ecclesiastical history; John Szombathi, Emeric Révész and Balogh, writers on Protestant church history; W1lliam Frakn61, biographer of Cardinal Pazman, and historian of the Hungarian diets; and thony Cvévay, Aaron Sziladi, Joseph Podhradczky, Charles Szabo, John jerney and Francis Salamon, who have investigated and medieval diplomatic academy rt Nyary, based on osszees- by Julius literature compilers yi, Zoltan vy, John nd ethno- age none elucidated many special historical subjects. For the mstory of Hungary the llldtyaskorz dzplomatikaz emlekek (D lemor1als of the Time of Matthias Corvinus), issued by the under the Joint editorship of Ivan Nagy and Baron Albe affords interesting material. As a masterly production extensive iny estimation, we note the Wesselenyz Ferencz . km/ese (The Secret Plot of Francis Wesselény1, 1664-1671), Pauler (4876). Among the many historians of Magyar Francis oldy alias Schedel holds the foremost place. As of useful manuals may be mentionerl also Joseph Szvoréu Beothv, Alexander Imre, Paul janibor, Ladislaus N6 Kornyei and Joseph Szinny ei, Junior. For philological a graphical research into the origin and growth of the langu excels Paul Hanfalyy. He is, moreover, the warm advocate of the theorv of its Lgrio-Finnic origin, as established by the Urahan tiaveller Anthony Reguly, the result of whose labours Hunfalvy published in 1864, undcr the title A Vogul fold 155 nép (The Vogul Lind and People). Between 1862 and 1866 valuable philological studies bearing on the same subject were published by %oseph Butlenz in the Afyelvtudonzényz kozlemények (Philological transactions). This periodical, issued by the academy, has during the last decade (Ib70~I8SO) contained also comparative studies, by rnnn1us {1mbéry and Gabriel Bélint, of the Magyar, Turkish-Tatar and Mongolian dialects.
compilcrs and authors of works in various scientific branches allied to history, may be particularly mentioned -in statistics and gcograplu, .-lex1us Fényes, Emeric Palu yay, Alexander Konek, John liunfalwy Charles Galgoczy, Charles I§ eleti, Leo Beothy, Joseph Korosi Charlcs Ballagi and Paul Kiraly, and, as re ards Transylyama, Ladislaus Kovary; in travel, Arminius vsmiiéry, Ignatius (ioldziher, Laclislaus Magyar, John Xantus, John jerney, Count tlrassy, Ladislaus Podmaniczky, Paul Hunfalvy; in astronomy, holas Konkoly, in archaeology, Bishop Arnold Ipolyi, Florian Romer, lzmeric Henszlmann, John Erdy, Baron Albert Nyary, rancis Pulszky and Francis Kiss, in Hungarian mythology, Bishop lpolyi, Anthony Csen ery,1 and Arpad Kerékgyarto; in numismatics, John Erdy and Jacob Rupp? and in Jurisprudence, ugustus Karvassy, Theodore Pauler, Gustavus Wenczel, Emeric (sacsko, John Fogarasi and Ignatius Frank. After 1867 great act1ty was displayed in history and its allied branches, owing to the direct encouragement given by the Hungarian Historical Society, and by the historical, archaeological, and statistical committees of the academ .
Notwithstanding the exertions of Paul Bugat to arouse an interest fn the natural sciences by the establishment in 1841 of the Hungarian Royal Natural Science Association, ” no general activity was manifested in this department of knowledge, so far as the native literature was concerned, until 1860, when the academy organized a special committee for the advancement of mathematical and natural science.” The principal contributors to the " Transactions of this section of the academy were-for anatomy and phy siologw, Coloman Balogh, Eugene jenclrassik, Joseph Lenhossék and Lewis Thanhoffer; for zoology, John Frivaldszky, John Kriesch and Theodore Margé. for botany, Frederick Hazslinszky, Lewis juranyi and Julius Klein; for mineralogy and geology, Joseph Szabo, lax Hantken, Joseph Krenner, Anthony Koch and Charles lloffman, for physics Baron Lorando Eotvos, Coloman Szily and Joseph Sztoczeli, tor chemistry, Charles Than and Vincent Wartha; for meteorology, Guido Schenzl As good text-books, for which the so-called “I¢1d1cs' Prize ” was awarded by the academy, we may mention the Te/mevzettan (Physics) and Természettam foldrajz (Physical Geography) of Julius C-reguss.
Almost simultaneously with the foi mation of the above-mentioned com.n1ttce of the academy, the “Natural Science Association” show ccl signs of renewed animation, and soon advanced with rapid strides in the same direction, but with a more popular aim than the aiademy. Between 1868 and 1878 the number of its members nicrcascd from some 600 to about 5000. After 1872, in addition to its regular organs, it issued Hungarian translations of several popular scientific English works, as, for instance, Darw1n's Orzgm of Species, lIulcy s Lessons in Physzolvgyi Lubbock's Prehistoric Times; Proctors Other Worlds than Ours; Tyndalls Heat as a Mode of Molton, &c. crsions were also made of Cotta's Geologze der Gegenwart and Helmholtz's Populare Vorlesungen. As important original monographs we note-Az zirapzfly a Fzumez obolbeu (Ebb and Flow in the Gulf of Fiume), by Emil Stahlberger (1874)I Magyarorszdg pékfaumija (The Araehnicla of Hungary), by Otto Hermann (1876* 1875), Jllagyarorssdg vaskovez és vasterményez (The Iron Ores and
1 The translator of Macaulay.
2 See, howey cr, j. Szinnyei & S0u's Bzblzolheca Hungarzca hutorzae naturals el matheseos, 1472-1875 (Budapest, 1878), whcre the number of Iagar works be mng on the natural sciences and inmthc-matics printed from the carhest rlatc to the end of 1875 is stated to be 3611 of which 106 are rcfcrred to pcriodncals 1111 30
Iron Products of Hungary), by Anthony Kerpely (1877); Magyarorszdg nezezetesebb dohdnyfajamak chemtaz megvzzsgalasa (Chemical Examination of the most famous Tobaccos of Hungary), by Dr Thomas Kosutany (1877).
(E. D. Bu.)
The numbel of Magyar writers has since 1880 increased to 1 an extent hardly expected by the reading public in itself. In 1830 there were only IO Magyar per1od1cal publications; in 1880 we find 368; in 1885 their number rose to 494; in 1890 to 636; and at the beginning of 1895 no fewer than 806 periodical publications, written in the Hungarian language, appeared in Since that time (1895) the number of periodical as non-periodical literary works has been constantly rising, Hungary Literature since 1880. Hungary. Well as oi although, rigin, the as in all countries with a literature of rather recent 0 periodical publications are, in proportion to the whole of the output, far more numerous than the non-periodical? This remarkable increase in the quantity oi literary work was, on the whole, accompanied by a fair advance in literary quality.
In lyrical poetry, among the poets who first came to the fore in the Slfl. CS several were active after ISSO, such as Joseph Komocsy (d. 1894), whose Szerelem Kon ve (“ Book of Love ) has become a popular classic; Victor Dalmad/y, who published in the 'nineties his Hazafias Koltemények (Patriotic Poems); and Ladislas Arany, son of the great ijohn. Among the prominent lyrists whose works, although part y published before ISSO, belong largely to the later period, the following deserve special mention: The poetry of Emil Abranyi (born ISSO) is filled with the ideas and ideals of Victor Hugo. Abianyi excels also as a translator, more particularly of Byron. Julius Reviczky (1855-1899) also inclined to the Occidental rather than to the specifically Magyar type of poets; his lyrics are highly hnished, aristocratic and pessimistic (Pan haléla, “ The Death of Pan ). Count Géza Zichy (b. 1849) published his lyrical poems in 1892. Joseph Kiss (b. 1843) is especially fehcitous in ballads taken from village and Jewish life, and in love-songs; Alexander Endrodi (b. 1850), one of the most gifted modern lyrical poets of Hungary, has the charm of tenderness and delicacy together with that of a peculiar and original style, his Kurucz mitdk being so far his most successful attempt at romantic lyrics. Louis Bartok (b. 1851) is a remarkable satirist and epigrammatist (Kdrpotz emlékek). Odon jakab (b. 1850) leans towards the poetic manner of Tompa, with perhaps a greater power of expression than the author of the Vzrzigregék (“ Flower-fables ); jakab wrote Hangok az ifjusrigbél (“ Sounds of Youth ”), Nyzir (“ Summer ”), both collections of lyrical poems. Louis Posa (b. 1850) has made a sphere of his own in his charming poems for and about children, Edes anyzim (“ My dear Mother '). In Andor Kozma (b. 1860), author of A tegnap és a ma (“ Yesterday and 'I'o-day, ” 1889), Verse/a (Poems, 1893), &c., there is undoubted powcr of genuine satire and dee humour. Michael Szabolcska (b. 1864), autlior of Haugulatok (1 Moods, " 1894). showed gieat promise; Julius Vargha (b. 1853) cultivates the népzes or folk-poetry as represented by Hungary's two greatest poets, Pet5fi and Arany; Vargha has also published excellent translations of Schiller and Goethe. Perhaps scarcely less remarkable are the modern Magyar lyrists, such as, of the older set, John Bulla (b. 1843), j. D. Temérdek, Gustavus Csengey (b. 1842), Paul Koroda (b. 1854), E. Julius Kovacs (b. 1839, Poems, 1892), Ladislas Inczédi, Julius Négradi Pap, Julius Szavay (b. 1860), John Dengi (b. 1853); among the juniors, Anton Rado (also an excellent translator), Louis Palagyi (Magzinyos ziton, “ On Lonely Way, " &c.), Géza Gardonyi (b. 1863, Aprzlzs, 1894), Zoltan Pap, Eugen Heltai (Ignotus), Julius Rudnvanszky (b. 1860, Szerelem, “ Love "; Nyzir, “ Summer ), Arpad Zemplényi, Julius Szentessy, Emil Makai (b. 1870), Cornelius Gaspar, Julius Varsanyi (b. 1863, Mulandésdg, “ The Unstableness of Things ”), Alexander Luby (Vcrgodés, “Striving ), Eugen V. Szaszvarosi, Endre Szabo (b. 1849), political satirist. In the most recent lyrics of Hungary there is a growing tendency to socialistic poetry, to the “ poetry of misery " (A nyo/nor kolteszete). In epic poetry josef Kiss's Jehova is the most popular work. Amongst rhymed novels-noycls in verx formthe best is the Délzbébok hiise (“ The Hero of l/Iirages ”), in which Ladislas Arany tells, in brilliantly humorous and captivating fashion, the story of a young Magvai nobleman who, at first full of great ideals and aspirations, finally ends as a commonplace country s uire.
Among Hungarian novels we may distinguish four dominant genres or tendencies. The first ls represented almost exclusively by Maurus jokai (g °11.). To the school so perfectly repicsented by
3 “This will appear even more striking by a cons5erati0n of number of periodical publications published in Hungary in languages other than Magyar. Thus, while of German periodicals appearing in Hungary there were in 1871 only 85, they increased in 1880 to II4 in 1885 to 141; and they were, at the beginning of 1895, still 128 in spite of the constant spread of that process of Magyarization whicn has, since 1880, considerably changed the linguistic habits 0
the people of Hungary.