and emperors. In most cases the bright colouring is confined to the upper surface of the wings, the under-side being mottled and often inconspicuous. Most members of the group Vanessidi-the peacock 'R and tortoiseshells (Vanessa) and the red admiral (Pyrameis) for distinguished from the Danainae by the slender feet of the females; the narrow winged, tawny Acraemae, with simple anal nervures, thick

FIG. 65.- Vanessa zo (Peacock) and its pupa., , 7 5, example-hibernate in the' imaginal state. This large family is divided into several sub-families whose characters may be briefiy given, as they are considered to be distinct families by many entomologists. The Danainae (or Euploefinae, fig, 66) have the anal nervures of the forewing arising from a common stalk, the discoidal areolets in both wings closed, and the front feet of the female thickened; their &(, o v 5, 6, the “ Sczeme vl iz (J M Dent ) FIG 67 Neuration of ings in a Nvmphalme Butterfly Qub costal Radial Median. Cubital. 7, 8, Anal nervures. hairy palps and spiny larvae; and the Heliconiinae whose palps are compressed, scaly at the sides and hairy in front. This last named sub-family is confined to the Neotropical Region, while the Aeraeinae are most numerous in the Ethiopian. The Nymphalinae include the British vanessids (fig. 65), and a vast assemblage of exotic genera (figs. 68, 70), characterized, by I 2 ~¥ u;i;ff/, I I fn! . nm. ='1l'I.%Zi*'f ' !%@" .i§ , > ' ', "lm %fr)iiff ' 'll

M W, V / / L T 'W

FIG. 69.-Larva and Pupa of A patura ilia. open ” discoidal areolets (fig. 67) owing to the absence of the transverse 'f disco-cellular " nervules. In the Illqrphinae-including After A. R. Grote, Natural o . . . W- . . ' - I 2, . - . 3, ¢ . 4 l FIG. 66.-Euploea leucostictos (male). Malaya. . larvae are smooth with fleshy processes. The danaine butterflies range over all the warmer parts of the world, becoming most numerous in the eastern tropics, where flourish the handsome purple Euploeae whose males often have “ brands " on the wings; these insects are conspicuously marked and are believed to be distasteful to birds and lizards. So are the South American Ithomi-inae, / /

'. f' f,

L1 *» g* f' ig? f;

Z ' , G

I ':Zi s lxlitg it f/, ,.;, fue# iiiiv 4, f, I im, '~, af/fi F' M# ii:"' § Q "ra / 7 it I , Fl* F i FIG. 68.-Nymphalis jason. W. Africa. some magnificent South American Insects with deep or azure FIG. 70.—Callithea sapphira. Brazilfi blue wings, and a few rather fdull-coloured Oriental genera the areolets are closed in the fore wings and often in the h1ndwings. The larvae of the Morphinae (fig. 71) are smooth

Upper and under surface.