York to settle a strike III the Carnegie steel works at Homestead in 1892 precipitated a serious riot, in which about twenty persons were k1lled. It was necessary to call out two brigades of the state militia before the disorder was finally suppressed. The labour unions took advantage of this trouble to force Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois, Minnesota, Colorado and several other states to pass anti-Pinkerton statutes making it illegal to import irresponsible armed men from a distance to quell local disturbances. On the political side the chief features in the history of the state since 1865 have been the adoption of the constitution of 1873, the growth of the Cameron-Quay-Penrose political machine, and the attempts of the reformers to overthrow its domination. The constitution of 1838, which superseded that of 1790, extended the functions of the legislature, limited the governor's power of appointment, and deprived negroes of the right of suffrage. The provision last mentioned was nullified by the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to the constitution of the United States. The chief object of the present state constitution (1873) was to prohibit local and special legislation. It increased the number of senators and representatives, created the ollice of lieutenant-governor, substituted biennial for annual sessions of the legislature, introduced minority representation in the choice of the higher judiciary and of the county commissioners and auditors and provided (as had an amendment adopted in 1850) for the election of all judges by popular vote. The political organization founded by Simon Cameron (q 'v.) and strengthened by his son, James Donald Cameron, Matthew Stanley Quay and Boies Penrose (b. 1860), is based upon the control of patronage, the distribution of state funds among favoured banks, the support of the Pennsylvania railway and other great corporations, and upon the ability of the leaders to persuade the electors that it is necessary to vote the straight Republican ticket to save the protective system. Robert E. Pattison (1850-1904), a Democrat, was elected governor in 1883 and again in 1891, but he was handicapped by

Thomas Lloyd President of the Council 1690-1691 Thomas Lloyd Deputy-Governor 1691-1693 William Markham 3, , 1691-1693

Under the Crown (1693-1695).

Benjamin Fletcher 1693-1695

William Markham Deputy»Governor 1693-1695 Under the Proprietors (1695-1776). William Markham Deputy-Governor 1695-1699 William Penn 1699-1701

Andrew Hamilton Deputy-Governor 1701-1703 Edward Shippen President of the Council 1703-1704 John Evans Lieutenant-Governor 1704-1709 Charles Gookin, , 1709-1717

Sir W1ll1am Keith, , 1717-1726

Patr1ck Gordon, , 1726-1736

James Logan President of the Council 1736-1738 George Thomas Deputy-Governor 1738-1747 Anthony Palmer Presldent of the Council 1747-1748 James Hamilton Lieutenant-Governor 1748-1754 Robert H Morris Deputy-Governor 1754-1756 William Denny, 1756-1759

James Hamilton, , 1759-1763

John Penn, , 1763-1771

James Hamilton President of the Council 1771 Richard Penn Lieutenant-Governor 1771-1773 John Penn, , 1773-1 776

o Period of Statehood (1776-)

Benjamin Franklin, Chairman of the Committee of Safety 1776-1777 Thomas Wharton, j President of the Council 1777-1778 George Bryan 4 Acting President of the Cou11c1l 1777 Joseph Reed President of the Council 1778-1781 William Moore, , 1781-1782

John Dickinson, , 1782-1785

Benjamin Franklin, , 1785-1788

Thomas Mifilin, , 1788-1790

Thomas Mlfflln F Federalist 1790-1799 Thomas McKean Democratic-Republican 1799-1808 Simon Snyder, , 1808-1817

William Finley, , 1817-1820

Joseph Heister ', , 1820-1823

John A. Shulze, , 1825-1829

George Wolf Democrat 1829-1835 Joseph Rltner Anti-Masonic 1835-1839 D. R. Porter Democrat 1839-1845

F. R. Shunk, , 1845-1848

W F. Johnston 5 Whig 1848-1852

William Bigler Democrat 1852-1855 James Pollock H 1855-1858

W. F. Packer, , 1858-1861

A. G. Curtin Republican. 1861-1867 John W. Geary, , 1867-1873

John F. Hartranft H 1873-1879

Henry M. Hoyt, , 1879-1883

Robert E Pattison Democrat 1883-1887 James A. Beaver Republican 1887-1891 Robert E. Pattison Democrat 1891-1895 Daniel H. Hastings Republican 1895-1899 /Villlam A Stone H 1899-1903

Samuel W Pennypacker, , 1903-1907 Edwin S. Stuart ., , 1907-1911 John K. Tener 1911

B1BL1oGRA1>11Y.-For the physiography of Pennsy I'ower's “ Regional and Economic Geography of Pennsylvaniaf IH lvania, see W. S.

Republican legislatures. In 1905 a Democratic state treasurer was elected

PENNSYLVANIA GovERNoRs

Under Dutch Rule (1624-1664) 1

Cornelis jacobsen Mey Director . 1624-1625 lV1ll1am van Hulst, , 1625-1626 Peter M1nu1t Governor 1626-1632 Dad Pieterzen de Vries, , 1632-1633 Wouter van Twiller, , 1633-1638

W1ll1am Kieft, , 1638-1647

Peter Stuyvesant, , 1647-1664

Under Swedish Rule (1638-1655).2 Peter Minuit 1638-1641

Peter Hollender . 1641-1642

John Printz 1642-1653

John Papprgvya 1653-1654

John Claude Ry singh 1654-1655

Under the Duke of York (1664-1673) Richard Nicolls 1664-1667

Robert Carr Deputy 1664-1667

Robert Needham Commander on the Delawaie 1664-1668 Francis Lovelace 1667-1673

John Carr Commander on the Delaware 1668-1673 Under Dutch Rule (1673-1674).

Anthonv Colve 1673-1674

Peter Alrichs Deputy on the Delaware 1673-1674 Under the Duke of York (1674-1681) Sir Edmund Andros 1674-1681

Under the Proprietors (1681-1693). ll1am '/Iarkham Deputy-Governor 1681-1682 Wllll€llTl Penn 1 1682-1684

Inomas Lloyd President of the Louncil 1684-1686 Thomas Lloyd

Robert Turner

Arthur Cook Executive Commissioners 1686-1688 John Simtock

John Ecl-ley

John Blackwell Deputy-Governor 1688-1690 Y V 'Governors of New Netherland and of the Dutch settlements on the Delaware

2 The Swedish colonies on the Delavx are conquered by the Dutch in 1655.

the Bulletrns of the Geographical Society of Ph1ladelpl11a, vols iv., v and v1 (Philadelphia, 1904~1908), j P Lesley, A Summary Descrrptron of the Geology of Pennsylvama (Harrisburg, 1892-1895), C. B. Trego, A Geography of Pennsylvanra (Philadelphia, 1843), and T opographrc and Geologrf Survey of Pennsylvanza, 1906-1908 (Harrisburg, 1909). For industrial statistics see reports of the Twelfth l'n1terl States Census, the Specral Reports on Manufactures in 1905, by the United States Census Bureau, the annual reports on the Mineral Resources of fhe Unrted States, by the United States Geological Suivev, and the Year Book of the Unrted States Department ef Agrreulture

Por the arlininistration of the state see: The Constztutron of the Commonwealth of Penrtsylzfanra, adopted December 16, 1873, amended November 5, 1901 (Harrisburg, 1902); S George et al. (editors), Laws, of Pennsylvania, 1682~1700, preceded by the Duke of York's Laws, 1676-1682 (Harrisburg, 1879); A j. Dallas (editor), Laws of Pennsylvama, 1700-1801 (Philadelphia and Lancaster, 1797-1801); Laws of the General Assembly of Pennsyloama 3 Lloyd was deputy-governor of the prowince, the present state of Pennsylvania; Markham of the lower counties, the present state of Delaware

The state was governed by a supreme executive council in 17774790

5 Governor Shunk resigned in July 1848 and was succeeded by

/V. F. Johnston, president of the state senate.