the Illinois Central railroad by a branch of the Nashville Chattanooga

& St Louis railway (of which it is the terminus), and by Steamboat hnes to Pittsburg, Louisville, St Louis, New Orleans, Nash-ille, Chattanooga, and other river ports. Paducah is in a rich agricultural region, and its wholesale trade is probably greater than that of any other city of the state except Louis-iUe. Its trade is largely in groceries, whisky, tobacco, hardware, grain and Mve stock, vegetables and lumber. It is a large loose leaf tobacco market, and is a headquarters for tow boats carrjing coal down the Mississippi. The lUinois Central and the Nashville, Chattanooga & St Louis railways have repair shops here; and there are numerous manufactures, the value of the factory products increasing from $2,976,931 in 1900 to $4,443,223 in 1905, or 49-3 "o- Paducah (said to have been named in honour of an Indian chief who Hved in the -icinity and of whom there is a statue in the city) was settled in 1S21, was laid out in 1827, was incorporated as a town in 1S30, and was chartered as a citjin 1S56. The city was occupied by General U. S. Grant the 5th of September 1861; on the 25th of March 1864 it was entered by a Confederate force under General Nathan B. Forrest, who, however, was imable to capture the fortifications and immediately withdrew.

PAEAN (Gr. Ilcuav, epic Ilairio}v), 'm Homer (/i. v. 401, 899), the physician of the gods. In other writers the word is a mere epithet of .A.pollo (q.v.) in his capacity as a god of healing (cf. iaTpofjiavTLS oOXios), but it is not known whether Paean was originally a separate deity or merely an aspect of ApoUo. Homer leaves the question unanswered; Hesiod (cf. schol. Hom. Od. iv. 432) definitely separates the two, and in later poetr>- Paean is invoked independently as a health god. It is equally difficult to discover the relation between Paean or Paeon in the sense of " healer " and Paean in the sense of " song." FarneU refers to the ancient association between the healing craft and the singing of spells, and says that it is impossible to decide which is the original sense. At all events the meaning of " healer " gradually gave place to that of " h>Tnn, " from the phrase '117 Ilaidi'. Such songs were originally addressed to Apollo (cf. the Homeric Hymn to Apollo 272, and notes in ed. by Sikes and Allen), and afterwards to other gods, Dionysus, Helios, Asclepius. About the 4th centur>- the paean became merely a formula of adulation; its object was either to implore protection against disease and misfortune, or to offer thanks after such protection had been rendered. Its connexion with .pollo as the slayer of the python led to its association with battle and victory; hence it became the custom for a paean to be sung by an army on the march and before entering into battle, when a fleet left the harbour, and also after a victory had been won. The most famous paeans are those of BacchyUdes (q.v.) and Pindar (q.v.). Paeans were sung at the festivals of Apollo (especially the Hyacinthia), at banquets, and later even at pubUc funerals. In later times they were addressed not only to the gods, but to human beings. In this manner the Rhodians celebrated Ptolemy I. of Eg>'pt, the Samians Lysander of Sparta, the .Athenians Demetrius, the Delphians Craterus of Macedon. The word " paean " is nowused in the sense of any song of joj' or triumph.

See A. Fairbanks, ' A Study of the Greek Paean." No. xii. of Cornell Studies in Classical Philology (New York, 1900); L. R. FarneU, Cults of the Greek Stales.

PAELIGNI, a people of ancient Italy, first mentioned as a member of a confederacy- which included tne Marsi, Marrucini and Vestini iqg.v.), with which the Romans came into conflict in the second Samnite War, 325 B.C. (Lw. Tii. 29). On the submission of the Samnites they all came into alliance with Rome in 305-302 B.C. (Liv. is. 45, x. 3, and Diod. xx. loi), the PaeUgnians haing fought hard (Diod. xx. 90) against even this degree of subjection. Each of them was an independent unit, and in none was there any town or community poUtically separate from the tribe as a whole. Thus the Vestini issued coins in the 3rd ceniur>'; each of them appears in the hst of the aUies in the Social War (.ppian. B.C. i. 39, with J. Beloch, Der italische Bund unter romischer Hegtmonie, p. 51). How purely Italic in sentiment these communities of the mountain country remained appears from the choice of the mountain fortress of Corfinium as the rebel capital. It was renamed Vitellio, the Oscan form of Itaha, a name which appears, written in Oscan alphabet, on the coins struck there in 90 B.C. (see R. S. Conway, The Italic Dialects, p. 216).

The inscriptions we possess are enough to show that the dialect spoken by these tribes was substantially the same from the northern boundary of the Frentani to some place in the upper Aternus valley not far from Amiternum (mod. Aquila), and that this dialect closely resembled the Oscan of Lucania and Samnium, though presenting some peculiarities of its own, which warrant, perhaps, the use of the name North Oscan. The clearest of these is the use of post positions, as in Vestine Poimunie-n, " in templo Pomonali "; pritrom-e, i.e. in proximum, " on to what lies before you." Others are the sibUation of consonantal i and the assibUation of -di- to some sound Like that of English j (denoted by B in the local variety of Latin alphabet), as in vidadu, " -iamd6, " i.e. " ad-viam "; Musesa = Lal. Mussedia; and the loss of d (in pronunciation) in the ablative, as in aetatu firata fertlid {i.e. actate fertili finita), where the contrast of the last with the other two forms shows that the -d was an archaism still occasionally used in writing. The last sentence of the interesting epitaph from which this phrase is taken may be quoted as a specimen of the dialect; the stone was found in Pentima, the ancient Corfinium, and the verj' perfect style of the Latin alphabet in which it is written shows that it cannot well be earlier than the last century B.C.: " Eite uus pritrome pacris, puus ecic lexe Hfar, " " ite vos porro pacati (cum bona pace), qui hoc scriptum {Ithar, 3rd decl. neut.) legistis." The form lexe (2nd plur. perf. indie.) is closely parallel to the inflection of the same person in Sanskrit and of quite unique Hnguistic interest.

The name Paezigni may belong to the NO-class of Ethnica (see S.BtNi), but the difference that it has no vowel before the suffix suggests that it may rather be parallel with the suffix of Lat. prvdgnus. If it has any connexion with Lat. paelex, " concubine, " it is conceivable that it meant " half breeds, " and was a name coined in contempt by the conquering Sabines, who turned the tonta Maronca into the community of the Marrucini iq.i). But, when unsupported by direct evidence, even the most tempting etymology' is an unsafe guide. For the history of the Paehgni after 90 B.C. see the references given in C. I. L. is. 290 (Sithno, esp. Ovid, e.g. Fasti, iv. 79, Ainor. ii. 16; Florus ii. 9; Caes., B.C., i. 15) and 296 (Corfinium, e.g. Diod. Sic. xxx'ii. 2, 4, Caes., B.C., i. 15). None of the Latin inscriptions of the district need be older than Sulla, but some of them both in language and script show the style of his period (e.g. 3087, 3137); and, on the other hand, as several of the native inscriptions, which are all in the Latin alphabet, show the normal letters of the Ciceronian period, there is Uttle doubt that, for religious and private purposes at least, the Paehgnian dialect lasted down to the middle of the 1st century B.C.

Paelignian and this group of inscriptions generally form a most important fink in the chain of the ItaUc dialects, as without them the transition from Oscan to Umbrian would be completely lost. The unique collection of inscriptions and antiquities of Pentima and the museum at Sulmona were both created by the late Professor Antonio de Nino, whose brilliant gifts and unsparing devotion to the antiquities of his native district rescued every single Paelignian monument that we possess.

For further details and the text of the inscriptions, the place names, «S:c.. see R. S. Conway, The Italic Dialects, pp. 235 sqq., and the earlier authorities there cited. (R. S. C.)

PAEONIA, in ancient geography, the land of the Paeonians, the boundaries of which, like the early history of its inhabitants, are very obscure. The Paeonians are regarded as descendants of the Phrygians of .sia Minor, large numbers of whom in early times crossed over to Europe. According to the national legend

(Herodotus v. 16), they were Teucrian colonists from Troy, and Homei (Iliad, ii. 848) speaks of Paeonians from the Axius fighting on the side of their Trojan kinsmen. Before the reign