pontificates of this period are scarce. Mention, however, must be made of H. Renter's Ceschichle Alexanders III. vnd der Kirche seiner Zeit (3 vols., Berlin, 1860-1864). Much information on the policy of these popes will be found in the works on the great personages of the time: W. Bernhardi, Lothar von Supplinbiirg (Leipzig, 1879), and Konrad III. (Leipzig, 1883); H. Prutz, Kaiser Friedrich I. (3 vols., Danzig, 1871-1874); P. Scheffer-Boichorst, Kaiser Friedrichs I. letzter Streit mil der Kurie (Berlin, 1866); Julius Ficker, Reinald von Dassel (Cologne, 1850); Th. Toeche, Kaiser Heinrich VI. (Leipzig, 1867); J. Jastrow and G. Winter, Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Hohenslaufen (2 vols., Berlin, 1897-1901); F. von Raumer, Geschichte der Hohenstaufen und ihrer Zeit (5th ed., 6 vols., Leipzig, 1878); A. Hausrath, Arnold von Brescia (Leipzig, 1891); Dietr. Hirsch, Studien zur Geschichte Konig Ludwigs VII. von Frankreich (Leipzig, 1892); O. Cartellieri, Abt Suger von Saint-Denis (Berlin, 1898); F. Vacandard, Vie de S. Bernard (2 vols., Paris, 1895); J. Thiel, Die politische Thdtigkeit des Abtes Bernhard von Clairvaux (Konigsberg, 1885); A. Luchaire, Louis VII., Philippe- uguste, Louis VIII. (vol. iii. pt. i. of Lavisse's Histoire de France); H. Bohmer, Kirche und Staat in England und in der Normandie im XL. und XII. Jahrhundert. (Leipzig, 1899); Kate Norgate, England under the Angevin kings (London, 1887); and P. SchcfTer-Boichorst, " Hat Papst Hadrian IV. zu Gunsten des englischen Konigs (iber Irland verfiigt?" in Mitteilungendes Instituts jiir osterr. Geschichtsforschuiig (supplementary vol. iv., 1893).

(c) From 1198 to 1261. — On the pontificate of Innocent III. in general, see F. von Hurter, Geschichte Papst Innocenz III. (3rd and 2nd ed., 4 vols., Hamburg, 1841-1844); and A. Luchaire, Innocent III., Rome et I'ltalie (2nd ed., Paris, 1905), Innocent III. la croisade des alhigeois (Paris, 1905), Innocent III., la papaute et Vempire (Paris, 1906), Innocent III., la question d'orient (Paris, 1906), and Innocent III., les royautis vassales du Saint-Siege (Paris, 1908). Cf. E. Winkelmann, Philipp von Schwaben und OttJ) IV. von Braunschweig (2 vols., Leipzig, 1873-1878); W. Norden, Das Papsttum und Byzanz (Berlin, 1903), a considerable part of which is devoted to Innocent III.; E. Gerland, Geschichte des laleinischen Kaiserreiches von Konstantinopel (Homburg, 1905); R. Davidsohn, Philipp II. August von Frankreich und Ingeborg (Stuttgart, 1888); R. Schwemer, Innocenz III. und die deutsche Kirche wdhrend des Thronstreites von 11Q8-1208 (Strassburg, 1882); Else Giitschow, Innocenz III. und England (Munich, 1904); and many other detailed monographs. The pontificate of Honorius III. is dealt with by J. Clausen in his Papst Honorius III. (Bonn, 1895), and his registers have been published by P. Pressutti (3 vols., Rome, 1884 and 1888-1895). On Gregory IX., see J. Felten, Papst Gregor IX. (Freiburg i. Br., 1886); P. Balan, Storia di Gregorio IX. e dei suoi tempi (3 vols., Modena, 1872-1873); and J. Marx, Die vita Gregorii /-Y. (Berlin, 1889). The publication of the registers of this pope was begun by L. Auvray in the Bibliotheque des ecoles de Rome et d'Athenes (Paris, 1890 et seq.). On Innocent IV., see E. Berger, St Louis et Innocent IV. (Paris, 1893); E. Winkelmann, Kaiser Friedrich II. (2 vols., Leipzig, 1889-1897); P. Aldinger, Die Neubesetzung der deutschen Bistiimer iinter Papst Innocenz IV. (Leipzig, 1901); and C. Rodenberg, Innocenz IV. und das Konigreich Sizilien (Halle. 1892). The publication of the registers of Innocent IV. was undertaken by Elie Berger (1881 et seq.), and those of Alexander IV. by J. de Love, A. Coulon and C. Bourel de la Ronciere (1895 et seq.). As the history of the later Hohenstaufens is intimately bound up with that of the contemporary popes, mention must be made of F. W. Schirrmacher, Die letzten Hohenstaufen (Gottingen, 1871); A. Karst, Geschichte Manfreds vom Ende Friedrichs II. bis zu seiner Kronung (Berlin, 1897); and K. Hampe, Geschichte Konradins von Hohenstaufen (Innsbruck, 1894).

(d) From 1261 to /J05. — L. Dorez and J. Guiraud, members of the French school at Rome, began the publication of the registers of Urban IV. (1892 et seq.); E. Jordan, those of Clement IV. (1893 et seq.); and J. Guiraud and L. Cadier, those of Gregory X. (1892 et seq.). On Gregory X., see F. Walter, Die Politik der Kurie unter Gregor X. (Berlin, 1894). The pontificate of John XXI. has been dealt with by R. Stapper, Papst Johannes XXI. (Münster i. W., 1898), and that of Nicholas III. by A. Demski, Papst Nikolaus III. (Münster i. W., 1903), in vol. vi. of the Kirchengeschichtliche Studien, ed. by Knopfler, Schrors and Sdralek. The publication of the registers of Nicholas III. was undertaken by J. Gay (1898 et seq.). Much information on the policy of these popes will be found in the following: R. Sternfield, Ludwigs des Heiligen Kreuzzug nach Tunis und die Politik Karls I. von Sizilien (Berlin, 1896); Ch. V. Langlois, Le Regne de Philippe III. le Hardi (Paris, 1887); L. Leclere, Les Rapports de la papaute et de la France sous Philippe III. (Brussels, 1889); C. Minieri-Riccio, Alcuni fatti riguardanti Carlo I. d' Angio . . . (Naples, 1874), and // Regno di Carlo I. d'Angio, in the Archivio storico italiano (3rd series, vols, xxii., xxiii., xxiv., xxv., xxvi.; 4th series, vols, ii., iii., iv., v., vii., 1875-1881); A. Busson, Die Idee des deutschen Erhreichs und die ersten Habsburger (Vienna, 1878); G. de! Giudice, La Famiglia di re Manfredi (Naples, 1880); and H. Otto, Die Beziehungen Rudolfs von Habsburg zu Papst Gregor X. (Innsbruck, 1895). There is a good account of the policy of Martin IV. in O. Cartellieri, Peter von Aragon und die sizilianischen Vesper (Heidelberg. 1904). On Honorius IV., see introduction to the complete edition of his registers by Maurice Prou (1886-1888).

E. Langlois has published the registers of Nicholas IV. (1886-1893), and Otto Schiff deals with his pontificate in his Studien zur Geschichte Papst Nikolaus IV. (1897). On Celestine V., see H. Schulz, Peter von Murrhone (Papst Coelestin V.), Berlin, 1894. The publication of the registers of Boniface VIII. was begun by G. Digard, M. Faucon and A. Thomas (1884 et seq.). Of the vast literature on this pontificate we must content ourselves with citing: Heinrich Finke, Aus den Tagen Bonifaz' VIII. (Münster i. W., 1902); Ch. V. Langlois, " St. Louis, Philippe le Bel, Les Derniers cap6tiens directs " (vol. iii., pt. ii. of Lavisse's Histoire de France); Ernest Renan, Etudes sur la politique religieuse du regne de Philippe le Bel (1899); A. Baudrillart, " Des Idees qu'on se faisait au XIV"' siecle sur le droit d'intervention du souverain pontife en matiere politique, " in the Revue d'histoire et de literature religieuses (vol. iii., 1898); and R. Holtzmann, Wilhelm von Nogaret (Freiburg i. Br., 1898). The pontificate of Benedict XL is dealt with by P. Funke in his Papst Benedikt XI. (Münster i. W., 1891). Cf. Ch. Grandjean, " Recherches sur I'administration financier du pape Benoit XI, " in the Melanges d'archeologie et d' histoire (vol. iii., 1883), published by the French School at Rome. Grandjean has published the registers of Benedict XL (1883 et seq.).

Among works of a more general character that throw light on the history of the papacy during the 12th and 13th centuries, the first place must be given to Walter Norden's Das Papsttum und Byzanz. Die Trennung der beiden Mdchte und das Problem ihrer Wiedervereinigung bis zuni Untergange des byzantinischen Reichs (Berlin, 1903), which contains an account of the question of the East in its relations with the papal policy, from the rise of the schism down to the end of the middle ages. See also Felix Rocquain, La Papauti au moyen Age (Paris, 1881) and La Cour de Rome et V esprit de reforme avant Luther (3 vols., Paris, 1893-1897); J. B. Siigmiiller, Die Thdtigkeit und Stellung der Cardindle bis Papst Bonifaz VIII. (Freiburg i. Br., 1896); and A. Gottlob, Die pdpstlichen Kreuzztigssteuern des 13. Jahrhunderts (Heiligenstadt, 1892) and Kreuzablass und .Almosenablass (Stuttgart, 1906).  (A. Lu.) 

Period III. ijo^-isgo. — Baluze, Vitae paparum avenioniensium U305-1394), 2 t. (Paris, 1693); Raynaldus, Annales eccles. ab anno iigS [to 1565], annotated and added to by J. D. Mansi (15 vols., Lucca, 1747-1756); Mansi, Concil. collection; Theodericus of Niem, De schism ate, ed. Erler (1890); Christophe, Histoire de la papaute (1873); Hefele, Conciliengeschichte (Freiburg i. B., 1855, seq.); Hofier, Die avignonesischeji Pdpste (1871); Creighton, History of the Papacy (1882, seq.); L. Pastor, Geschichte der Pdpste (Freiburg i. B., 1S86, seq., Eng. trans, by F. I. Antrobus, 1891, seq.); Pastor, Acta pontiflc. (1904); N. Valois, La France et le grand schisme, 4 t. (1896, seq.); Haller, Papsttum und Kirchenrefonn (1903). For the Papacy in connexion with the Renaissance, see E. Miintz, Les Arts (1892); Voigt, Wiederbelebung des klassisclien Altertums (1893); J. Burkhardt, Cultur der Renaissance in Italien, 2 B. (ed. L. Geiger, 1907). For the palace at Avignon, see Ehrle, Bibl. ram. pontif. i. ( ^90).

To the authorities for the lives of individual popes attached to the biographies under their several headings, and to the articles on the councils of Basel, Constance, Trent, may be added: Clement V. — Boutaric, Philippe le Bel (1861); Konig, Pdpstl. Kammer unter Clemens V. u. Johann XXII. (1894); Finke, Acta Aragonen. (1908). John XXII. — Bohmer, Regest. Ludwigs des Baiern (1839); Vatikanische Aden (1891); Riezler, Literarische Widersacher (1874); Mliller, Kampf Ludwigs mit der Curie (1879-1880); Coulon, Lettres secretes de Jean XXII., relat. d, la France, i. (1907); MoUat, Lettres commun. de Jean XXII., i.-iv. (1907). Clement VI. — Werunsky, Kaiser Karl IV., i. (1800), ii. (1882-1886); Papencordt, Cola di Rienzo (1841); Deprez, Lett, closes 1901 seq. Innocent VI. — Werunsky, Ital. Politik Innoc. VI. u. Karl IV. (1878); id., Karl IV. ii. (1882-1886), iii. (1892); Cerasoli, Archivio napolit. 22-23; Kirsch, Kollectorien (1892); Daumet, Innocent VI. et Blanche de Bourbon (1899). Urban V. — Magnan, Urbain V. (1863); Werunsky, Karl IV. iii. (1892); Prou, Relat. polit. avec les rois de France (1888); Wurm, Albornoz (1892); Kirsch, Riickkehr der Pdpste Urban V. und Gregor XI. nach Rom (1898); Letacheux, Lettres secretes (1903, seq.). Gregory XI. — Mirot, Retour du St Siege d Rome (1899); Tommaseo, Lettere di S. Caterina (1860); M. A. Mignaty, Catherine de Sienne (1886). Boniface IX.-Vita. ap. Muratori, Script, iii. 2; Cosmodromium, Gobelini Persona, ed. Jansen (1900); Jansen, Bonifacius IX. u. die deutsche Kirche (1904). Innocent VII. — Gregory XII., schismatic popes, council of Constance, &c. Monuni. concil. gen. sacr. XV. (1857-1896); Alpartilz, Chronica, ed. Ehrle (igo6); Pliemetfrieder, Literarische Polemik (1909). Martin V. — Vitae, ap. Muratori, iii. 2; Ottenthal, Bullenregister Martins V. n. Eugens IV. (1885). Eugenius IV.-Vita, ap. Muratori, Script, iii. 2; Repert. germanic. i. (1897); Mtintz, Les Arts (1878-1879); Valois, Pragmatique sanction (1.907). Nicholas V. — Manetti, Vita Nicolai V., ap. Muratori, Script, iii. 2; Vcspasiano da Bisticci, Vite (1839); Georgius (1742); Miintz, Les Arts (1878-1879); Creighton, Papacy ii. (1882). Pavl II.— Ammanati, Epistolae et commentarii (1506); Caspar Veronensis. Vita, ap. Marini, Archiatri ii. and Muratori iii. 2 (new ed. by Zippel, 1903); Canensius, Vita, ed. Quirini (1740); Creighton, Papacy m. (1887); Mtintz, Les /I r/s ii. (1879). Sixtus IV. — Infessura, Dian'o,

ed. Tommasini (1890); Notajo di NantJ£orto, ^Diar!i, ap. Muratori,