and the “ three days and three nights " remain unexplained by this

writer. On these points see Zimmern, K.A.T. (3), pp. 366, 389, 508. The difficulties of the mission of a Hebrew prophet to Asshur are diminished by Cheyne's later theory, Critica Biblica (1904), pp. 150–152.

JONAH, RABBI (Abulwalid Merwan Ibn Janah, also R. Marinus) (c. 990–c. 1050), the greatest'Hebrew grammarian and lexicographer of the middle ages. He was born before the year 990, in Cordova, studied in Lucena, left his native city in 1012, and, after somewhat protracted wanderings, settled in Saragossa, where he died before 1050. He was a physician, and Ibn Abi Usaibia, in his treatise on Arabian doctors, mentions him, as the author of a medical work. But Rabbi Jonah saw the true vocation of his life in the scientific investigation of the Hebrew language and in a rational biblical exegesis based upon sound linguistic knowledge. It is true, he wrote no actual commentary on the Bible, but his philological works exercised the greatest influence on Iudaic exegesis. His first work-composed, like all the rest, in Arabic-bears the title Almustallza, and forms, as is indicated by the word, a criticism and at the same time a supplement to the two works of Yehuda 'Hayyuj on the verbs with weak-sounding and double-sounding roots. These two tract ates, with which 'Hayyuj had laid the foundations of scientific Hebrew grammar, were recognized by Abulwalid as the basis of his own grammatical investigations, and Abraham Ibn Daud, when enumerating the great Spanish Tews in his history, sums up the significance of R. Ionah in the words: “ He completed what 'Hayyuj had begun.” The principal work of R. jonah is the Kitab al Tankih (“ Book of Exact Investigation ”), which consists of two parts, regarded as two distinct books-the Kitab al-Luma (“ Book of Many-coloured Flower-beds ”) and the Kitab alugul (“ Book of Roots”). The former (ed. J. Derenbourg, Paris, 1886) contains the grammar, the latter (ed. Ad. Neubauer, Oxford, 1875) the lexicon of the Hebrew language. Both works are also published in the Hebrew translation of Yehuda Ibn Tibbon (Sefer Ha-Rikmah, ed. B. Goldberg, Frankfurt am Main, 1855; Sefer H a-Schoraschim, ed. W. Bacher, Berlin, 1897). The other writings of Rabbi ]onah, so far as extant, have appeared in an edition of the Arabic original accompanied by a French translation (Opuscules et traités d'Abou'l Walid, ed. Joseph and Hartwig Derenbourg, . Paris 1880). A few fragments and numerous quotations in his principal book form our only knowledge of the Kilab al- Tashwir (“ Book of Refutation ”) a controversial work in four parts, in which Rabbi Ionah successfully repelled the attacks of the opponents of his first treatise. At the head of this opposition stood the famous Samuel Ibn Nagdela (S. Ha-Nagid) a disciple of 'Hayyuj. The grammatical work of Rabbi jonah extended, moreover, to the domain of rhetoric and biblical hermeneutics, and his lexicon contains many exegetical ex curs uses. This lexicon is of especial importance by reason of its ample contribution to the comparative philology of the Semitic languages-Hebrew and Arabic, in particular. Abulwalid's works mark the culminating point of Hebrew scholarship during the middle ages, and he attained a level which was not surpassed till the modern development of philological science in the 19th century.

See S. Munk, Notice sur Abou'l Walid (Paris, 1851); W. Bacher, Leben und Werke des Abulwalid und die Quellen seiner Schrifterklarung (Leipzig, 1885); id., Aus der Schrifterklarung des Abulwalid (Leipzig, 1889); id., Die hebr.-arabische Sprachvergleichimg des Abulwalid (Vienna, 1884); id., Die hebraisch-neuhebfaische und hebr.-aramaische S prachvergleichung des Abulwalid (Vienna, 1885).

JONAS, JUSTUS (1493–1555), German Protestant reformer, was born at Nordhausen in Thuringia, on the 5th of June 1493. His real name was Jodokus (Jobst) Koch, which he changed according to the common custom of German scholars in the 16th century, when at the university of Erfurt. He entered that university in 1506, studied law and the humanities, and became Master of Arts in 1510. In 1511 he went to Wittenberg, where he took his bachelor's degree in law. He returned to Erfurt in 1514 or 1515, was ordained priest, and in 1518 was promoted doctor in both faculties and appointed to a well endowed canonry in the church of St Severus, to which a professorship of law was attached. His great admiration for Erasmus first led him to Greek and biblical studies, and his election in May 1519 as rector of the university was regarded as a triumph for the partisans of the New Learning. It was not, however, until after the Leipzig disputation with Eck that Luther won his allegiance. He accompanied Luther to Worms in 1521, and there was appointed by the elector of Saxony professor of canon law at Wittenberg. During Luther's stay in the Wartburg Jonas was one of the most active of the Wittenberg reformers. Giving himself up to preaching and polemics, he aided the Reformation by his gift as a translator, turning Luther's and Melanchthon's works into German or Latin as the case might be, thus becoming a sort of double of both. He was busied in conferences and visitations during the next twenty years, and in diplomatic work with the princes. In 1541 he began a successful preaching crusade in Halle; he became superintendent of its churches in 1542. In 1546 he was present at Luther's deathbed at Eisleben, and preached the funeral sermon; but in the same year was banished from the duchy by Maurice, duke (later elector) of Saxony. From that time until his death, Jonas was unable to secure a satisfactory living. He wandered from place to place preaching, and finally went to Eisfeld (1553), where he died. He had been married three times.

See Briefswechsel des Justus Jonas, gesammelt and bearbeitet von G. Kawerau (2 vols., Halle, 1884–1885); Kawerau's article in Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie, ed. 3, with bibliography.

JONATHAN (Heb. “Yah [weh] gives”). Of the many Jewish bearers of this name, three are well known: (1) the grandson of Moses, who was priest at Dan (Judg. xviii. 30). The reading Manasseh (see R.V. mg.; obtained by inserting n above the consonantal text in the Hebrew) is apparently intended to suggest that he was the son of that idolatrous king. (2) The eldest son of Saul, who, together with his father, freed Israel from the crushing oppression of the Philistines (1 Sam. xiii. seq.). Both are lauded in an elegy quoted from the Book of lashar (2 Sam. i.) for their warm mutual love, their heroism, and their labours on behalf of the people. ]onathan's name is most familiar for the firm friendship which subsisted between him and David (1 Sam. xviii. 1–4; xix. 1–7; xx., xxii. 8; xxiii. 16–18), and when he fell at the battle of Gilboa and left behind him a young child (1 Sam. xxxi.; 2 Sam. iv. 4), David took charge of the youth and gave him a place at his court (2 Sam. ix.). See further David, Saul. (3) The Maceabee (see Jews; Maceabees).

JONCIÈRES, VICTORIN (1839–1903), French composer, was born in Paris on the 12th of April 1839. He first devoted his attention to painting, but afterwards took up the serious study of music. He entered the Paris Conservatoire, but did not remain there long, because he had espoused too warmly the cause of Wagner against his professor. He composed the following operas: Sardanapale (1867), Le Dernier jour de Pompéi (1869), Dimitri (1876), La Reine Bertha (1878), Le Chevalier Jeau (1885), Lancelot (1900). He also wrote incidental music to Hamlet, a symphony, and other works. Ionciéres admiration for Wagner asserted itself rather in a musical than a dramatic sense. The influence of the German master's earlier style can be traced in his operas. Jonciéres, however, adhered to the recognized forms of the French opera and did not model his works according to the later developments of the Wagnerian “ music drama.” He may indeed be said to have been at least as much influenced by Gouno d as by Wagner. From 1871 he was musical ciitic for La Liberté. He died on the 26th of October 1903.

JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824–1906), Canadian politician, was born at Weymouth, Nova Scotia, in September 1824, the son of Guy C. Tones of Yarmouth, and grandson of a United Empire Loyalist. In 1865 he opposed the federation of the British American provinces, and, in his anger at the refusal of the British government to repeal such portions of the British North America Act as referred to Nova Scotia, made a speech which won for him the name of Haul-down-the-flag Jones. He was for many years a member of the Federal Parliament, and