Date of Election

or Consecration.

Date of Death.

1059 24 i, cs.

Nicolaus II.

■ 27 vii.

1 061

1061 I X, el.

Alexander II.

21 iv,

1073

1073 22 iv, el.

S. Gregorius VII.

■25 V,

1085

1086 24 V, el.

Victor III.

16 ix,

1087

1088 12 iii, el.

Urbanus II.

29 vii.

1099

1099 13 viii, el.

Paschalis II.

21 i,

1118

1 1 18 24 i, el.

Gelasius II.

29 1,

119

1 1 19 2 ii, el.

Calixtus II.

13-14 xii,

124

1 124 15-16 .ii, el.

Honorius II.

14 li.

1130

1 130 14 ii, cl.

Innocentius II.

24 ix,

1143

1 143 26 ix, el.

Coelestinus II.

8 iii,

144

1 144 12 iii, el.

Lucius II.

15 ii.

145

1 145 15 ii, el.

Eugenius III.

8 vii.

tl53

1 153 12 vii, cs.

Anastasius IV.

3 xii.

1154

1 154 4 xii, el.

Hadrianus IV.

I ix.

159

1 1 59 7 ix, el.

Alexander III.

30 viii,

181

1181 I ix

Lucius III.

25 xi,

185,

1 185 25 xi

Urbanus III.

20 x.

187

1187 21 X, el.

Gregorius VIII.

17 xii,

187

1187 19 xii, el.

Clemens III.

iii,

191

1 191 30 iii, el.

Coelestinus III.

8i,

198

1 198 8

Innocentius III.

16 vii,

216

1216 18 vii

Honorius III.

18 iii,

227

1227 19 iii

Gregorius IX.

21 viii,

241

1241 X

Coelestinus IV.

17-18 xi,

241

1243 25 vi

Innocentius IV.

13 xii.

254

1254 25 .ii

Alexander IV.

25 V,

261

1261 29 viii

Urbanus IV.

2 X,

264

1265 5 ii

Clemens IV.

29 xi.

268

1271 I ix

Gregorius X.

II i.

276

1276 23 ii cs.

Innocentius V.

22 vi.

276

1276 12 vii, el.

Hadrianus V.

17 viii,

276

1276 13 ix

Joannes XXI.

16 V,

277

1277 25 xi

Nicolaus III.

22 viii,

280

1281 22 ii

Martinus IV.

28 iii,

285

1285 2 iv

Honorius IV.

3 iv,

287

1288 15 ii

Nicolaus IV.

4 IV,

292

1294 5 vii

S. Coelestinus V. (t 19 v, 1296

)

res

13 xn, ]

294

1294 24 xii

Bonifacius VIII.

II X, ]

303

1303 22 X

Benedictus XI.

7 vii.

304

1305 5 vi

Clemens V.

20 IV,

314

1316 7 viii

Joannes XXII.

4 xii.

334

1334 20 xii

Benedictus XII.

25 IV; 1

342

1342 7 V, el.

Clemens VI.

6 xii.

352

1352 18 xii

Innocentius VI.

12 ix,

362

1362 28 X

Urbanus V.

19 xii, ]

370

1370 30 xii

Gregorius XI.

27 iii, 1

378

1378 8 iv

Urbanus VI.

15 X, ]

389

1378 20 ix

Clemens VII. an///)0^a^!'f«.

16 ix.

394

1394 28 ix

Benedict XIII. {amot 26 vii)

■■^'7

23 V, 1

423]

1389 2 xi

Bonifacius IX.

I X,

404

1447 17 x

Innocentius VII.

6.xi, J

406

1406 2 xii

Gregorius XII. (f I4'9)

resignat.

4 vii, 1

415

1409 26 vi

Alexander V.

3 V, 1

410

1410 17 V

Joannes XXIII. (t 22 xi,

1419) amot.

24 V, 1

415

1417 II xi

Martinus V.

20 n, 1

431

1431 3 iii

Eugenius IV.

23 ii, 1

447

1447 6 iii

Nicolaus V.

24 iii, 1

455

1455 8 iv

Cali.xtus III.

6 viii, ]

458

1458 19 VUl

Pius II.

15 viii, 1

464

1464 31 viii

Paulus II.

28 vii, 1

471

1471 9 viii

Si.tus IV.

12 viii, 1

484

1484 24 viii

Innocentius VIII.

25 vii, 1

492

1492 II viii

"Mexander VI.

18 viii, 1

503

1503 22 ix

Pius III.

18 X, ]

503

1503 I xi

ulius 11.

21 ii, 1

513

1513 15 iii

eo X.

I xii, 1

521

1522 9 1

Hadrianus VI.

14 ix, 1

523

1523 19x1

Clemens VII.

25 ix, 1

534

1534 13 X

Paulus III.

10 xi, 1

549

1550 8 ii

Julius III.

23 iii. 1

555

1555 9 iv

Marcellus II.

30 iv, 1

555

1555 23 V

Paulus IV.

18 vjji, 1

559

1559 25 xii

Pius IV.

9 xii, 1

565

1566 17 i, cs.

S. Pius V.

I V, 1

572

1572 26 V

Gregorius XIII.

10 iv,)

585

1.585 I V, cs.

Sixtus V.

27 viii, 1

590

1590 15 ix, el.

Urbanus VII.

27 ix, 1

590

1590 5 xii

Gregorius XIV.

15X, 1

591

1591 29 X, el.

Innocentius IX.

30 .xn, 1

591

1592 30 i, el.

Clemens VIII.

5 iii. >

605

1605 I iv, el.

Leo XI.

27 iv. 1

605

Date of Election

■^h;t .'■■

1

or Consecration.

■'••'^'.»r//^

Date of Death.

1605 16 V, cl.

Paulus V.

1- 28 i,

1621

1 62 1 9 ii

Gregorius XV.

8 vii,

1623

1623 6 viii, cl.

Urbanus VIII.

29 vii.

1644

1644 15 ix

Innocentius X.

7 i,

1655

"655 7 iv

Alexander VII.

22 V,

1667

1667 20 vi

Clemens IX.

9 xii.

1669

1670 29 iv

Clemens X.

22 vii,

J676

1676 21 ix

Innocentius XI.

12 vii.

1689

1689 6 x

Alexander VIII. t iii,

1691

1691 12 vii

Innocentius XII. f 27 ix.

1700

1700 23 xi, el

Clemens XI. f 19 iii.

1 72 1

1721 8 v

Innocentius XIII. f 7 iii,

1724

172429 V

Benedictus XIII. 1

21 ii,

J 730

1730 12 vii

Clemens XII. f 6 ii.

1740

1740 17 viii

Benedictus XIV.

3 V,

1758

1758 6 vii

Clemens XIII.

2 ii,

1769

1769 19 V

Clemens XIV. f 22 ix,

1774

1775 15 ii

Pius VI. t 29 viii.

1799

1800 14 iii

Pius VII. 1

20 viii.

1823

1823 28 ix

Leo XII.

10 ii.

1829

1829 31 iii

Pius VIII. t30xi,

1830

1831 2 ii

Gregorius XVI. 1

I vi.

1846

1846 16 vi, el.

Pius IX.

3 vi.

1877

1877 vi, el

Leo XIII.

20, yii,

J9931

1903 4 viii, el.

Pius X.

1 1 ••.•'.(

-•A ..

Bibliography. — The works mentioned below are for the most part those not included in the separate bibliographies to the articles on the individual popes (qq.v.).

General. — -Of encyclopedias may be mentioned the New Schaff-Ilerzog Encyclopaedia of Religious Knowledge (New York, 1908 sqq.); the Catholic Encyclopaedia (New York, 1907 sqq.); Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopddie (3rd ed., Leipzig, 1896 sqq.); Wetzer and Welte, Kirchenlexikon (2nd ed., Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1882-1901); G. Maroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiaslica (Venice, 1840 sqq.), all of which contain articles on individual popes and subjects connected with the papacy, with bibliographies. For chronological detail, see Z. V. Lobkowitz, Statistik der Pdpsle (Freiburg i. B., 1905). Carefully indexed source materials in the original languages are given by C. Mirbt, Quellen zur Ceschichte des Papsttums und des rumischen Katholizismus (2nd enlarged ed., Tubingen, 1901); many fragments in translation under " Papacy " in History for Ready Reference, ed. by J. N. Earned (vols, iv., vi., vii. Springfield, 1895-1910). Helpful Church histories are F. X. Funk, Lehrbuch der Kirchefigeschichte (5th ed., Paderborn, 1907); A. Knopfler, Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte (4th ed., Freiburg i. B., 1906), both Roman Catholic; also the Lutheran work of J. H. Kurtz, Lehrbuch der Kirchengeschichte, ed N. Bonwetsch and P. Tschackert (14th ed., Leipzig, 1906).  (W. W. R.*) 

Period I. To 1087. — A bibliography of the history of the papacy during the first eleven centuries would embrace all the vast number of works on the history of the Church during this period. Of these a selected list will be found in the bibliography to the article Church History. Here it must suffice to mention certain modern works bearing more particularly on this period. Harnack, Lehrbuch der Dogmengeschichte, 3rd ed. i. 400 et seq.; Hinschius, Kirchenrecht, vol. i. §§ 22-25, 741 Sohm, Kirchenrecht, vol. i. § 29 et seq.; Loning, Ceschichte des deutschen Kirchenrechts (1878); Duchesne, Aglises separees (1905), Les Premiers temps de I'etal pontifical (1904).

 (L. D.*) 

Period II. (a) From 10S7 to 1 124. — L. Paulot's Un Pape fran^ais: Urbain II. (Paris, 1903), which is written with a Catholic bias, is the only biography of Urban II. that is at all full. Cf. M. F. Stern, Zur Biographic des Papstes Vrbans II. (Berlin, 1883). On Paschal II., see E. Franz, Papst Paschalis II. (Breslau, 1877); W. Schum, Die Politik Papst Paschals II. gegen Kaiser Heinrich V. im Jahre III2 (Erfurt, 1877); and the excellent " £tude des relations entre le Saint-Siege et le royaume de France de 1099 k 1108, " published by Bernard Monod in the Positions des theses des ileves de I'&ole des Charles (1904). The Bullarium of Calixtus II. and the History (Paris, 1891) of his pontificate have been published by LUysse Robert. Cf. M. JVIaurer, Papst Calixt II. (Munich, 1889). Besides these monographs, useful information on the history of the popes of this period will be found in the following: R. Rohricht, Ceschichte des Konigreichs Jerusalem (Innsbruck, 1898) and Ceschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges (Innsbruck, 1901); H. von Sybel, Ceschichte des erslen Kreuzzugs (2nd ed., Leipzig, 1881); H. Hagenmeyer, Peter der Eremit (Leipzig, 1879); F. Chalandon, Essai sur le regne d' Alexis I. Comnhte (Pans, 1900); G. Meyer von Knonau, Jahrbiicher des deutschen Reiches unter Heinrich IV. und Heinrich V. (Leipzig, 1890 et seq.); Carl Mirbt, Die Publizistik im Zeitalter Cregors VII. (Leipzig, 1894): Ernst IBernheim, Zur Ceschichte des Wormser Konkordates (Gottingen, 1878); Martin Rule, The Life and Times of Si Anselm (2 vols., London, 1883); and Klemm, Der Itivestiturstrcit unter Heinrich I.

(b) From 1124 to iiq8. — Monographs dealing expressly with the