is tropical in its distribution, but the common silkworm (Bombyx mari, fig. 48) has become acclimatized in southern Europe and is the source of most of the silk used in manufacture and art. Of —usually brown or grey wings (fig. 50) and a peculiar jerky flight. The family has an extensive range New Zealand, and in many oceanic islands. Rhopalocera. This group comprises the typical but is unknown in Greenland, 2 F WV viii* i fi;é'3§ €¢'§ , £'¥,

• rss .favs, l, ~ .-==~.

as liitftil °§ .'= =~' f-; », ,., .., . ., . f@?§ = ~f=, fi, f 3" LJ, -'Z ~ ' '~-Zi ltf, Q Ié 55 435; af ' if s ' “Ss” C butterflies which are much more highly specialized than the Grypocera, and may be readily distin- ~“ guished by the knobbed or clubbed feelers and by the absence of a frenulum. Two or more of the radial nervures in the forewing arise fi from a common stalk or are suppressed. Theeggis“ upright." The larvae have hooklets only on the inner edges of the prolegs. The pupa is very highly modified, only two free . ”” S

After C. V. Riley, Bull. I4, Div. Ent. U.S. Dept. Agr. FIG. 48.—Bombyx mari. China. a, Caterpillar (the common silk-worm); b, cocoon; c, male moth. commercial value also is the silk spun by the great moths of the J family Saturni-idae, well represented in warm countries and contributing a single species (Saturnia pavonia-minor) to the British fauna. These moths (fig. 49) have but a single anal nervure in the hindwing and only three radial nervures in the forewing. The wing-patterns are handsome and striking; usually an unscaled “ eyespot ” is conspicuous at the end of each discoidal areolet. The -;;¢?£%.?: . abdominal segments are ever recog~ w nizable, and in some genera even thesefhave become consolidated. The cocoon is reduced to a pad of silk, to which the pupa is attached, suspended by the c rem astral hooks; in some families there is also a silken girdle around the waist-region. In correlation with the exposed condition of the' pupa, we find the presence of a specially developed " head-piece ” or “ nose-horn ” to protect the head-region of the contained imago. Their bright colours and conspicuous flight in the su ll, l:;. 9 u i, r, . |»~ Q I . 1/'” 1

l

-<1 V” Mill), s YW /M 'rf Jliffil

FIG. SI .-Chrysalis and Larva of Nisoniadestages (dingy skipper). Europe. nshine has made the Rhopalocera the most admired of all insects by the casual observer. ¥ A modification that has taken place in caterpillars are protected by remarkable s ine-bearin tubercles gy; 5 1 . Several families of butterflies IS the re

• », g § duction of the first pair of legs. H. W.

Q g § Bates arranged the families in a series ~ - fi * 5 de endin on this character but neur ss-, - .~ . eggs f ' .P g ' 3* - ' ii: , ' * . ' “s ;~sit tional and pupal features must be taken > y . f . we 's» " -c, swf c 'A . . - “ala 2 fe L sift. g * / f, “US =, .%f-' , .¢- ><»f.g, »fl ~l'¥' ~1:.f?s=;.§ ; '¥» f a § 1, ,, L / — ' -' - -' nf .1 '— ~ a =;t=f e- .. ' "5 V a s 1, » e "» is c . -T f #za 'X ';¢“ A -af . / ~f$'*f 1 '-.vf~' ' &5 ~ ~; . 1- 1 A -. ie-Y.. maize; ei f >y;..— sts 1,1 gf/ ' ~f/JT . vga .-. ' -(TS: - g "" 's 3 H '~?.fK' ~ " ~~ ii ' ' *.f3" Y si " s ' ~ ' 'll?~. Iii <'”":;>t=' ~s'é»" >l Jef Q/4" 1 f, ' 'G ')“i)llt~~, lil- “s " 5 " 54; . 3, . ., ,, ./ l.), , lg . is 'vu . s M, . Q. . -' , yi '#..~, ,, , warp ~, .llll~' . FIG; 52.-Chrysophanusthoe. N. America. " . '» » " A t . ' -{ § { -' ' » f e - ;nto account as well, and the sequence f¢5, V., W ws* Mg § ollowed here is modified from that pro%“¢;2~v, , “'-Wt?, ,, '1.*ii"Q Posed by A- R: Grote and 1- W- TW~"."" ill ", ~ The Lycaemdae are a large family in-W W//W M, f wll 'u, ,, ,§ W ®b cluding the small butterflies (figs. 52, 53, F IG. 49.-Epiphora bouhiniae. W. Africaf 54) popularly known as blues, , coppers and hair streaks. The forelegs in the female are normal, but in the male the (fig. io, B). P g Grypocera. This group stands at the base of the series of families that are usually distinguished as “ butterflies.” The feelers are recurved at the tip, and thickened just before the extremity. The forewing has the full number of radial = nervures, distinct and evenly spaced, and two anal nervures; the frenu;; lum is usually absent. The larvae ii;§§ 5€sf (fig. 51) have rolegs with complete f circles of hoolilets, and often feed V V »' it in concealed situations, while the ~ L q pupa is Hnprotected by alight cocoon. f The a mties of this roup are "”' clearly not with the higger groups FIG- 50~'-Tllgwlief 5f1bl1dW5- of moths just described, but with 5- Aff 108- some of the lower families. According to Meyrick they are most closely Hampson and most other students would derive them (through the Castniidae) from a primitive Tineoid stock allied to the Cossidae and Zygaenidae. Three families are included in the section. The North American Megathymidae and the Australian Euschemonidae have a frenulum and are usuall reckoned among the “ moths." The Hesperiidae in which the flrenulum is wanting form the large family of the skipper butterflies, represented in our own fauna by several species. They are insects with broad head-the feelers being widely separated related to the Pyralidae, but tarsal segments 'are shortened and the claws sometimes are absent. The forewing has only three or four radial nervures (fig.55), the last two of which arise from a common stalk; the feelers are inserted close together on the head. The larva is short and hairy, somewhat like a woodlouse in shape, the broad sides concealing the legs and prolegs, while the pupa, which is also hairy or bristly, is attached by the remaster to a silken pad and cinctures with a silken thread. The upper surfaces of the wings of these insects are usually of abright metallic hue-blue or coppery-while beneath there are often — ~ 'fm

~.

"-"=“1lf 'sl /I A i ==~ i ' i~ = FIG. 53.-Ratlzinda amor. India. FIG. 54.-Cheritrafreja. India. numerous dark centred “eye-spots.” The family is widely distributed. Nearly related are the Lemoniidae, a family abundantly represented in the Neotropical Region, but scarce in the Old World and having only a single European species (Nemeobius lucinia) which occurs also in England. In the Lemoniidae (figs. 56, 57) the forelegs of the male are reduced and useless for walking. The

lLibytheidae may be recognized by the elongate snout-like palps,