The king had, however, previously concluded treaties of “ commerce

and friendship ” with the French, and by the Anglo-French agreement of August 1889 Jaman, with Bontuku, was recognized as French territory. In 1892 Captain Binger made further explorations in the interior of the Ivory Coast, and in 1893 he was appointed the first governor of the colony on its erection into an administration distinct from that of Senegal. Among other famous explorers who helped to make known the hinterland was Colonel (then Captain) Marchand. It was to the zone between the Kong states and the hinterland of Liberia that Samory (see SENEGAL) fied for refuge before he was taken prisoner (1898), and for a short time he was master of Kong. The boundary of the colony on the west was settled by Franco-Liberian agreements of 1892 and subsequent dates; that on the east by the Anglo-French agreements of 1893 and 1898. The northern boundary was fixed in 1899 on the division of the middle Niger territories (up to that date officially called the French Sudan) among the other French West African colonies. The systematic development of the colony, the opening up of the hinterland and the exploitation of its economic resources date from the appointment of Captain Binger as governor, a post he held for over three years. The work he began has been carried on zealously and effectively by subsequent governors, who have succeeded in winning the co-operation of the natives. In the older books of travel are often found the alternative names for this region, Tooth Coast (Céte des Denis) or Kwa-Kwa Coast, and, less frequently, the Coast of the Five and Six Stripes (alluding to a kind of cotton fabric in favour with the natives). The term Cote des Dents continued in general use in France until the closing years of the 19th century.

See Dix ans d la Céte d'I'voire (Paris, 1906) by F. ]. Clozel, governor of the colony, and Nolre colonie de la Ciite d'Ivoire (Paris, 1903) by R. Villamur and Richaud. These two volumes deal with the history, geography, zoology and economic condition of the Ivory Coast. La Céte d'Ivoire by Michellet and Clement describes the administrative and land systems, &c. Another volume also called La Céte d'Ivoire (Paris, 1908) is an official monograph on the colony. For ethnology consult Coutumes indigénes de la Czite d'Ivoire (Paris, 1902) by F. ]. Clozel and R. Villamur, and Les Coutumes Agni, by R. Villamur and Delafosse. Of books of travel see Du Niger au Golfe de Guinée par Kong (Paris, 1892) by L. G. Binger, and Mission Hostainsd'Ollone 1898-1900 (Paris, 1901) by Captain d'Ollone. A Carte de la Céte d'11101re b A. Meunier, on the scale of I: 500,000 (6 sheets), was published in Faris, 1905. Annual reports on the colony are published by the French colonial and the British foreign offices.

IVREA (anc. Eporedia), a town and episcopal see of Piedmont, Italy, in the province of Turin, from which it is 38 m. N.N.E. by rail and 27 m. direct, situated 770 ft. above sea-level, on the Dora Baltea at the point where it leaves the mountains. Pop. (1901) 6047 (town), 11,696 (commune). The cathedral was built between 973 and 1005; the gallery round the back of the apse and the crypt have plain cubical capitals of this period. The two camponili flanking the apse at each end of the side aisle are the oldest example of this architectural arrangement. The isolated tower, which is all that remains of the ancient abbey of S. Stefano, is slightly later. The hill above the town is crowned by the imposing Castello delle Quattro Torri, built in 1358, and now a prison. One of the four towers was destroyed by lightning in 1676. A tramway runs to Santhia.

The ancient Eporedia, standing at the junction of the roads from Augusta Taurinorum and Vercellae, at the point where the road to Augusta Praetoria enters the narrow valley of the Duria (Dora Baltea), was a military position of considerable importance belonging to the Salassi who inhabited the whole upper valley of the Duria. The importance of the gold-mines of the district led to its seizure by the Romans in 143 B.C. The centre of the mining industry seems to have been Victumulae (see Ticinum), until in 100 B.C. a colony of Roman citizens was founded at Eporedia itself; but the prosperity of this was only assured when the Salassi were finally defeated in 25 B.C. and Augusta Praetoria founded. There are remains of a theatre of the time of the Antonines and the Ponte Vecchio rests on Roman foundations.

In the middle ages Ivrea was the capital of a Lombard duchy, and later of a marquis ate; both Berengar II. (950) and Arduino (1002) became kings of Italy for a short period. Later it submitted to the marquises of Monferrato, and in the middle of the 14th century passed to the house of Savoy.  (T. As.) 

IVRY-SUR-SEINE, a town of northern France, in the department of Seine, near the left bank of the Seine, less than 1 m. S.S.E. of the fortihcations of Paris. Pop. (1906) 39, 532. Ivry has a large hospital for incurables. It manufactures organs, earthenware, wall-paper and rubber, and has engineering works, breweries, and oil-Works, its trade being facilitated by a port on the Seine. The town is dominated by a fort of the older line of defence of Paris.

IVY (A.S. ijig, Ger. Epheu, perhaps connected with apium, f£'l|'L01/), the collective designation of certain species and varieties of H edera, a member of the natural order Araliaceae.

FIG. I.-Ivy (Hedem Helix) fruiting branch. I. Flower. 2. Fruit.

There are fifty species of ivy recorded in modern books, but they may be reduced to two, or at the most, three. The European ivy, H edera Helix (fig. r), is a plant subject to infinite variety in the forms and colours of its leaves, but the tendency of which is always to a three- to five-lobed form when climbing and a regular ovate form of leaf when producing Hower and fruit. The African ivy, H. canariensis, often regarded as a variety of H. Helix and known as the Irish ivy, is a

native of North Africa and the

adjacent islands. It is the cornmon

large-leaved climbing ivy,

and also varies, but in a less

degree than H. Helix, from

which its leaves differ in their

larger size, rich deep green colour, and a prevailing tendency to a

five-lobed outline. When in fruit

the leaves are usually three lobed,

but they are sometimes

entire and broadly ovate, The

Asiatic ivy, H. calchica (fig. 2),

now considered to be a form of

H. Helix, has ovate, obscurely

three—lobed leaves of a coriaceous texture and a deep green colour; in the tree or fruiting form the leaves are narrower than in the climbing form, and without any trace of lobes. Distinctive characters are also to be found in the appendages of the pedicels and calyx, H. Helix having six-rayed stellate hairs, H. canariensis fifteen-rayed hairs and H. colclzica yellowish two-lobed scales.

The Australian ivy, H. auslraliana, is a small glabrous shrub

FIG. 2.-Hedera colchica.