earned a high standing among the educational institutions of Pennsylvania. Franklin College was named in honour of Benjamin Franklin, an early patron; Marshall College was founded by the Reformed Church and was named in honour of John Marshall; The Theological Seminary was opened in 1825 at Carlisle, Pa., and was removed to York, Pa., in 1829, to Mercersburg, Pa., in 1837 and to Lancaster in 1871; in 1831 it was chartered by the Pennsylvania legislature. Among its teachers have been John W. Nevin and Philip Schaff, whose names, and that of the seminary, are associated with the socalled “ Mercersburg Theology.” At Millersville, 4 m. S.W. of Lancaster, is the Second Pennsylvania State Normal School. At Lancaster are the graves of General John F. Reynolds, who was born here; Thaddeus Stevens, who lived here after 1842; and President James Buchanan, who lived for many years on an estate, “ Wheatland, ” near the city and is buried in the Woodward Hill Cemetery. The city is in a productive tobacco and grain region, and has a large tobacco trade and important manufactures. The value of the city's factory products increased from $12,750,429 in 1900 to $14,647,681 in 1905, or 14-9 %. In 1905 the principal products were umbrellas and canes (valued at $2,782,879), cigars and cigarettes ($1,95r,971), and foundry and machine-shop products ($1,036, 526). Lancaster county has long been one of the richest agricultural counties in the United States, its annual products being valued at about $10,000,000; in 1906 the value of the tobacco crop was about $3,225,000, and there were 824 manufactories of cigars in the county. Lancaster was settled about 1717 by English Quakers and Germans, was laid out as a town in 1730, incorporated as a borough in 1742, and chartered as a city in 1818. An important treaty with the Iroquois Indians was negotiated here by the governor of Pennsylvania and by commissioners from Maryland and Virginia in June 1744. Some of General Burgoyne's troops, surrendered at Saratoga, were confined here after the autumn of 1780. The Continental Congress sat here on the 27th of September 1777 after being driven from Philadelphia by the British; and subsequently, after the organization of the Federal government, Lancaster was one of the places seriously considered when a national capital was to be chosen. From 1799 to 1812 Lancaster was the capital of Pennsylvania. LANCE, a form of spear used by cavalry (see SPEAR). The use of the lance, dying away on the decay of chivalry and the introduction of pistol»armed cavalry, was revived by the Polish and Cossack cavalry who fought against Charles XII. and Frederick the Great. It was not until Napoleon's time, however, that lancer regiments appeared in any great numbers on European battlefields. The effective use of the weapon-long before called by Montecucculi the “ queen of weapons ”~by Napoleon's lancers at Waterloo led to its introduction into the British service, and except for a short period after the South African War, in which it was condemned as an anachronism, it has shared, or rather contested, with the sword the premier place amongst cavalry arms. In Great Britain and other countries lances are carried by the front rank of cavalry, except light cavalry, regiments, as well as by lancer regiments. In Germany, since 1889, the whole of the cavalry has been armed with the lance. In Russia, on the other hand, line cavalry being, until recently, considered as a sort of mounted infantry or dragoons, the lance was restricted to the Cossacks, and in Austria it enjoys less favour than in Germany. Altogether there are few questions of armament or military detail more freely disputed, in the present day as in the past, than this of sword versus lance.

The lances used in the British service are of two kinds, those with ash and those with bamboo staves. The latter are much preferred and are generally used, the “ male " bamboo being peculiarly tough and elastic. The lance is provided with a sling, through which the trooper passes his right arm when the lance is carried slung, the point of the steel shoe fitting into a bucket attached to the right stirrup. A small “ dee " loop is also provided, by which the lance can be attached to the saddle when the trooper dismounts. The small Hag is removed on service. The head is of the best steel. The Germans, doubtless owing to difficulty in obtaining bamboos, or ash in large quantity straight enough in the grain over a considerable length, for lance staves, have adopted a stave of steel tubing as well as one of pine (iigs. 2, 3 and 4). . As to the question of the relative efficiency of the lance and the sword as the principal arm for cavalry, it is alleged that the former is heavy and fatiguing to carry, conspicuous, and much in the way when reconnoitring in closing country, working through woods and the like; that, when unslung ready for the charge, it is awkward to handle, and may be positively dangerous if a horse becomes festive and the rider has to use both hands on the reins; that unless the thrust be delivered at full speed, it is easily parried; and, lastly, that in the rnélée, when the trooper has not room to use his lance, he will be helpless until he either throws it away or slings it, and can draw his sword. While admitting the last-mentioned objection, those who favour the lance contend that success in the first shock of contact is all-important, and that this success the lancer will certainly obtain, owing

to his long reach enabling

him to deliver a

blow before the swordsman

can retaliate, while,

when the rnélée commences,

the rear rank

will come to the assistance

of the front rank.

Further, it is claimed

that the power of delivering

the first blow

gives confidence to the

young soldier; that the

appearance of a lancer

regiment, preceded as it

were by a hedge of steel,

has an immense moral

effect; that in single

combat a lancer, with

room to turn, can

always defeat an opponent

armed with a

sword; and, lastly, that

in pursuit a lancer is

terrible to an enemy,

whether the latter be

mounted or on foot. As

in the case of the perennial

argument whether

a sword should be designed

mainly for cutting

or thrusting, it is

unlikely that the dispute

as to the merits of

the lance over the sword

will ever be definitely

settled, since so many

other factors-horsemanship,

the training of

the horse, the skill and

courage of the adversa

ry-determine the

trooper's success quite

as much as the weapon

he happens to wield.

The following passage

from Cavalry: its History

and! Tactics (London,

1853), by Captain

Nolan, explains how the

lance gained popularity

in Austria:-“ In the

last Hungarian war

1 »

F;g.Z' flg.3.

Fig.|. A

ul

iff 1' 2

I m

1| 'Q

li 1

di ii ~ @

4

I

li, e

@

Q?

inn;?

zfgrggindlng

Dee-4%

41-Luther

Pforucror

4 .

l7, ll

Shoe

TYPES or BRITISH AND GERMAN LANcEs. FIG. I is the British bamboo lance; figs. 2 and 3 the German steel tubular lance, and fig. 4 the German pine-wood lance. The full length of the German lance is II ft. 9 in., that of the Cossacks 9 ft. IO in., that of the Austrian lancers 8 ft. 8 in., and the French lance II ft. The British lance is 9 ft. lon . The weight of a lance varies but slightly. The steel staved lance weighs 4 lb, the bamboo 4%. (1848-49) the Hungarian

Hussars were . generally successful against the Austrian heavy cavalry-cuirassiers and dragoons; but when they met the Polish Lancers, the finest regiments of light horse in the Austrian service, distinguished for their discipline, good riding, and, above all, for their esprit de corps and gallantryvin action, against those the Hungarians were not successful, and at once attributed this to the lances of their opponents. The Austrians then extolled the lance above the sword, and armed all their light cavalry regiments with it.” The lancer regiments in the British service are the 5th, the 9th, the 12th, the 16th, the 17th and the 2Ist. All these were converted at different dates from hussars and light dragoons, the last-named in 1896. The typical lancer uniform is a light-fitting short-skirted tunic with adouble-breasted front, called the plastron, of a different colour, a girdle, and a flat-topped lancer “ cap, " adapted from the Polish czapka (see UNIFORMS: Naval and Military). The British lancers, with thevexception of the 16th, who wear scarlet with blue facings, are clad in blue, the 5th, 9th and 12th having scarlet facings and green, black and red plumes respectively, the I7th (famous as the " death or glory boys "and wearing a skull and crossbones badge)white

facings andwwhite plume, and the 21st light-blue facings and plume.