radiator. A very large cooling surface is provided, so that the same water is used over and over again. In a day's run with a modern petrol engine very little water is lost from the system. Some engines dispense with a pump and depend on what is called the thermo-syphon. This is the old gas-engine system of circulation, depending on the different density of water when hot and cool. The engine shown at fig. 5 is provided with a water-circulation system of this kind. For the smaller engines the thermo-syphon works extremely well.

Heavy oil engines are those which consume oil having a flashing-point above 73° F. — the minimum at present allowed by act of parliament in Great Britain for oils to be consumed in ordinary illuminating lamps. Such oils are American and Russian petroleum's and Scottish paraffin's. They vary in specific gravity from -78 to -825, and in flashing-point from 75° to 152° F. Engines burning such oils may be divided into three distinct classes: (i) Engines in which the oil is subjected to a spraying operation before vaporization; (2) Engines in which the oil is injected into the cylinder and vaporized within the cylinder; (3) Engines in which the oil is vaporized in a device external to the cylinder and introduced into the cylinder in the state of vapour.

The method of ignition might also be used to divide the engines into those igniting by the electric spark, by an incandescent tube, by compression, or by the heat of the internal surfaces of the combustion space. Spiel's engine was ignited by a flame igniting device similar to that used in Clerk's gas engine, and it was the only one introduced into Great Britain in which this method was adopted, though on the continent flame igniters were not uncommon. Electrically-operated igniters have come into extensive use throughout the world.

The engines first used in Great Britain which fell under the first head were the Priestman and Samuelson, the oil being

sprayed before being

vaporized in both. The

principle of the spray producer

used is that so well

and so widely known in

connexion with the atomizers

or spray producers

used by perfumers. Fig. 9

shows such a spray producer

in section. An air

blast passing from the

small jet A crosses the top

of the tube B and creates

within it a partial vacuum.

The liquid contained in C

flows up the tube B and issuing at the top of the tube through a smaU orifice is at once blown into very fine spray by the action of the air jet. If such a scent distributor be filled with petroleum oil, such as Royal Daylight or Russoline, the oil will be blown into fine spray, which can be ignited by a flame and Vi'ill burn, if the jets be properly proportioned, with an intense blue non luminous flame. The earlier inventors often expressed the idea that an explosive mixture could be prepared without any vaporization whatever, by simply producing an atmosphere containing inflammable liquid in extremely small particles distributed throughout the air in such proportion as to allow of complete combustion. The familiar explosive combustion of lycopodium, and the disastrous explosions caused in the exhaustion rooms of flour-mills by the presence of finely divided flour in the air, have also suggested to inventors the idea of producing explosions for power purposes from combustible solids. Although, doubtless, explosions could be produced in that way, yet in oil engines the production of spray is only a preliminary to the vaporization of the oil. If a sample of oil is sprayed in the manner just described, and injected in a hot chamber also filled with hot air, it at once passes into a state of vapour within that chamber, even though the air be at a temperature far below the boiling-point of the oil; the spray producer, in fact, furnishes a ready means of saturating any volume of air with

Fig. 9. — Perfume Spray Producer.

heavy petroleum oil to the full extent possible from the vapour tension of the oil at that particular temperature. The oil engines described below are in reality explosion gas engines of the ordinary Otto type, with special arrangements to enable them to vaporize the oil to be used. Only such parts of them as are necessary for the treatment and ignition will therefore be described.

Fig. 10 is a vertical section through the cylinder and vaporizer of a Priestman engine, and fig. II is a section on a larger scale, showing the vaporizing jet and the air admission and regulation valve

Fig. 10. — Priestman Oil Engine (vertical section through cylinder and vaporizer).

leading to the vaporizer. Oil is forced by means of air pressure from a reservoir through a pipe to the spraying nozzle a, and air passes from an air-pump by way of the annular channel b into the sprayer c, and there meets the oil jet issuing] from a. The^oil is thus broken up into spray, and the air charged with spray flows into the vaporizer E, which is heated up in the first place on starting the engine by means of a lamp. In the vaporizer the oil spray becomes oil vapour, saturating the air within the hot walls. On the out-charging stroke of the piston the mixture passes by way of the inlet valve H into the cylinder, air flowing into the vaporizer to replace it through the valve / (fig. 11). The cylinder K is thus charged with a mi.ture of air and hydrocarbon vapour, some of which may exist in the form of very fine spray. The piston L then returns and compresses the mixture, and when the compression is quite complete an electric spark is passed between the points M. and a compression explosion is obtained precisely similar to that obtained in the gas engine. The piston moves out, and on its return stroke the exhaust valve N is opened and the exhaust gases discharged by way of the pipe O, round the jacket P, enclosing

the vaporizing chamber. The

latter is thus kept hot by

the exhaust gases when the

engine is at work, and it

remains sufficiently hot without

the use of the lamp provided

for starting. To obtain

the electric spark a bichromate

battery with an

induction coil is used. The

spark is timed by contact

pieces operated by an

eccentric rod, used to actuate

the exhaust valve and the

air-pump for supplying the

oil chamber and the spraying

jet. To start the engine a

hand pump is worked until

the pressure is sufficient to

force the oil through the

spraying nozzle, and oil spray

is formed in the starting lamp; the spray and air mixed produce a blue flame which heats the vaporizer. The fly-wheel is then rotated by hand and the engine moves away. The eccentric shaft is driven from the crank-shaft by means of toothed wheels, which reduce the speed to one-half the revolutions of the crank-shaft. The charging inlet valve is automatic. Governing is effected by throttling the oil and air supply. The governor operates on the butterfly valve T (fig. 11), and on the plug-cock t connected to it, by means of the spindle t'. The air and oil arc thus simultaneously reduced, and the attempt is made to maintain the charge entering the cylinder at a constant proportion by weight of oil and air, while reducing: the total weight, and therefore volume, of the charge entering. The Priestman engine thus gives an explosion on every second revolution in all circumstances, whether the engine be running light or loaded.

XX. 2 a

Fig. II. — Priestman Oil Engine

(section on a larger scale).