and manuscripts, after being bequeathed to the Jesuits, were bought by the king for the royal library.

In the Huettana (1722) of the abbé d'Olivet will be found material for arriving at an 1dea of his prodigious labours, exact memory and wide scholarship. Another posthumous work was his T razté plnlosophtque de la fazblesse de Vesprtt /turnatn (Amsterdam, 1723) His autobiography, found in his Commentartus de rebus ad eurn pertrnentzbus (Pans, 1718), has been translated into French and into English. See de Gournay, Huet, ér/éque d'/lvranches, sa we et ses our/rages (Paris, 1854).

HUFELAND, CHRISTOPH WILHELM (1762-1836), German physician, as born at Langensalza on the 12th of August 1762. His early education was carried on at Weimar, where his father held the office of court physician to the grand duchess. In 1780 he entered the university oi ]ena, and in the following year proceeded to Gottingen, where in 178 3 he graduated in medicine. After assisting his father for some years at Weimar, he was called in 1795 to the chair of medicine at ]ena, receiving at the same time the dignities of court physician and councillor at Weimar. In 1798 he was placed at the head of the medical college and generally of state medical affairs in Berlin. He filled the chair of pathology and therapeutics in the university of Berlin, founded in 1809, and in 1810 became councillor of state. He d1ed at Berlin on the 2 5th of August 1836. Hufeland is celebrated as the most eminent practical physician of his time in Germany. and as the author of numerous works displaying extensive reading and cultivated and critical faculty. The most uidcly known of his many writings is the treatise entitled Mokrobzotzk, oder dze Kunst, das rnenschlrche Leben zu wrlangern (1796), which was translated into many languages Of his practical works, the System of Practzcal .Medzctne (System der praktzschen Hezlkunde, 1818-1828) is the most elaborate. From Q/$95 to 1835 he published a Journal der praktzschen Arznet und undarsnm/eunde Hisautoblography was published in 1863 There are sketches of his life and labours by Augustin and Stourdza (1837)

HUFELAND, GOTTLIEB (1760-1817), German economist and jurist, was born at Dantzig on the 19th of October 1760. He as educated at the gymnasium of his native town, and completed his university studies at Leipzig and Gottingen. He graduated at Jena, and in 1788 was there appointed to an extraordinary professorship. Five years later he was made ordinary professor. His lectures on natural law, in which he developed with great acuteness and skill the formal principles of the Kantian theory of legislation, attracted a large audience, and contributed to raise to its height the fame of the university of Jena, then unusually rich in able teachers. In 1803, after the secession of many of his colleagues from ]ena, Hufeland accepted a call to Wurzburg, from which, after but a brief tenure of a professorial chair, he proceeded to Landshut. From 1808 to 1812 he acted as burgomaster in his native town of Dantrig Returning to Landshut, he lived there till 1816, when he uas invited to Halle, where he died on the 25th of Februarv 181;

Hufeland works on the theory of legislation-Vervnc/1 uber den (Jrundrotz Naturrcchts (1785); Le/zrbuch des Naturrechts (1790); Instttutzoneu des gesammten posztwen Rechts (1798), and Lehrbuch der Gesc/1 zchte und Encyclopadw aller tn Deutschland geltenden posztwen Rechte (1790), are distinguished by precision of statement and clearness of deduction They form on the whole the best commentary upon Kant's Rechtslehre, the principles of which they carry out in detail, and apply to the discussion of positive laws. In political economy Hufeland's chief work 18 the Neue Grundlegunig der Staotszvzrthsr/zeftskunst (2 vols., 1807 and 1813), the second volume of which has the special title, Lehre vom Gelde und Geldumlaufe The principles of this vsork are for the most part those of Adam Smith! Wealth of Natzons, which were then begmning to be accepted and rlutloped in German;; but both in his treatment of fundamental notions, such as economic good and value, and in details, such as the theorv of money, Hufeland's treatment has a certain originality. Two points in particular seem deserving of notice. Hufeland was the first among German economists to point out the profit of the entrepreneur as a distinct species of revenue with laws peculiar to itself He also tends towards, though he does not explicitly state, the view that rent is a general term applicable to all payments resulting from differences of degree among productive forces of the same order. Thus the superior gain of a specially gifted Workman or specially skilled em ~loyer is in time assimilated to the payment for a natural agency ofimore than the minimum efficiency

See Roscher, Geschtchte der Nntzonalokonomzk zn Deulsfhland, 654 6 2.

HUG, JOHANN LEONHARD (1765-1846), German Roman Catholic theologian, was born at Constance on the rst of June 1765. In 1783 he entered the university of Freiburg, where he became a pupil in the seminary for the training of priests, and soon distinguished himself in classical and Oriental philology as well as in biblical exegesis and criticism. In 1787 he became superintendent of studies i11 the seminary, and held this appointment until the breaking up of the establishment in 1790. In the following year he was called to the Freiburg chair of Oriental languages and Old Testament exegesis; to the duties of this post were added in 1793 those of the professorship of New Testament exegesis. Declining calls to Breslau, Tubingen, and thrice to Bonn, Hug continued at Freiburg for upwards of thirty years, taking an occasional literary tour to Munich. Paris or Italy In 1827 he resigned some of his professorial work, but continued in active duty until in the autumn of 1845 he was seized vsith a painful illness, which proved fatal on the 11th of March 1846.

Hug's earliest publication was the first instalment of his Eznleitung; in It he argued with much acuteness against ]. G. Eichhorn in favour of the “borrowing hypothesis” of the origin of the syn optical gospels, maintaining the priority of Matthew, the present Greek tcxt having been the original. His subsequent orks were dissertations on the origin of alphabetical writing (D1e Erfindung der Buchstabenschrtft, 1801), on the antiquity of the Codex Vatzcanus (1810), and on ancient mythology (Uber den Mythos der alten Volker, 1812), a new interpretation of the Song of Solomon (Das hohe Lred rn ezner noch unversuchten Deutung, 1813), to the effect that the lover represents King Hezekiah, while by his beloved is intended the remnant left in Israel after the deportation of the ten tubes; and treatises on the indissoluble character of the matrimonial bond (De conjugtz chrzsttanz vznculo zndzssolubzlz cafnrnentatzo exegeizca, 1816) and on the Alexandrian version of the Pentateuch (1818) His Etnleztung tn dte échrtften des Neuen Testaments, undoubtedly his most important work, was completed 1n 1808 (fourth German edition, 1847; English translations by D. G. Wait, London, 1827, and by Fosdick, New York, 1836; French partial translation by ] E Cellerier, Geneva, ISZS). It IS specially valuable in the portion relating to the history of the text (which up to the middle of the 3rd century he holds to have been current only IH a common edition (nom) Zxéoms), of which1 recension's were afterwards made by Hesychius, an Egyptian bishop, by Lucian of Antioch, and by Origen) and in 1ts discussion of the ancient versions. The author's intelligence and acuteness are more completely hampered by doctrinal presuppositions when he comes to treat questions relating to the istory of the individual books of the New Testament canon. From 1839 to his death Hug was a regular and important contributor to the F/etburger Zeztschrzft fur kathol. Theologze

See A Maier, Gedachtnzsrede auf J. L. Hug (1847), K. Werner, Geschichte der kalh. Theol. tn Deutschland, 527-533 (1866).

HUGGINS, SIR WILLIAM (1824–1910), English astronomer, was born in London on the 7th of February 1824, and was educated first at the City of London School and then under various private teachers. Having determined to apply himself to the study of astronomy, he built in 1856 a private observatory at Tulse Hill, 1n the south of London. At first he occupied himself with ordinary routine work, but being far from satisfied with the scope which this afforded, he seized eagerly upon the opportunity for novel research, offered by Kirchhoff's discoveries in spectrum analysis. The chemical constitution of the stars was the problem to which he turned his attention, and his first results, obtained in conjunction with Professor W. A. Miller, were presented to the Royal Society in 1863, in a preliminary note on the “Lines of some of the fixed stars.” His experiments, in the same year, on the photographic registration of stellar spectra, marked an innovation of a momentous character. But the wet collodion process was then the only one available, and its inconveniences were such as to preclude its extensive employment; the real triumphs of photographic astronomy began in 1875 with Huggins's adoption and adaptation of the gelatine dry plate. This enabled the observer to make exposures of any desired length, and, through the cumulative action of light on extremely sensitive surfaces, to obtain permanent accurate pictures of celestial objects so faint as to be completely invisible to the eye, even when aided by the most powerful telescopes In the last quarter of the 19th century spectroscopy and photography together worked a revolution in observational astronomy, and in both branches Huggins acted as pioneer.