has an active river trade with St Louis, Memphis and New Orleans, and five railway outlets-the Missouri Pacific and its branch, the Pine Bluff & Western, and the St Louis South-Western and its two branches, the Pine Bluff& Arkansas River and the Altheimer. The city has many schools, and a business college, the state normal school for negroes, and Merrill institute, endowed by Joseph Merrill of Pine Bluff with $100,000. Large quantities of cotton and lumber are shipped from the city. Among the manufactures are cotton-seed oil, lumber and staves, and furniture. Pine Bluff has shops of the St Louis South-Western railway. The city's factory products were valued at $2,989,242 in 1905, an increase of 94% over their value in 1900 Pine Bluff was laid out in 1832 and chartered as a city in 1885.

PINEL, PHILIPPE (1745–1826), French physician, was born at the chateau of Rascas, Saint-Andre, in the department of Tarn, France, on the 20th of April 1745 He studied at Lavaur and afterwards at the university of Toulouse, where he took his doctor's degree in 1773 From Montpellier he removed in 1778 to Paris, engaging there chiefly in literary work connected with h1s profession His first publication was a hrench translation of 'William Cullen's Nosology (1785), it was followed by an edition of the works of G Baghvi (1788), and in 1791 he published a Traité medico-philosophique de l'aliénation mentale. In 1792 he became head physician of the Bicetre, and two years afterwards he received the corresponding appointment at the Salpetriere, where he began to deliver a course of chnical lectures, these formed the basis of his Nosogmplzie pkzlosop/ztque (1798; 6th ed., 1818), which was further developed 111 La Médecme elmique (1802) Pinel was made a member of the Institute in 1803, and soon afterwards was appointed professor of pathology 1n the École de Médecine His fame rests entirely upon the fact that he was among the first to introduce the humane treatment of the insane. He died at Paris on the 26th of October 1826.

PINERO, SIR ARTHUR WING (1855–⁠), English dramatist, was born in London on the 24th of May 1855, the son of John Daniel Pinero, a Jewish solicitor, whose family was of Portuguese origin, long established in London. A W Pinero was engaged in 1874 as an actor at the Theatre Royal, Edinburgh, and came to London in 1876, to play at the Globe Theatre Later in the year he joined the Lyceum company, of which he remained a member for five years. The first piece of his to see the footlights