thoracic limbs or prolegs, but sometimes with paired rudimentary processes on some of the segments, mine in the leaves of plants. The pupa, with four free abdominal segments in the female and five in the male, rests in a cocoon usually outside the mine. The Azielidae are a family of delicate, but larger, moths with Very long feelers (fig. 23) especially in the males. The larvae feed, when young, in flowers, later, protected by a flat case, they devour leaves, the pupa resembles that of the Nepticulidae in structure. The female has an ovipositor adapted for piercing plant tissues. The Tfineidae are a large and important family of small moths (figs. 14, 24, 25) with rough-haired heads, and with the maxillae I r-< E' . 1- 15” - .3§ 's » ... as .ag Flo. 24.-Euplocampus Flo. 25.-~Tinea anthmcinus. Europe. tapetzella (Clothes Moth). Europe. and their palps usually well developed. Many of the genera have narrow pointed wings with degraded neuration. The larvae differ in their habits, some-Gmcfilaria for example-mine in leaves, while others, like the well-known caterpillars of the clothes moth (Tinea) surround themselves with portable cases (fig. 14) formed by spinning together their own excrement. The female pupa has three, the male four free abdominal segments. ~ Plutellides. This group includes a few large families of small moths that are linked by their imaginal and larval structure to the Tineidae (in which they have often been included) and by their pupal structure to the higher groups that have yet' to be considered. The moths have lablal palps with slender pointed terminal segments, and narrow pointed wings, but the neuration (except in the Elachistidae) is less degenerate than in most Tineidae. The hairy covering of the head is smooth, and the maxillary palps are usually vestigial. 'The egg is- fiat, and the larval prolegs have complete circles of hooklets. The pupa is obtect with only two free abdominal segments (fifth and sixth) in both sexes and does not move out of the cocoon. Four families are included in this group. The Plutellzdae (fig. 26) have the maxillary palps developed, in some genera, as slender threadlike appendages directed straight forward. The larvae do not usually mine in leaves, but feed openly, keeping to the underside for protection (Plutella), or spinning by their FIG. 23.-Adela degcerella. Europe. united labour a mass (of web(c;}1er the food~5 ~ . a;r¢“°°' ant yponomeuta. l)n the other three families the maxillary FIG 26, — Cef0- " ' "'~' palps are vestigial or stoma asperella. FIG. 27.-Psecadia 0l2S0l@t@~ The Elini"-Eur0p@ pu;¢e11a stidae have remarkably narrow, pointed wings and their larvae mine in leaves or form portable cases and feed among seeds. In the Occophoridae (fig. 27) the sub-costal nervure of the hindwing is free and distinct throughout its length, and the larvae usually feed among spun leaves or seeds, or in decayed wood. The Gelechiidae are a large family with similar larval habits; the moths are distinguished by the sinuate termen of the hindwing andlthe connexion of its sub-costal nervure with the discoidal areo et. Pyralizles. This group includes a number of moths of delicate build with elongate legs, the maxillae and their palps bein usuall well -, ~ 1-'ff

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f = / " Fig. 28.-Ptero- Flo. 29.-Orneodes phorus spilodactylus. hexadacfylus (24-plumed Europe. Moth). Europe. g Y developed., The fore wings have two anal nervures, the hind- wings three (fig. 30, h, fi); in the hindwing the subcostal nervure bends towards and often connects with the radial, and the frenu lum is usually present. 4 The egg is dat. The larva has complete circles of hooklets on its five pairs of prolegs, and the pupa (usually completely obtect) does not move at all from its cocoon. This group includes the only Lepidoptera that have aquatic larvae. Of the families comprised in this division -three deserve special mention. The Pterophoridae (plume moths, fig. 28) usually have the wings deeply cleft-a single cleft in the forewing and two in the hindwing. The hairy larvae feed openly on leaves, while the soft and hairy pupa remains attached to its cocoon by the remaster, although it is incompletely obtect and has three or four free abdominal segments. The Ofneadzdae (multiplume moths) have all the wings six-cleft. Our British species, Orneodes hexadactyla (fig. 29), is an exquisite little insect, whose larva feeds on the blossoms of honeysuckle. The pupa is completely obteet, with only two free abdominal segments. The Pymlidae (figs. 13, 30), a large family with numerous divisions, have entire wings, and their pupae are < ~~ahws~ ',1'1= ihwf i; ess-ea»se ' ilfi . ” """"' F f'f'ff?~ > vi; U ' V, 9 °<» 1 b, M ' ' "“ . " . .;;' 'Elf iw W “l'W° rdf gg- 6 ~fe— as After Riley and Howard, Insect Life, vol. 2 (U.S. Dept. Agr.). FIG. 30.-Flour Moth (Ephestia kdhniella). With wings spread. » d, Head and front body-seg-At rest. [wings ments of larva. h, 1, Marking and neuration of e, 2nd and 3rd abdominal seg-Larva. ments. Pupa. . v=S~9

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FIG. 31.-Claterna cydonia. India.