household science and hbrary economy departments; a School of industrial arts, two manual training schools; about one hundred night schools (attended mainly by adults), several special schools for habitual truants or insubordinate and disorderly children; and a number of vacation schools and playgrounds for the summer season. In 1909 district high schools were planned as a part of the lpubhc school sy stem. The c1ty has also many private high schoo s and academies.

Besides the university of Pennsylvania and the Central High School for boys the collegiate institutions are La Salle College (Roman Catholic, opened in 1867) and the Temple University (nonsectarian, chartered in 1888 as Temple College after four years of teaching, in 1891 received the power to confer degrees); wh1ch is designed especially for self-supporting men and women and was founded by Russell Hermann Conwell (b. 1842), a lawyer and journalist, who entered the Baptist ministry in 1879, was pastor of the Grace Baptist Church of Philadelphia in 1881-1891, became pastor of the Grace Baptist Temple, in 1891, and was a pciblic lecturer. He was the first president of the Temple College, which was begun in connexion with the work of his church Temple University offers instruction both day and evening, has classes from the kindergarten to the highest university rades, antl courses in business, civil engineering, domestic art and gomestic science, physical training, pedagogy and music; it has a theological school (1893), a law school (18 4), a medical sc11001 (1901) and a school of pharmacy(1902), and91n 1907 the Philadelphia Dental College, one of the best known dental schools in the country, joined the university. In 1893 a trust fund left by Hyman Gratz was used to found the Gratz College for the education of teachers in Jewish schools and for the study of the Hebrew language, and Jewish history, literature and religion, the college 15 under the control of the Kaal Kidosh Mikoe lsrael of Philadelphia. Bryn Mawr College (g v.), one of the leading institutions in America for the higher education of women, is a few miles be ond the city limits. Schools of medicine, for which Philadelphia has long been noted, include the department of medicine of the un1ers1ty of Pennsylvania (opened in 1765); Jefferson VIed1cal College (1825); the Woman's Medical College (1850), the first chartered school of medicine for women to confer the degree of lI.D, the Med1co-Ch1rurg1calColle e (1881), Hahnemann (homoeopatlnc) Medical College (1888); and the department of medicine of Temple University (1901) Among other professional schools are the department of law of the university of Pennsylvania (1790), the law school of Temple University (1894); the divinity school of the Protcstant Episcopal (, hurch (1862), the Lutheran theological Seminary (1864), Saint V1ncent's ('1heolog1cal) Seminary (R.C, 1868), the theological school of Temple University (non-sectarian, 1893); Pennsylan1a College of Dental Surgery (1856), Philadelphia Dental College (1863, since 1907 a part of Temple University); the department of dentistry of the un1ve1s1ty of Pennsylvania (1878), the department of dentistry of the- Medico-Chirurgical College (1897); the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy (1821), the department of pharmacy of the Medico-Chirurgical College (1898), and the school of pharmacy of Temple University (1902). Girard College (see GIRARD, ST1s1>11E1~) is a noted institution for the ed11cation of poor xx hite orphan boys The Pennsylxania Academy of the Fine Arts, founded in 1805 in Independence Hall, was the first art school in America; it occupies a fine building on Broad and Cherry streets, with a gallery of about 500 paintings, including examples of early American masters (especially Gilbert Stuart, of whom it has the largcst collection), of modern American artists (es ecially in the Temple collection), and, in the collection of Henry Gibson, of French landscapes The Drexel Institute of Arts and Sciences, tounded in 1891 by Anthonv I Drexel and endowed by him with $2,000,000, occu ies a beautiful building (Chestnut Street and 32nd, opened in 1891))and embraces the following departments: architecture, science and techno log, commerce and finance, domestic science, domestic arts, library school, English language and literature, history, civil government and economics, physical training, evening classes, department of tree public lectures and concerts, hbrarv and reading room, and museum and picture gallery. The institution bestows free scholarships on a considerable number of students and charges the others very moderate fees Its building houses a library, a collection of rare prints and auto raphs, and a museum with a picture gallery and exhibits of embroidery, textiles, ceramics,

ood and metal work, &c The Pennsylvania Museum and School

of Industrial Art founded in 1876 and opened in 1877, has schools at Broad and Pine streets-the museum is housed in Memorial Hall in Fairmount Park The school is a pioneer in America; it was originally a school of applied art, but in 1884 the Philadelphia textile school was established as another department The Wagner Frec Institute of Science, founded by William Wagner in 1855, has a library' and a natural history museum, provides free lectures on scientific subjects, and publishes Transactions, containing scientific memoirs The Franklin Institute for the promotion of mechanic arts (1824) has a technical library (with full patent records of several nations); since 1824 it has held exhibitions of manufactures; it has published since 1826 the Journal of the Franklrn Instttute; the institute provides lecture courses and has night schools of drawing, machine design and naval architecture The Spring Garden Institute (1851), with day classes in mechanical drawing, handiwork, and applied electricity, and night classes in those subjects and in freehand and architectural drawing; the Philadelphia School of Design for Women (1836), of which Emily Sartain, a daughter of John Sartain, became pr1nc1 al in 1886, and a school of horology (1894) are other manual ancijindustrial training schools within the City, and not far be ond the c1ty limits is the Williamson Free School of Mechanical Tradles (1888), endowed by Isaiah Vansant Williamson (1803~1889) with more than $5,000,000 for the free training of bricklayers, mach1n1sts, carpenters, pattern makers, stationary en ineers and other mechanics. The Lincoln Institution a11d Ec§ ucat1onal Home until 1907 was devoted mainly to the education of Indians.

Newspapers and Perzodzcals.-The American Weekl Mercury was the first newspaper published 1n Philadelphia andy the th1rd in the colonies. It was first issued on the 22nd of December 1719 by Andrew Sowle Bradford, a son of William Bradford, the f1rst printer in the Middle Colonies, and was the f1rst newspaper in these colonies. The second newspaper in the city and in the province was the Universal Instructor 'tn all Arts and Sciences and Pennsylvania Gazette. It was established in 1728 by Samuel Keimer, but less than a ear afterwards it became the roperty of Benjamin Franklin ancl]Hugh Meredith, who shortenedjits title to the Pennsylvanza Gazette. The only one of the news apers established during the colonial era wh1ch survived the 19t}h century was the Pennsylvania Packet or General Advertiser, which was started in 1771 by John Dunlap, and dur1ng the War of Independence was published news;

semi-weekly, with occasional “ postscripts ” of important in 1839 it was absorbed by the North Amertcan (1829), with which the United States Gazette (1789) was united in 1847 and which is still published as the North Amerzcau. The Aurora and General Advertzser, established in 1790 by Benjamin Franklin Bache (1769-1798), a grandson of Franklin, was a notorious ant1-Federalist organ in its early years. A pioneer among newspapers at modern pr1ces is the Publzc Ledger, founded in 1836, and 1n 1864 purchased by George William Childs. Other prominent daily papers now published are the Inquzrer (Republican; 1829), the Press (Republican; 1857), the Record (Independent Democrat; 1870), the Demokrat (German; 1838), the Eventng Bulletzn (Republican; established in 1815 as the Amerzcan Sentznel), the Evenzng Item (1847), the E1/enzng Telegraph (independent Republican; 1864), and the Tageblatt (Labour; German; 1877). Many of the earlier literary periodicals of America were published in Philadelphia; among them were the Amerzcan Magazine (1757~1758 and 1769), Thomas Pa1r1e's Pennsylvanza Magazine (1775-1776), the Columbzan Magazine (1786-1790; called the Unzversal Asylum in 1790) which was edited by Matthew Carey and by A. J. Dallas, the excellent Amertcan Museum (178 -1792 and 1798), with which Carey was connected, the Port Folzo (71801~1827; edited until 1812 by Joseph Dennie) and the Analectzc (1802-1812) which succeeded Select Revze-ws and Spzrtt of the Forezgn Magazines (1809), of which Washington Irving was editor in 1813-1814, and to which Paulding and Verplanck contributed, and the Amerzcan Quarterly Revzew (1827-1837). Among others were: Godey's Lady's Book (1830-1877), for which Poe, Irving, Longfellow, Willis and others wrote; and Graham's Lady's and Gentleman's Magazine (1840~1859), with the contributors just named and Cooper, John G. Saxe, E. P. Whi ple and others. Lzpprncott's Magazine (1868) is a monthly, best lgnown for its fiction. The Saturday Evenzng Post, which has the largest circulation of the weekly publications, and the Ladzes' Home Journal (1883), the semi monthly with the largest circulation, are owned by the same company. The Farm Journal (1877) 15 a well-known agricultural monthly.

Trusts, Charztzes, &'c.-Girard College and thirty-eight other charities are maintained out of the proceeds of as many trusts, which are administered by a board of directors composed of twelve members, appointed by the courts of common pleas, and the mayor, president of the select council, and president of the common council as ex-ojhczo members. In 1907 the invested capital of the Girard Trust alone amounted to $24,467,770 and the income from it was $1,988,054 The total capital of all the minor trusts in the same year was $1,583,026 and the income from this was $56,730. Among the minor trust funds are' Wills Hospital (established in 1825); Benjamin Franklin Fund (1790) for aiding young married artihcers; Thomas D. Grover Fund (1849) for providm the poor with fuel and food; Mary Shields Almshouse Fund (188§); and the John Scott Medal Fund (1816) for bestowing medals upon young inventors. To Franklin Philadelphia is largely indebted for the Pennsylvania hospital, the first hospital in the United States, which was projected in 1751 and is one of the foremost of nearly one hundred such institutions in the city. The municipal hospital for contagious diseases and hospitals for the indigent and the insane are maintained by the municipality, but most of the other institutions for the sick are maintained by medical schools and religious sects. Municipal department of public

charities are under the supervision of the

health and charities. Philadelphia is the seat of the state peniten-1829, was inaugurated

tiary for the eastern district, in which, in

the “individual” s stem te. the se arate imprisonment and dis-Y 1 P

criminating treatment of criminals with a

reform.

Transportatton and Commerce -Nearly

business centre and about one-third of the

view to effecting their

every street in the

streets throughout th/e