and gradually modified its constitution One of the corollaries of his

prmciples lS h1s theory of the relation of church and state, according to which, w1th the qualifications implied 1n his theory of government, he asserts the royal supremacy 1n matters of 1el1g1on, and identifies the church and tommonw ealth as but different aspects of the same government.

B1BL1oGRAPnY.-A life of Hooker by Dr Gauden was published in his edition of Hooker's works (London, 1662). To correct the errors in thlS life Walton wrote another, wh1ch was published 1n the 2nd edition of Hooker's works in 1666. The standard modern edition of Ho0ker's works is that by Keble, which first appeared 1n 1836, and has since been several times reprinted (1888 edition, revised by Dean (shurch and Bishop Paget) The first book of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity was edited for the Clarendon Press by Dean R W. church (1868-1876). (T. F. H)

HOOKER, THOMAS (1586-1647), New E11gland theologian, was born, probably on the 7th of July 1586, at Marfield, 11] the parish of Tilton, County of Leicester, Englaud. He graduated B A in 1608 and M A. in 1611 at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, the intellectual centre of Puritanism, remained there as a fellow for a few years, and then preached in the parish of Esher in Surrey About 1626 he became lecturer to the church of St Mary at Chelmsford, Essex, delivering on market days and Sunday afternoons evangelical addresses which were notable for their moral fervour. In 1629 Archbishop Land took measures to suppress church lectureships, which we1e an innovation of Puritanism Hooker was placed under bond and retired to Little Baddow, 4 m. from Chelmsford 111 1630 he was cited to appear before the Court of High Commission, but he forfeited his bond and fled to Holland, whence 1n 1633 he emigrated to the Colony of Massachusetts Bay 1n America, and became pastor at Newtowne (now Cambridge), Mass, of a company of Puritans who had arrived from England in the previous year and 1n expectation of his joining them were called “ Mr Hooker's Company ” Hooker seems to have beena leader in the formation of that sentiment of discontent with the Massachusetts govern ment which resulted in the founding of Connecticut. He publicly criticized the limitation of suffrage to church members, and, according to a contemporary historian, William Hubbard (General History of New England), “ after Mr Hooler's coming over it was observed that many of the freemen grew to be very jealous of their liberties ” He was a leader of the emigrants who in 1636 founded Hartford, Connecticut In a sermon before the Connecticut General Court of 1638, he declared that “ the choice of public magistrates belongs unto the people by God's own allowance” and that “ they w ho have the power to appoint officers and magistrates, it is in their power, also, to set the bounds and limitations of the pow er and place unto which they call them" Though this theory was 1n advance of the age, Hooker had no idea of the separation of church and state“ the privilege of election, which belongs to the people, ” he said, must be exercised “ according to the blessed will and law of God ” He also defended the right of magistrates to convene synods, and 1n the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639), which he probably framed, the union of church and state is presupposed Hooker was pastor of the Hartford church until his death on the 7th of July 1647 He w as active in the negotiations which preceded the formation of the New England Confederation in 1643 In the same year he attended the meeting of Puritan n11111sters at Boston, whose object was to defend Congregationalism, and he w rote a Survey of the Surnrne of Church Dzsezpltne (1648) 1n Justification of the New England church system His other works deal chiefly with the experimental phases of religion especially the experience precedent to con xersion In The So1¢le's Humzltatzon (1637), he assigns as a test of conversion a willingness of the convert to be damned if that be God's will, thus anticipating the doctrine of Samuel Hopkins in the following century

See George L. Walker's Thomas Hooker (New York, 1891); the appindix of which contains a biblrogiaphy of Hooker! published works

HOOKER, SIR WILLIAM JACKSON (1785~1865), English botanist was born at Norwich on the 6th of July 1785 His father, Joseph Hooker of Exeter .1 nncmber of the sanic family as the cclcbiatcd Richard Hooker, de oted n1uch of his time to the study of German literature and the cultivation of curious plants The son was educated at the high school of Norwich, on leaving which his independent means enabled him to travel and to take up as a recreation the study of natural history, especially ornithology and entomology. He subsequently confined h1s attention to botany, 011 the recommendation of Sir James E. Sm1tl1, whom he had consulted respecting a rare moss. His first botanical expedition was made in Iceland, in the summer of 1809, at the suggestion of Sir Joseph Banks; but the natural history specimens which he collected, with his notes and drawings, were lost on the homeward voyage through the burning of the ship, and the young botanist himself had a narrow escape with his l1fe. A good memory, however, aided him to publish an account of the island, and of 1ts 111habitants and flora (Tour in I celand, 1809), privately circulated in 1811, and reprinted in 1813. In I8IO*I8II he made extensive preparations, and sacrifices which proved financially serious, with a view to accompany Sir R. Brownrigg to Ceylon, but the disturbed state of the island led to the abandonment of the projected expedition. 111 1814 he spent nine months in bota111zing excursions in France, Switzerland and northern Italy, and 1n the following year he married the eldest daughter of Mr Dawson Turner, banker, of Yarmouth. Settling at Halesworth, Suffolk, he devoted himself to the formation of his her barium, Whicl1 became of world-wide renown among botanists. In 1816 appeared the Brtttsh Jungermanniae, his first scientific work, which was succeeded by a new edition of William Curtis's Flora Londinensts, for which he wrote the descriptions (1817-1828); by a description of the Plantae cryptogarntcae of A. von Humboldt and A. Bonpland; by the Muscologta Brttanntca, a very complete account of the mosses of Great Britain and Ireland, prepared in conjunction with Dr T. Taylor (1818); and by his Musri exotici (2 vols, 1818*182O), devoted to new foreign mosses and other cryptogamic plants. In 1820 he accepted the regius professorship of botany in Glasgow University where he soon became popular as a lecturer, his style being both clear and ready. The following yea1' he brought out the Flora Stotzca, in which the natural method of arrangement of British plants was given with the artificial Subsequently he prepared or edited many works, the more important being the following-Botanical

Illustrations (1822); Exottc Flora, indicating such of the specimens as are deserving cultivation (3 vols., 1822-1827); Account of Sab1ne's Arrttc Plants (1824), Catalogue of Plants tn the Glasgow Botanzc Garden (1825); the Botany of Parry's Third Voyage (1826); The Botanical Magazine (38 vols, 1827-1865); Icones Mlzcurn, in concert with Dr R K Greville (2 vols, 1829-1831); Brztzsh Flora, of which several editions appeared, undertaken with Dr G. A W. Arnott, &c. (1830); Brrtzsh Flora Cryptogarnta (1833); Characters oj Genera frorn the Brztzsh Flora (1830); Hora Borealz-Americana (2 vols, 1840), being the botany of British North America collected in Sir] Fra11klin's voyage; The Journal of Botany (4 ols, 1830-1842); Conzpanton to the Botantcal Magazrne (2 vols, 1835-1836), Icones plantar urn (10 vols, 1837 1854), the Botany of Beecheyhs Voyage to the Pacific and Behrznghs Straits (with Dr Arnott, 1841), the Genera Frltcurn (1842), from the original coloured drawings of F. Bauer, with additions and descriptive letterpress, 7 he London Journal of Botany (7 vols, 1842-1848); Notes on the Botan v of the Antarcttc Voyage oj the Erebus and Terror (1843), Speetes jilrcnrn (5 vols, 1846-1864), the standard work on this subject, A Century of Orchtdeae (1846); Journal of Botany and Ken Garaen M ts cell any (9 vols, 1849-1857); Ntger Flora (1349), Vrctorta Regta (1851), lll1l$€ZM'l'l$ of Economic Botany at Kew (1855); Ftltces erotzcae (1857-1859); The Brztzsh Ferns (1861-1862); A Century of Ferns (1854); A Second Century of Ferns (1860-1861).

It was mainly by Ho0ker's exertions that botanists were appointed to the government expeditions While his works were in progress his her barium received large and valuable additions from all parts of the globe, and his position as abotanrst was thus vastly improved He was made a knight of Hanover in 1836 and in 1841 he was appointed director of the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew, on the resignation of W T Aiton Under his direction the gardens expanded from 11 to 75 acres, with an arboretum of 270 acres, many new glass-houses weie erected, and a museum of economic botany was established llc was engaged on the Synojrsts fz/:turn with I G. Baker