Meanwhile dramatic literature found many champions, of whom the most energetic was Edward Szigligeti, proprre Joseph Szath mary, who enriched the Hungarian stage with more than a hundred pieces Of these the most popular are comedies and serio-comic national dramas A less prolific but more classical writer appeared in Charles Obernyik, whose George Brankof/rcs is, ne'<t to Katona's Bank Ban, one of the best historical tragedies in the language. Several of the already mentioned lyric and epic poecs were occasional writers also for the drama. To these we may add the gifted but unfortunate Sngismund Czako, Lewis Dobsa, Joseph Szigeti, Ignatius Nagv, Joseph Szenvey (a translator from Schiller), Joseph Gaal, Charles Hugo, Lawrence Toth (the Magyarirer of the School jor Scandal), Emeric Vahot, A1o1s Degré (equally famous as a novehst), Stephen Toldy and Lewis Doezi, author of the popular prize drama Csok (The Kiss) Az ember lragoedrdja (The Tragedy of Man), by Emeric Madach (1861), is a dramatic poem of a philosophical and contemplative character, and is not intended for the stage. Among successful dramatic pieces may be mentioned the Falu rossza (Village Scamp) of Edward Toth (1875), which represents the life of the Hungarian peasantry, and shows both poetic sentiment and dramatic skill; A szerelem harcza (Combat of Lowe), by Count Géza Zichy, Iskarzol (1876) and the prize tragedy Tamora (1879), by Anthony Varady; Janus (1877), by Gregory Csiky; and the dramatized romance Szép Mzkhal (Handsome Michal), by Maurus Jokai (1877). The principal merit of this author's drama Jllrllon (1876) consists in its brilliance of language. The Szerelem zskolzija (School of Love), by Eugene Rakosy, although in some parts exquisitely worded, did not meet with the applause accorded to his Rzpacsos Prsla Dolmanya 11874) The Grof Dormandz K¢ilman(Count Coloman Dormandi) of Bela Bercsénxi (1877) is a social tragedy of the French school. Amon the most recent writers of comedy we single out Arpad Berczi for his A hazasztok (The Matchmakers);Ignat1us Sulyovsky for his Noz drplomatra (Female Diplomacy); and the above-mentioned Gregory Csilcy for his Ellemillhalatlan (The Irresistible), produced on the stage in 1878 As popular plays the Sarga CS1k6 (Bay Foal) and A piros bugyellarrs (The Red Purse), by Francis Csepreghy, have their own special merit, and were often represented in 1878 and 1879 at Budapest and elsewhere.
Original romance writing, which may be said to have commenced with Dugonics and Karman at the close of the 18th, and to have found a representative in Francis Verseghy at the beginning of the 19th century, was afterwards revived by Fay in his Bélleky haz (1832), and by the contributors to certain hterary magazines, especially the Aurora, an alnianack conducted by Charles Kisfaludy, 1821-1830, and continued by Joseph Ba]za to 1837. Alniost simultaneously with the rise of the Kisfaludy society, works of fiction assumed a more vigorous tone, and began to present just claims for literary recognition Far from adopting the lety of style too often observable 1n French romances, the Magyar novels, although enhvened by touches of humour, hae generally rather a serious historical or political bearing. Especially is this the case with Nicholas ]os1ka's Abaji (1836), A csehek Magyarorszzigon (The Bohemians in Hungary), and Az utolso Bélorz (The Last of the Bathoris), published in 1847. In these, as in many other of the romances of josika, a high moral standard is aimed at. The same may be said of Baron Joseph I;ot os's Karthazm (1839) and Falu Jegyzoje (Village Notary), published in 1845, and translated into English (1850) by O. Wenckstern (see EoToS). The Arvzzonyv or “ Inundation Book, " edited by Eotvos (1839-1841), is a collection of narratives and poems by the most celebrated authors of the time. Of the novels produced by Baron Sigismond Kemény the Gyulaz Pal (18 7), in 5 vols, is, from its historical character, the most important. I-ills Fér] és no (Husband and Wife) appeared in 1853 (latest ed., 1878), the Rajongék (Fanatics), in 4 vols, in 1858-1859. The graphic descriptions of Hungarian life in the middle and lower classes by Lewis Kuthy won for him temporary renown; but his style, though flowery, is careless Another popular writer of great originality was Joseph Radakovics alias 'as Gereben T he romances of Baron Frederick Podmaniczky are simpler, and rather of a narrative than colloquial character. The fertile writer Paul Kovacs excels more particularly in humorous narration Fay's singular powers in this direction were well shown by his favor orvos és Bakator Ambras szolgéja (Doctor lavor and his servant Ambrose Bakator), brought out at Pest in 1855 The Bessélyek (Tales) of Ladislaus Beothy were produced in the same ear, his Puszlzikjia (Son of the Pusztas) in 1857. Pleasing humorous sketches are contained also in I natius Nagy's Beszélyck (1843) and “ Caricatures ” or Torsképek T1844)§ in Caspar Bern:it's Fresko képek (1847-1850); in Gustavus Lauka's I/zdék, and his A jo régz ulfig (The Good Old World), published respective' in 1857 and 1863; and in Alexander Balazs's Beszélyez (1855) and Tukordarabok 1865). Among authors of other historical or humorous romances and tales which have appeared from time to time are Francis Marton alias Lewis Abonyi, Joseph Gaal, Paul Gyulai, W1ll1am Gyorl, Lazarus Horvath, the short-hved Joseph Irinyi, translator of Uncle Tom's Cabzn, Francis Ney, Albert Palffy, Alexander 'achott and his brother Emeric (Vahot), Charles Szathmary, Desider Marglittay, Victor Vajda, Joseph Bodon, Atala Kisfaludy and John Krat <y But by far the most prolific and talented novelist that Hungary can boast of is Maurus ]6kai (q.v), whose power of imagination and brilhaney of style, no less than his true representations of Hungarian life and character, have earned for him a European reputation Of the novels produced by other authors between 1870 and 1880, we may inention A hol az ember kezdodzk (Where the Man Begins), by Edward Kavassy (1871), in which he severely lashes the idling Magyar nobihty; Az éa zsmerosezm (My Acquaintances), by Lewis Tolnai (1871); and Analol, b Stephen Toldy (1872), the versified romances Délz babok hose (lllero of the Fata Morgana), generally ascribed to Lafhslaus Arany, but anonymously published, A szerelem hose (Hero of Love), by John Vajda (1873) and Tala!- kozzisok (Rencounters) by the same (1877), and A Tundérov (The Fairy Zone), by John Bulla (1876), all four interesting as specimens of narrative poetry, Kalozdy Béla (1875), a tale of Hungarian provincial life, by Zoltan Beothy, a pleasing writer who possesses a fund of humour, and appears to follow the best English models, Edzlh lorténele (History of Edith), by Joseph Prem (1876), Nyornonisag rskola a (School of Miserv), by the prolific author Arnold Vértesi (1878); Tztkoll szcrelem (Secret Love), by Cornelius Abranyi (1879), a social-political romance of some ment, and U7 zdok, azull emberek (Modern Times, Men of the Past), by L. Véka (1879) In the Itlhon (At Home), by Alois Degré (1877), the tale is made the medium for a satirical attack upon official corruption and Hungarian national yanity; and in the Almok almodoja (Dreamer of Dreams), by John Asboth (1878), other national defects are aimed at A rosz szomszéd (The Bad Neighbour), by Charles Vadnay (1878), is a felicitous representation of the power of love. The Az ulolso Bebek (The Last of the Bebeks), by the late Charles Petery, is a work rich in poetic invention, but meagre in historical matter The reverse is che case with the La 1os pap (Priest Lewis), by Charles Vajkay (1879), the secne of which is placed at Pest, in the beginning of the 14th century. In this romance the interest of the narrative IS weakened by a superabundance of historical and archaeological detail.
As regards works of a scientific character, the Magyars until recently were confessedly behindhand as compared with many other European nations. Indeed, before the foundation of the Hungarian academy in 1830, but few such works claiming general recognition had beenrpubhshed in the native language Even in 1847 astronomy, physics, ogic and other sub]ects oi the kind had to be taught in several of the lyceums through the medium of Latin The violent political commotlons of the next few years allowed but little opportunity for the prosecution of serious studies; the subsequent quieter state of the country, and gradual re-establishment of the language as a means of education, were, however, more favourable to the development of scientific knowledge.
In the department of philosophy, besides several writers of dissertations bearing an imitative, didactic or polemical character, Hungary could boast a few authors of inde endent and original thought. Of these one of the most notable is Cyril Horvath, whose treatises published in the organs of the academy display a rare freedom and comprehensiveness of imagination. John Hetényi and Gustavus Szontagh must be rather regarded as adopters and developers of the ethical teaching of Samuel Koteles in the previous period. Hyacinth Ronay in his Mutatwany (Representation) and Jellemrsme (Characteristics) endeavoured to popularize psychological I studies. The philosophical labours of the already mentioned John Erdélyi and of Augustus Greguss won for them well-deserved recognition, the latter especially being famous for his aesthetical productions, in which he appears to follow out the principles of Vischer. The Tanulraanyok (Studies) of Greguss were brought out at Pest in 1872. The reputation of John Szilas, John Varga, Fidehus Beély and Francis Ney arose rather from their works bearing on the subject of education than from theii contributions to philosophy.
The labours of Stephen Horvath in the preceding period had prepared the way for future workers in the field of historical literature. Specially meritorious among these are Michael Horvath, Ladislaus Szalay, Paul jaszay and Count Joseph Teleki. The Magyarok torténele (History of the Magyars), in 4 vols, first published at Papa (1842-1846), and afterwards in 6 vols at Pest (1860-1863), and in 8 vols (1871-1873), is the most famous of Michael Horvath's numerous historical productions. Ladislaus Szalay's .Magyarorszag torténele (History of Hungary), vols. 1 iv (Leipzig, 1852-1854), vols. v-vi. (Pest, 1856-1861), 2nd ed, 1-v (1861-1866), is a most comprehensive work, showing more particularly the progress of Hungarian legislative development in past times His style is elevated and concise, but somewhat difficult. Magyar history is indebted to Paul jasray for his careful working out of certain special periods, as, for instance, in his A Magyar nemzet napjar a legrégrbb rdolol az drqny bullazg (Days of the Hungarian nation from the earliest times to the date of the Golden Bull). Count Joseph Teleki is famed chiefly for his Hunyadzak kara Magyarorszagon (The Times of the Hun ad s in Hungar), vols. i.-vi (Pest, 1852-1863), x.-xii (1853-1857)i the result of tliirty years' labour and research In particular departments of historical literature we find Geor e Bartal, author of Commentarzorum . . lzbrr XV, tom i-in (Pozsony, 1847), John Czech, Gustavus Wenczel, Fredeiick Pesty and Paul Szlemenics as writers on legal history; Joseph Ba'za, who in 1845 commenced a Hrstory of the World, Alexandler Szilagyi, some of whose works, like those of Ladislaus Kovary, bear on the past of Transylvania, others on the Hungarian revolution of 1848-1849, Charles Lanyi and John Pauer, authors of treatises on Roman Catholic