flowers are borne in terminal and lateral racemcr. The regular

flowers have the parts in fours, the typical arrangement as illustrated by Epilobium, Oenothera and Fuchsia being as

follows: 4 sepals, 4

petals, two alternating

whorls of 4 stamens, and

4 inferior carpels. The

floral receptacle is produced

above the ovary

into the so-called calyx tube,

which is often

petaloid, as in Fuchsia,

and is sharply distinguished

from the ovary,

from which it separates

after flowering.

In Clarkia the inner

whorl of stamens is often

barren, and in an allied

genus, Eucharidium, it

is absent. In Circaca

the flower has its parts

Fig. I. — Fuchsia coccinea, 5 nat. size. Fig. 2. — Floral diagram I, Flower cut open after removal of of Circaea.

sepals; 2, fruit; 3, floral diagram.

in twos. Both sepals and petals are free; the former have a broad insertion, are valvate in bud, and reflexed in the flower; in Fuchsia they are petaloid. The petals have a narrow attachment, and are generally con volute in bud; they are entire (Fuchsia) or bilobed {Epilobium); in some species of Fuchsia they are small and scale-like, or absent {F. apctala). The stamens are free, and those of the inner whorl are generally shorter than those of the outer whorl. The flowers oi Lopezia (Central America) have only one fertile stamen. The large spherical

pollen grains are connected by

viscid threads. The typically

quadrilocular ovary contains

HI Kv » ae numerous ovules on axile

fc' J, .* — ^^ii-'Wil'.fflW placentas; the i-to-2-cellcd

ovary of Circaea has a single

ovule in each loculus. The

long slender style has a capitate (Fuchsia), 4-rayed {Oenothera,

Epilobium) or 4-notched {Circaea) stigma. The flowers,

which have generally an attractive corolla and honey

secreted by a swollen disk at

the base of the style or on the

lower part of the " calyx-tube, " are adapted for pollination by

insects, chiefly bees and lepi-VTomWn^ SMents'Tcx'^Book of Botany, doptera; sometimes by nightby permission of Swan Sonnenschein & Co. flying inSeCtS when the flowers

Fig. 3. are pale and open towards

A, Young flower of Epilobium evening, as in evening primrose. hirsulum. c, petals; /, inferior rr., , °.' . .."^, ovary; k, sepals; s, pedicel. The fruit is generally a capsule

B, Fruit of Epilobium after splitting into 4 valves and dehiscence, w, outer wall; m, leaving a central column on columella formed by the septa; ^hich the seeds are borne as M, seed with tuits of hairs. • r^^-j l- j /-, w

in Epilobttim and Oenothera

in the former the seeds are scattered by aid of a long tuft of silky hairs on the broader end. In Fuchsia the fruit is a berry, which is sometimes edible, and in Circaea a nut bearing recurved bristles. The seeds are ex albuminous. Several of

the genera are well known as garden plants, e.g. Fuchsia, Oenothera, Clarkia and Godetia. Evening primrose {Oenothera biennis), a native of North America, occurs apparently wild as a garden escape in Britain. Jussieua is a tropical genus of water- and marsh-herbs with well-developed aerating tissue.

ONATAS, a Greek sculptor of the time of the Persian wars, a member cf the flourishing school of Aegina. Many of his works are mentioned by Pausanias; they included a Hermes carrying the ram, and a strange image of the Black Demeter made for the people of Phigalia; also some elaborate groups in bronze set up at Olympia and Delphi. For Hiero I., king of Syracuse, Onatas executed a votive chariot in bronze dedicated at Olympia. If we compare the descriptions of the works of Onatas given us by Pausanias with the well-known pediments of Aegina at Munich we shall find so close an agreement that we may safely take the pedimental figures as an index of the style of Onatas. They are manly, vigorous, athletic, showing great knowledge of the human form, but somewhat stiff and automaton-like.

ONEGA, the largest lake in Europe next to Ladoga, having an area of 3764 sq. m. It is situated in the government of Olonets in European Russia, and, discharging its waters by the Svir into Lake Ladoga, belongs to the system of the Neva. The lake basin extends north-west and south-east, the direction characteristic of the lakes of Finland and the line of glacier-scoring observed in that region. Between the northern and southern divisions of the lake there is a considerable difference: while the latter has a comparatively regular outHne, and contains hardly any islands, the former splits up into a number of inlets, the largest being Povyenets Bay, and is crowded with islands (e.g. Klimetsk) and submerged rocks. It is thus the northern division which brings the coast-line up to 870 m. and causes the navigation of the lake to be so dangerous. The north-western shore between Petrozavodsk and the mouth of the river Lumbosha consists of dark clay slates, generally arranged in horizontal strata and broken by protruding, parallel ridges of diorite, which extend far into the lake. The eastern shore, as far as the mouth of the Andoma, is for the most part alluvial, with outcroppings of red granite and in one place (the mouth of the Pyalma) diorite and dolomite. To the south-east are sedimentary Devonian rocks, and the general level of the coast is broken by Mount Andoma and Cape Petropavlovskiy (160 ft. above the lake); to the south-west a quartz sandstone (used as a building and monumental stone in St Petersburg) forms a fairly bold rim. Lake Onega lies 125 ft. above the sea. The greatest depths, 318 to 408 ft., occur at the entrance to the double bay of Lizhemsk and Unitsk. On the continuation of this line the depth exceeds 240 ft. in several places. In the middle of the lake the depth is 120 to 282 ft., and less than 120 ft. in the south. The lake is 145 m. long, with an average breadth of 50 m. The most important affluents, the Vodka, the Andoma and the Vytegra, come from the east. The Kumsa, a northern tributary, is sometimes represented as if it connected the lake with Lake Seg, but at the present time the latter drains to the White Sea. The Onega canal (45 mi. long) was constructed in 1818–1851 alongthe southern shore in order to connect the Svir (and hence Lake Ladoga and the Baltic) with the Vytegra, which connects with the Volga. Lake Onega remains free from ice for 209 days in the year (middle of May to second week of December). The water is at its lowest level in the beginning of March; by June it has risen 2 ft. A considerable population is scattered along the shores of the lake, mainly occupied in the timber trade, fisheries and mining industries. Salmon, palya (a kind of trout), burbot, pike, perch pike and perch are among the fish caught in the lake. Steamboats were introduced in 1832.

The river Onega, which, after a course of 250 m., reaches the Gulf of Onega, an inlet of the White Sea. has no connexion with Lake Onega. At the mouth of this river (on the right bank) stands the town and port of Onega (pop. 2604 in 1897), which dates from settlements made by the people of Novgorod in the 15th century, and known in history as Ustenskaya or Ustyanskaya. It has a cathedral, erected ini 796.  (P. A. K.; J. T. Be)