department is traversed by the Cordillera Occidental, and is

bounded N., E. and S. by Junin and Ayacucho. Pop. (1906 official estimate) 167,840, area, 9254 sq. m. The principal industry is mining for silver and quicksilver. The best-known silver mines are the Castrovirreyna.

HUÁNUCO, a city of central Peru, capital of a department, 170 m. N.N.E. of Lima in a beautiful valley on the left bank of the Huallaga river, nearly 6000 ft above sea-level. Pop. (1906 estimate) about 6000. The town was founded in 1 539 by Gomez Alvarado. Huánuco is celebrated for its fruits and sweetmeats, the “ chirimoya ” (Anona chirimolia) of this region being the largest and most delicious of its kind. Mining is one of the city's industries. Huanuco was the scene ot one of the bloodthirsty massacres of which the Chileans were guilty during their occupation of Peruvian territory in 1881–1883. The department of Huanuco lies immediately N. of Junin, with Ancachs on the W. and San Martin and Loreto on the N. and E. Pop. (1906 estimate) 108,980; area, 14,028 sq. m. It lies wholly in the Cordillera region, and is traversed from S. to N. by the Marañon and Huallaga rivers.

HUARAZ, a city of northern Peru and capital of the department of Ancachs, on the left bank of the Huaraz, or Santa river, about 190 m N.N.W. of Lima and 58 m. from the coast. Pop. (1876) 4851, (1906 estimate) 6000. Huaraz is situated in a narrow fertile valley of the Western Cordillera, at a considerable elevation above sea level, and has a mild climate. A railway projected to connect Huaraz with the port of Chimbote, on the Bay of Chimbote, a few miles S. of the mouth of the Santa river, was completed from Chimbote to Suchiman (33 m.) in 1872, when work was suspended for want of money. In the valley of the Huaraz cattle are raised, and wheat, sugar and fruit, gold, silver, copper and coal are produced. Alfalta is grown by stock-raisers, and the cattle raised here are among the best in the Peruvian market. In the vicinity of Huaraz are megalithic ruins similar to those of Tiahunaco and Cuzco, showing that the aboriginal empire preceding the Incas extended into northern Peru.

HUARTE DE SAN JUAN, or Huarte Y Navarro, Juan (c 1530-1592), Spanish physician and psychologist, was born at Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port (Lower Navarre) about 1530, was educated at the university of Huesca, where he graduated in medicine, and, though it appears doubtful whether he practised as a physician at Huesca, distinguished himself by his professional skill and heroic zeal during the plague which devastated Baeza in 1566. He died in 1592. His Examen de ingenios para las czenczas (1575) won him a European reputation, and was translated by Lessing Though now superseded, Huarte's treatise is historically interesting as the first attempt to show the connexion between psychology and physiology, and its acute ingenuity is as remarkable as the boldness of its views.

HUASTECS, a tribe of North American Indians of Mayan stock, living to the north of Vera Cruz. They are of interest to the ethnologist as being so entirely detached from the other Mayan tribes of Central America. The theory is that the Mayas came from the north and that the Huastecs were left behind in the migration southward.

HUBER, FRANÇOIS (1750-1831), Swiss naturalist, was born at Geneva on the 2nd of July 1750 He belonged to a family which had already made its mark in the literary and scientific world his great-aunt, Marie Huber (1695-1753), was known as a voluminous writer on religious and theological subjects, and as the translator and epitomize of the Speelator (Amsterdam, 3 vols, 1753), and his father Jean Huber (1721-1786), who had served for many years as a soldier, was a prominent member of the coterie at Ferney, distinguishing himself by his Observations, sur le vol des ozseaux (Geneva, 1784). Francois Huber was only fifteen years old when he began to suffer from an affection of the eyes which gradually resulted in total blindness, but, with the aid of his wife, Marie Aimée Lullin, and of his servant, Francois Burnens, he was able to carry out investigations that laid the foundations of our scientific knowledge of the life history of the honey-bee His Nouvelles Observations sur les abeitles was published at Geneva in 1702 (Eng. trans., 1806) He assisted Jean 3 (1876); Die Forschung nach der Materia (1877); Zur Philosophie Senebier in his Mem. sur Vinjluence de l'air, ('3"c., dans la germination (Geneva, 1800); and he also wrote “ Mem. sur l'or1g1ne de la cire ” (Bibliolheque britannzqire, tome xxv), a “ Lettre a M. Pictet sur certains dangers que courent les abeilles ” (Bib. brit. xxvi1), and “ Nouvelles Observ. rel au sphinx Atropos ” (Bib. brit. xxvii). He died at Lausanne on the 22Dd of December 1831. De Candolle gave his name to a genus of Braz1l1an trees-nberia laurina.

Pierre Huber (1777-1840) followed in his father's footsteps. His best-known work is Recherches sur les maenrs des fourmis indigenes (Geneva and Paris, 1810; new ed, Geneva, 1861), and he also wrote various papers on entomological subjects.

See the account of Francois Huber, by De Candolle, in Bib/. unit/erselle (1832); and the notice of Pierre in Bibl. unw. (1886); also Haag, La France protest ante.

HUBER, JOHANN NEPOMUK (1830-1879), German philosophical and theological writer, a leader of the Old Catholics, was born at Munich on the 18th of August 1830. Originally destined for the priesthood, he early began the study of theology. By the writings of Spinoza and Oken, however, he was strongly drawn to philosophical pursuits, and it was in philosophy that he “ habilitated ” (1854) in the university of his native place, where he ultimately became professor (extraordinaries, 1859; ordinaries, 1864. With Dollinger and others he attracted a large amount of public attention in 1869 by the challenge to the Ultramontane promoters of the Vatican council in the treatise Der Papst und das Koneil, which appeared under the pseudonym of “Janus,” and also in 1870 by a series of letters (Romische Briefs, a redaction of secret reports sent from Rome during the sitting of the council), which were published over the pseudonym Quirinus in the Allgemeine Zeitnng. He died suddenly of heart disease at Munich on the 20th of March 1879

Works.—The treatise Uber die Willensfreiheit (1858), followed in 1859 by Die Philosophie der Kirchenvater, which was promptly placed upon the Indev, and led to the prohibition of all Catholic students from attending his lectures; Johannes Seutus Erigena (1861); Die Idea der Unsterblichkeit (1864); Studien (1867), Der Proletarier; zur Orientzrung in der sozialen Frage (1865), Der Jesuitenorden nach seiner Verfassung und Doetrin, Wirksamkeit und Geschichte (1873), also placed upon the Index; Der Pessimismus der Astronomie (1878); Das Gedachtnis (1878). He also published adverse criticisms of Darwin, Strauss, Hartmann and Haekel; pamphlets on Das Papsttum und der Staat (1870), and on Die Freiheiten der franzosischen Kirche (1871); and a volume of Kleine Schrzften (1871).

See E Zirngiebl, Johannes Huber (1881); and M. Carriére in fllégemeine deutsche Btographie, xiii. (1881), and in Nord und Sud 1 79 .

HUBER, LUDWIG FERDINAND (1764-1804), German author, was born in Paris on the 14th of September 1764, the son of Michael Huber (1727-1804), who did much to promote the study of German literature in France. In his infancy young Huber removed with his parents to Leipzig, where he was carefully instructed in modern languages and literature, and showed a particular inclination for those of France and England. In Leipzig he became intimate with Christian Gottfried Korner, father of the poet, in Dresden Huber became engaged to Dora Stock, sister of Korner's betrothed, and associated with Schiller, who was one of Korner's stanchest friends. In 1787 he was appointed secretary to the Saxon legation in Mainz, where he remained until the French occupation of 1792. While here he interested himself for the welfare of the family of his friend Georg Forster, who, favouring republican views, had gone to Paris, leaving his, wife Therese Forster (1764-1829) and family in destitute circumstances Huber, enamoured of the talented young wife, gave up his diplomatic post, broke oti his engagement to Dora S'fock, removed with the Forster family to Switzerland, and on the death of her husband in 1794 married Therese Forster. In 1798 Huber took over the editorship of the Allgemeine Zeitung in Stuttgart. The newspaper having been prohibited in Wurttemberg, Huber continued its editorship in Ulm in 1803. He was created “ counsellor of education ” for the new Bavarian province of Swabia in the following year. but had hardly entered upon the functions of his new office when he died on the 24th of December 1804.