the five-branched radial nervure of the forewing, the cylindrical hairy larva, and the pupa attached only by the remaster. The Papilionidae are large butterflies with ample wings, and all six legs fully developed in both sexes. The forewing has five radial The former is represented in the British fauna by the East Anglian swallow-tail (Papzlw machaon), and is very abundant in the warmer regions of the world, including somc of the most magnificent and brilliant of insects. Agreeing with the Papilionidae in the six perfect legs of both sexes and the cincture-support of the pupa we find the Pieridae-the family of the white and yellow butterflies (figs. 61, 62)represented by ten species Xe . 'Q f .%g —. = f f #I @*A€§

ga . 6% fl

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§ »§ f'§ Q { f/ Z § .§ * Q Q § , .. = 3? i~', , . , ,: § i if 'F é; 9 f1A i 3 é 3 gf' 5 A P Y I w »¢=1 9 J “ 5 G" T * g Qi- f .. e, § ii' my ““", ae I W ////. F /, in the British fauna and very widely spread over the earth's surface. In A .. -, I, /Zwf W

FIG. 60.-Thais medesiraste. S. France. the Pieridae there are two anal nervures in the hindwing, while the second anal nervure in the forewing runs into the first; the larva is cylindrical and hairy without an osmaterium. The pupa has a single “ nose-horn, ” and in the more highly organ- 'ized genera there is no a a 2 mobility whatever be- ' Q 3, r 3133 4, 3 41 Q °2 ae*wwM»~ Inaaewei After Grote, NaIural "/' I/'“'l'~ "' W 'i ~1'§ ;' ';”'&"é>g;f U- M- FIG. 56.-Eurybia carolina. Brazil FIG. 55.-Neura- tion of Wings in Lycaena., °' V 2, Sub-costal. l' I 3, Radial. -';, », 4, Median. .w . ~ , 5, Cubital. 3* A ' ' f 7, 8, Anal nervmeg FIG. 57.—Calephelis caenius. N. America. and two anal nervures, the second of the latter being free from the first and running to the dorsum of the wing, while the hindwing has but a single anal, and is frequently prolonged into a “ tail " at the FIG. 58.-Papilia machaan (Swallow-tail). Europe. third median nervure (fig. 58). The larva is cylindrical, never hairy but often tuberculate and provided with a dorsal retractile tentacle (osmaterium) on the pro thorax. The pupa, which has a FIG. 59.-Parnassius apnllo (Apollo). European Alps( double “ nose-horn, " is attached by the remaster and a waist girdle to the food-plant in the Papilioninae (fig. 58), but lies in a Web on the ground among the Parnasiinae (figs. 59, 60). The latter subL family includes the well-known Apollo butterflies of the Alps. tween its abdominal segments. The wintering pupae of the common cabbage butterflies (Pieris braxssicae and P. rapae) are common objects attached to walls and fences and their colour harmonizes, to a great extent, with that of their surroundings. The Nymphalidae are by far the largest and most dominant family of butterflies. In both g f / / i § g g/ ii '=” if

ra QV ~ FIG. 61.-Colias hyale (Pale clouded Yellow Butterfly). Europe. sexes the forelegs are useless for Walking (fig. 63), the tarsal segments being absent and the short shins clothed with long hairs, whence the name of brush-footed butterflies is often applied to the family. The neuration of the wings resembles % ~» 1 ' » . /5 ., f fl* I. Q, . , FIG. 62.-Appias nero (male). Malaya that found among the Pieridae, but in the Nymphalidae the pu a, 1 which has a double nose-horn (fig. 65)-as in Papilio-is suspend-)ed from the remaster only, no girdling thread being present, or it lies simply on the ground. The egg is elongate and sub-conical in form fi' ll' v ~ / "i'1i.,4, f f#'»f'”, f; ~ iii, ,, f

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I "'*<» FIG. 64.-Larva of A rgynnis paphia (Silver-washed Fritil-FIG. 63.-Dwue moneta. Brazil. lar;/) Europe, and ornamented with numerous ribs, while the larva is usually protected by numerous spines (fig. 64) arising from the segmental tubercles. 'To this family belong our common gaily-coloured

butterflies-the tortoiseshells, peacock (fig. 65), admirals, fritillaries