on a pole in a public place, where it remained for a quarter of a

century, his right hand was given to his slayer, who preserved it in rum and won many pennies by exhibiting it in the New England towns The struggle was now over in southern New England, but it continued along the north-eastern frontier till the spring ot 1678, and nearly every settlement beyond the Piscataqua was destroyed In the colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut six hundred men (or about 9% of the fighting population), besides many women and children, had been killed, thirteen settlements had been completely destroyed, and about forty others were partly burned. Plymouth had incurred a debt greater than the value of the personal property of her people. The Indians suffered even worse in addition to the large number of men, women and children slain, great numbers, among them the wife and son of Phihp, were sold into slavery in the Spanish Indies and the Bermudas Many others migrated from New England to New York, and the few remaining Indians, feeble and dispirited, were no longer a power to be reckoned with. Philip was an Indian patriot and statesman, not a warrior, he united the tribes in their resistance to the colonists, but was not a great leader in battle.

See George M Bodges, Soldzers an King Philips War (Leominster, Mass, 1896); John Gorham Palfrely, History of New England, vol. ni (Boston, 1864); and especia y George W. Ellis and John E. Morris, Kang Plzzlzplv War (New York, I9o6) See also Enterlaznzng Passages Relalzng to Kang Phzlzplv War (Boston, 1716, new edition, edited with notes by H. M. Dexter, Boston, 1865), the account by Colonel Benyamin Church (1639-1718), one of the principal leaders of the English, of the warfare in south-eastern lew Eng and, in which he took part; it is one of the most famous and realistic accounts of early Indian warfare.

PHILIPPA OF HAINAUT (c. 1314-1369), queen of the English king Edward III, was the daughter of William the Good, count of Holland and Hainaut, and his wife Ieanne de Valois, granddaughter of Philip III of France. Edward visited the court of Count Vi ilham in 1 3 26 with his mother Isabella, who immediately arranged a marriage between him and Philippa. After a dispensation had been obtained for the marriage of the cousins (they w ere both descendants of Philip III) Philippa was married by proxy at Valenciennes in October 1327, and landed in England in December. She joined Edward at York, where she was married on the 3oth of January 1328. Her marriage dower had been seized by the queen dowager Isabella to pay a body of Hainauters, with whose help she had compassed her husband's deposition The alliance ensured for Edward in his French wars the support of Ph1lippa's influential kindred, and before starting on his French campaign he secured troops from William the Good as well as from the count of Gelderland, the count of Juhck, and the emperor Louis the Bavarian. Her mother Ieanne de Valois, visited her in 1331 and further cemented the community of interests between England and Flanders Before 1335 Philippa had established a small colony of Flemish weavers at Norwich, and she showed an active interest in the weaving trade by repeated visits to the town She also encouraged coalnnning on her estates in Tynedale Her eldest son, Edward the Black Prince, was born in 1330, and she subsequently bore six sons and five daughters In November 1 342 she became guardian of John of Gaunt and her younger children, with their lands Her agents are said to have shown great harshness in collecting the feudal dues with which to supply her large household. The anecdotes of her piety and generosity which have been preserved are proof, however, of her popularity. She interceded in 133I with the king for some carpenters whose careless work on a platform resulted in an accident to herself and her ladies, and on a more famous occasion her prayers saved the citizens of Calais from Edward's vengeance There is a generally accepted story, based on the chronicles of Iehan le Bel and Froissart, that she summoned the English forces to meet the Scottish invasion of I§ 46, and harangued the troops before the battle of Neville's Cross She certainly exercised considerable influence over her husband, whom she constantly accompanied on his campaigns, and her death on the 15th of August 136Q was a misfortune for the kingdom at large, since Edward from that time came under the domination of the rapacious Alice Perrers. Philippa was the patron and friend of Froissart, who was her secretary from 1361 to 1366. Queen's College, Oxford, was not, as is stated in Skelton's version of her epitaph, founded by her but by her chaplain, Robert of Eglesneld Her chief benefactions were made to the hospital of St Katharine's by the Tower, London.

See Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England, vol i. In addition to the account given in his Chronzgues, Froissart wrote a formal eulogy of her, which has been lost.

PHILIPPEVILLE, a seaport of Algeria, chief town of an arrondissement in the department of Constantine, and S4 m. N by E. of that city, on the Bay of Stora, in 360 53' N 6° 54/ E. It is connected by railway with Constantine, Batna and Biskra. The town derives its importance from being the port of Constantine. The harbour works, with every vessel in port, having been destroyed by a storm in 1878, a 1nore commodious harbour was built, at a cost of about £I,200,000 From Cape Skikda, on the east a mole or breakwater projects 4592 ft to the W N W., while from Chateau Vert on the west another mole runs out 1312 ft. to the north, leaving an entrance to the port about 656 ft. wide. The protected area co1npr1ses an outer and an inner basin. The depth of water at the entrance is about 33 ft, alongside the quays about 20 ft The quays are faced with blocks of white marble brought from the quarries at Filfila, 16 m. distant. Pop. (1906), of the town 16,539, of the commune 26,050, of the arrondissement, which includes 12 communes, 147,607.

Philippeville occupies the site of successive Phoenician and Roman cities By the Romans, under whom it attained a high state of prosperity, it was named Rusicada. In the middle ages the town ceased to be inhabited The site was purchased from the Arabs by Marshal Valée in 1838 for £6 Some parts of the Roman theatre remain, but the stones of the amphitheatre, which stood without the walls of the modern town, and which the French found in an almost perfect state of preservation, were used by them for building purposes, and the railway was cut through the site. On a hill above the tow11 are the Roman reservoirs, which have been restored and still supply the town with water. They are fed by a canal from the Wadi Beni Meleh. The Roman baths, i11 the centre of the modern town, serve as cellars for military stores.

PHILIPPI (Turk. Filibejik), a city of ancient Macedonia, on a steep hill near the river Gangites (mod. Angista), overlooking an extensive plain and at no great distance from the coast of the Aegean, on the highway between Neapolis (Kavalla) and Thessalonica. Originally called Crenides (Fountains), it took its later name from Philip II. of Macedon, who made himself master of the neighbouring gold mines of the Hill of Dionysus, and fortified the city as one of his frontier-towns. In 42 B C, after the victory gained over the senatorial party by Octavius and Antony, it became a Roman colony, Colonia Julia Philippensis, which was probably increased after the battle of Actium (Col. Aug Julia Phil). The inhabitants received the Ius Italicum, and Philippi was one of the specially designated “ first cities ” (Acts xvi 12, see Marquardt, Rom Slaalsverwaltung i 187). The city was twice visited by St Paul, whose Epistle to the Philippians was addressed to his converts here. The site, now uninhabited, is marked by ruins-the substrnctions of an amphitheatre, parts of a great temple-which have furnished interesting inscriptions A little to the east is the huge stone monument of C Vibius, known to the Turks as Dikelitashlar and to the Greeks as the Manger of Bucephalus.

See Heuzey and Daumet, Mission arch en Macédoine, Paris (1865), and other authorities in bibliography of Macedonia; Corp Inscr. Lat in i.

PHILIPPIANS, EPISTLE TO THE, a book of the New Testament. Communications had already passed between the Christians of Philippi and Paul, not only when he was at Thessalonica. (iv 15-16), but at some subsequent period (iv. 18), when Epaphroditus had brought him a present of money from them. It is possible that this gift was accompanied by a letter At any rate the extant epistle is the answer to o11e received from the Philippian Christians, who had evidently desired information about the