Jokax belong Arpad Kupa (A napszdmosok, “ The Labourers "; Kgselt kzralyok, “ Imaginary Kings ); Robert Tabori (Nagy jziték, “ reat Game, A negyvenéves ferjiu, “The Man at Fort ”); and Jul1us crner (Kendi I mre hzizassaga, “ The Weddlng of Emericus Kendi ", Olga, Jlfegmrrad még valaha, “ Dawn will come in the End ”) 'I he seccnd class of Hungarian modern novelists is led by the well-LnoKoloman Mikszéth, a poet endowed with originality, a charming mmeté, and a freshness of observation from l1fe. A close observer of the mult1far1ous low l1fe of Hungary, l/l1kSZé.tl'l has, 1n his short stories, given a delightful yet instructive picture of all the minor ar1ed phases of the peasant l1fe of the Slavs, the Palécok, the Saxons, the town artisan. Amongst his numerous works may be I'l'1€f1t1Oll€(l A /o paléczok (“ The Good Paloczok, " Slav peasants); Egy walasztas Magyarorszagon (“ An Electlon in Hungary ”); Pzpacsok a bdzaban (“ W1ld Poppies in the Wheatlield ”), A tekmtetes varmegye (“ The Worshipful County ); Ne okoskod] Pasta (“ Don't reason, Pista ); Szent Peter eserny6'je (“ St Peter's Umbrella, ” translated from the or1g1nal into English by Miss B. W. Worsvuck), &c Mikszath has had considerable influence upon other writers. Such a1e Victor Rakosi (Szpulus ta/cziz, “ The Essays of Sipulus “; Rejtett fészkek, “ Hidden Nests ”); Stephen Mora (Alyankfiaz, “ Our Compatriots ); Alexius Benedek, the author of numerous distinctly sy pathetic and truly Magyar tales, fables and novels, one of the most gifted and deserving literary workers of modern Hungary (H uszar Anna, “ Anna Huszar ”; Egy szalmaozve y Ze?/elez, “ Letters of a grass W1dOWu§ A szw konyve, “ The Booi of the Hear1;”; Ixatalw, “ Catherine "; Csendes érrik, “ Quiet Hours ”; Testamentum és hat Zevél, “Last Will and Six Letters, ” translated into German bx Dr W. Schonwald, &c); Géza Gardonyi (several novels contaxmng the adventures, observations, &c., of Mr Gabriel Gdre; A kékszemu Davzdkziné, “ Blue-eyed Mrs Davldka "; A Katsa, scenes from gxpsy l1fe); Charles Murai (Vzg lorlénetek, “ Jolly Stor1es "; Band1, a collection of short tales); Stephen Barsony (Csend, “ Silence'; A Kaméleon-Zedny, “ The Chamaeleon Girl, and other Stories ", Erdzin-mezdn, “ In Wood and F1eld ). The third class of Magyar no el1sts comprises those cosmopolitan writers who take the1r method of work, their 1nsp11ation and even many of their sub]ects from foreign authors, ch1eHy French, German, Russian and also horn egian A people w1th an intense national sentiment, such as the Hungarians, do not as a rule 1ncl1ne towards permanent admiration of foreign-born or imported hterary styles: and accordingly the vxork of this class of novelists has frequently met with xery se ere criticism on the part of various Magyar critics. Yet it can scarcelv be denied that several of the “foreign ” novelists have contributed a whi lesome, 1f not qu1te Magyar, element of form or thought to literary narrative style in Hungary. Probably the foremost among them 1S Slgxsmund Justh, who died prematurely in the m1dst of his painful attempt at reconciling French “ real1st1c " modes of thought w1tl1 what he concelyed to be Magyar s1mpl1c1ty (A pus:/ta ICOIZVZJE, “ The Book of the Puszta, " pra1r1e of Hungary; A Pen: /egemlaja, “ The Legend of Money "; Gzinyo Julcsa, “ Juliet Ganvo ", Puzzfzus) Other novehsts belonging to this school are Deslderius Nlalony a1 (Az utolsé, “ The Last ”; Judah konyve, “ The Book of Jl1(l1tl'l ”; Tanulmanyfejek, “Typ1cal Heads ”); Julius Pekar (Dada fzihadnagy problémaz, “ Lieutenant Dodo's Problems "; Az aru1z3ke5zfy1Zs kzsasszony, “ The Maid w1th the Golden Gloves "; A szoborszep awzony, “The Lady as Beautiful as a Statue ”; Az eszlerzdo legenaa/a, “ T516 Legend of the Year”); Thomas Kobor (Aszfall, Asphalt ", a/carta, “ He Wanted It "; A cszllagok felé, “ Touards the Stars ”), Stephen szomahazy (Huvzonnégy ora, “ Tvsenty lour Hours "; A Clazretle Kermgzi, “ The Cla1rette Valse ' Para/lan szerddk, “ Incomparable /Vednesdays "; Nyzirz felhok, “ Clouds of Summer ), Zoltan Thury (Ullrzch fdhadnagy és . egyab torteneffk, 'Lleutenant Ullrxch and other Tales”;Urak és parasztok, “ Gentlemen and Peasants ); also Desiderius Szomory, Odon Gerd, Arptd Abonyl, Koloman Szanto, Edward Sas, Julius Vertesi, Tlboi Dénes, Akos Pintér, the Misses Janka and Sté han1e Wohl lrs Sigismund Gyarmathy and others. In the fourth class mav be grouped such of the latest Hungarian novelists as have tried, and on the u hole succeeded, 1n clothing their ideas and characters in a style peculiar to themselves. Besides Stephen Petelel (]ettz 1 name- Hcnr1etta" FeZh5k, “Clouds ) and Zoltan Ambrus (Pa/elm/o Kfsasssony, “Miss Cobweb”; Gyanu, “ Suspic1on”) must be mentioned especially Francis Herczeg, who has published a number of crv interesting studies of Hungarian social l1fe (Szmon Asuzsa “ Susanna S1mon"; Fenn és lenn, “Above and Below "; Egy [envy torrent/e, “ The Historv of a Girl ”; Idegenek kozott, Among-1 Strangers ”), Alexander Brody, who brlngs a delicate xct reso ure <{lldl sis to unfold the mysterious and fascinating inner lift oi persons suffering from overvsrought nerves or overstrung mind (A ke/la//zu asszony, “ The Double Souled Lady "; Don Qzfzxrne kuasrzom, “ Iiss Don Qu1xote"; Faust orvos, “ Faust the Ph~.1c1.Ln ", Tzmdér Ilona, Rejtelmek, “Mysteries "; Az ezusl ketske, “ The Silver Goat ”), and Edu ard Kabos, whose sombre and powerful genius has already produced works, not popular by any means, but full of great promise In h11n we may trace the influence of vcr7s< he s philosophy (Koldusok, “ Beggars ”, Vandorok, “ anderers') To this list we must add the short hut incomparable feuzfle/mfs (!<ir1'a/Malek) of Dr Adolf ga1 (r1t1ng under the nom de [Jlznlw of P01 Zo) hose inlluenct on the formatlon of modern Hungarian literary prose is hardly less important than the unique espn! and charm of his writings.
Dramatic literature, liberally supported by the king and the government, and aided by magnificent theatres in the capital and also 1n the provinces (the finest provincial theatre 1S in Kolozsvar, in Transylvanla), has developed remarkably. The Hungar1ans have the genuine dramatic gift in abundance, they have, moreover, actors and actresses of the first rank. In the modern drama three great and clearly differentiated groups may be distinguished. First the neoromant1c group, whose ch1ef representatives are Eugen Rakosi, Louis Doczi (b. 1345). Who, in addition to Csék (“'Ihe KISS ), has written Utolsé szerelem (“ Last Love ”), Széchy Mzirza (“ Maria Széchy ”), Vegyes Parole (“ Mixed Couples ”). In these and other dramatic writings, more remarkable perhaps for poet1c than for stage effects, Doczi still maintains his br1ll1ancy of d1ct1on and the delicacy of his poetic touch. To the same school belong Louis Bartok, Anton Varadl and Alexander Somlo. The next group of Hungarian dramatists IS dominated by the master sp1r1t o Gregor Csiky (qv). Among Cs1ky's most promisin disciples is Francis Herczeg (already mentioned as a novelist), author of the successful society comedy, A Gyurkomcs leanyok (“ The Misses Gyurkovics ”), Hzirom lestér (f' Three Guardsmen”), Honty hziza. (“ The House of Honty ). Arpad Berczik's Nézd meg az anyjal (“ Look at her Mother ”), A protekczzé (“ Patronizing ”), also followed on the lines of Cs1ky. The third group of dramatic writers take their subjects, surroundings and diction from the folk-l1fe of the vlllages (népszmmu, “ folk drama ”). The greatest of these dramatists has so far been Edward Téth (Tolomz, 'The Ousted Pauper ). Amongst his numerous followers, who have, however, sometimes vulgarized their figures and plots, may be mentioned Tihamér Almasi (Mzlzmzirz, A Minzszlerelnok bzilja, “ The Ball of the Premier ) and Alexander Somlo. In philosophy there has been a remarkable rncrease of activity, partly ass1m1lative or eclectic and partly original. Peter B1har1 and Maurice Karman have in various w ritings spread the ideas of Herbart. After the school of Comte, yet to a large extent original, is the Az ember és wldga (“ Man and his World ') of Charles Bohm, who in 1881 started a philosophical review (Magyar Fzlozojiai Szemle), subsequently edited by Joseph Bokor, a vigorous thinker. Realism, more particularly of the Wundt type, is represented by Emericus Pauer, Az ethzkai determzmsmus (“ Ethical Determin1sm ), and Eugen Posch (Az idzirgl, " On Time ”). On a ThOm1StlC basis John Kiss ed1ts a philosophical review (Bolcseleti Folyézrazf); on similar l1nes have been working Akos Mihalyfi, Répassy Augustin Lubrich and others. Neo-Hegelianism is cultivated by Eugen Schmitt, efhciently assisted by Joseph Alexander Simon (Az egységes és refills természet jilozojia alapvonalaz, “ Outlines of a Uniform and Realistic Philosophy of Nature ”). F. Medveczky (formerly a German author under the name of Fr. von Barenbach) espouses Neo-Kantism (Térsadalmz elméletek és eszmények, 1887, “ Social Theories and Ideals ”). The Hungarian scholar Samuel Brassai published, in 1896, Az zgazz pozztwjilozojia (“ The True Positive Philosophy ). Amon st the ablest and most zealous students of the history of philosopi are Bernhard Alexander, under whose editorship, aided by Joseph Banoczi, a series of the works of the world's great thinkers has appeared; Andrew Domanovszky, author of an elaborate History of Philosophy; Julius Gyomlai, translator of Plato: Eugen Péterfy, likewise translator of philosophical works, &c.
Juristic literature has been stimulated by the activity in positive legislation. On 1st January 1900 a new criminal code, thorou hly modern 1n spirit, was put in force; and in 1901 a Civil Code B1lT, to replace the old Hungarian customary system, was introduced. Among the newer writers on common and commercial law may be mentioned Wenczal, Zhnsky, Zogod, Gustave Schwarz, Alexander Plosz, Francis Na y and Neumann, on constitutional law. Korbuly, Boncz, Stephen Kgss, Ernest Na, Kmety, Arthur Balogh, Ferdinandy, Bela Grunwald, Julius /glidrassy and Emeric Ha]nik; on administration, George Fésus, Kmety and Csiky; on finance, Mariska, Exner and Laszlo. Among the later writers on statistics, moreover, have been Konek, Keleti, Lang, Foldes, Jekelfalussy, Vorgha, Korosy, Rath and Vizaknai.
On subjects of politics, amongst the more important works are the various monographs of Gustavus Beksics on the Duahsm of Austria-Hungary, on the “ New Foundations of Magyar Pol1t1cs ” (A magyar pohtzka uj alapjaz, 1899), on the Rumanian question, &c; the Writings of Emericus Bahnt, Akos Beothy, Victor Concha (systematic polltics), L. Ecsery, Géza Ferdinand (historical and systematic politics), Arpad Zigény, Béla Foldes (lpohtxcal economy), Julius Mandello (political economy), Alexander Matlekovics (Hungary's administrative service; Allamhziztartzis, 3 vols), J Polya (agrarian politics), M. Somogyi (sociology), and the late Augustus Pulszky In history there has been great activity The millennial festivities in 1896 gave rise to the publication of what was then the most extensive history of the Hun arian nation (A magyar nemzet torténete, 1895'190I), ten large am? splendidly illustrated volumes, edited by Alexander Szilagyi, with the collaboration of the best specialists of modern Hungary, Robert Frohhch, B. Kuzsinszky, Géza Nagy, H. Marczali, Anton Por, Schonherr, V Fraknoi, Arpad Kirolyi, David Angyal, Coleman Thalv, Géza Ballagi.
Literary criticism is actxxely pursued Among the more authoritative writers Paul (syulai and Zsolt Beothy represent the