Copts, who at the first had found the Moslem lighter than the
Roman yoke.
A question often debated by Arabic authors is whether Egypt was taken by storm or capitulation, but, so far as the transference of the country was accomplished by the first taking of Alexandria, there seems no doubt that the Terms of capitulation. latter view is correct. The terms were those on which conquered communities were ordinarily taken under Moslem protection. In return for a tribute of money (jizyah) and food for the troops of occupation (ḍarībat-al-ṭa’ām), the Christian inhabitants of Egypt were to be excused military service, and to be left free in the observance of their religion and the administration of their affairs.
From 639 to 968 Egypt was a province of the Eastern Caliphate, and was ruled by governors sent from the cities which at different times ranked as capitals. Like other provinces of the later Abbasid Caliphate its rulers were, during this period, able to establish quasi-independent dynasties, such being those of the Tulunids who ruled from 868 to 905, and the Ikshidis from 935–969. In 969 the country was conquered by Jauhar for the Fatimite caliph Mo’izz, who transferred his capital from Mahdia (q.v.) in the Maghrib to Cairo. This dynasty lasted till 1171, when Egypt was again embodied in the Abbasid empire by Saladin, who, however, was himself the founder of a quasi-independent dynasty called the Ayyubites or Ayyubids, which lasted till 1252. The Ayyubites were followed by the Mameluke dynasties, usually classified as Baḥri from 1252–1382, and Burji from 1382–1517; these sovereigns were nominally under the suzerainty of Abbasid caliphs, who were in reality instruments of the Mameluke sultans, and resided at Cairo. In 1517 Egypt became part of the Ottoman empire and was governed by pashas sent from Constantinople, whose influence about 1707 gave way to that of officials chosen from the Mamelukes who bore the title Sheik al-balad. After the episode of the French occupation, government by pashas was restored; Mehemet Ali (appointed pasha in 1805) obtained from the Porte in 1841 the right to bequeath the sovereignty to his descendants, one of whom, Ismail Pasha, received the title Khedive, which is still held by Mehemet Ali’s descendants.
(2) The following is a list of the governors of Egypt in these successive periods:—
(a) During the undivided Caliphate.
‘Amr-ibn-el-Ass, A.H. 18–24 (A.D. 639–645).
‘Abdallah b. Sa’d b. Abī Sarh, 24–36 (645–656).
Qais b. Sa’d b. ’Ubādah, 36 (657–658).
Mahommed b. Abu Bekr, 37–38 (658).
Ashtar Mālik b. al-Hārith (appointed, but never governed).
‘Amr-ibn-el-Ass, 38–43 (658–663).
’Utbah b. Abu Sofiān, 43–44 (664–665).
’Utbah b. ’Āmir, 44–45 (665).
Maslama b. Mukhallad, 45–62 (665–682).
Sa’īd b. Yazīd b. ‘Alqamah, 62–64 (682–684).
Abdarrahman b. ’Utbah b. Jahdam, 64–65 (684).
Abdalazīz (‘Abd al-‘Azīz) b. Merwān, 65–86 (685–705).
‘Abdallah b. ‘Abd al-Malik, 86–90 (705–708).
Qurrah b. Sharīk al-‘Absī, 90–96 (709–714).
‘Abd al-Malik b. Rifā’ah al-Fahmī, 96–99 (715–717).
Ayyūb b. Shuraḥbīl al-Aṣbaḥī, 99–101 (717–720).
Bishr b. Ṣafwān al-Kalbī, 101–102 (720–721).
Ḥanzalah b. Ṣafwān, 102–105 (721–724).
Mahommed b. ‘Abd al-Malik, 105 (724).
Ḥurr b. Yūsuf, 105–108 (724–727).
Ḥafṣ b. al-Walīd, 108 (727).
‘Abd al-Malik b. Rifā’ah, 109 (727).
Walīd b. Rifā’ah, 109–117 (727–735).
‘Abd al-Raḥmān b. Khālid, 117–118 (735).
Ḥanẓalah b. Ṣafwān, 118–124 (735–742).
Ḥafṣ b. al-Walīd, 124–127 (742–745).
Ḥassān b. ‘Atāhiyah al-Tu’jibī, 127 (745).
Ḥafṣ b. al-Walīd, 127 (745).
Hautharah b. Suhail al-Bāhilī, 128–131 (745–749).
Mughīrah b. ’Ubaidallah al-Fazārī, 131–132 (749).
‘Abd al-Malik b. Marwān al-Lakhmī, 132 (750).
Ṣāliḥ b. ‘Alī, 133 (750–751).
Abū ‘Aun ‘Abdalmalik b. Yazīd, 133–136 (751–753).
Ṣāliḥ b. ‘Alī, 136–137 (753–755)—second time.
Abū ‘Aun, 137–141 (755–758)—second time.
Mūsā b. Ka’b b. ’Uyainah al-Tamīmī, 141 (758–759).
Mahommed b. al-Ash’ath b. ’Uqbah al-Khuzā ī, 141–143 (759–760).
Ḥumaid b. Qaḥṭabah b. Shabīb al-Ṭā’ī, 143–144 (760–762).
Yazīd b. Ḥātim b. Kabīsah al-Muhallabī, 144–152 (762–769).
‘Abdallah b. ‘Abdarraḥmān b. Moawiya b. Ḥudaij, 152–155 (769–772).
Mahommed b. Abdarraḥman b. Moawiya b. Ḥudaij, 155 (772).
Mūsā b. ’Ulayy b. Rabāh al-Lakhmī, 155–161 (772–778).
’Īsā b. Luqmān b. Mahommed al-Jumahī, 161–162 (778).
Wāḍiḥ, 162 (779).
Manṣūr b. Yazīd b. Manṣūr al-Ru’ainī, 162 (779).
Abū Ṣāliḥ Yaḥyā b. Dāwūd b. Mamdūd, 162–164 (779–780).
Sālim b. Sawādah al-Tamīmī, 164 (780–781).
Ibrāhīm b. Ṣāliḥ b. ‘Alī, 165–167 (781–784).
Mūsā b. Mus’ab b. al-Rabī al-Khath’amī, 167–168 (784–785).
Usāmah b. ‘Amr b. ‘Alqamah al-Ma’āfirī, 168 (785).
al Faḍl b. Ṣāliḥ b. ‘Alī al-‘Abbāsī, 168–169 (785–786).
‘Alī b. Sulaimān b. ‘Alī al-‘Abbāsī, 169–171 (786–787).
Mūsā b. ’Īsā b. Mūsā al-‘Abbāsī, 171–172 (787–789).
Maslamah b. Yaḥyā b. Qurrah al-Bājilī, 172–173 (789–790).
Mahommed b. Zuhair al-Azdī, 173 (790).
Dāwūd b. Yazīd b. Ḥātim al-Muhallabī, 174–175 (790).
Mūsā b. ’Īsā al-‘Abbāsī, 175–176 (790–792).
Ibrāhīm b. Ṣāliḥ, 176 (792).
Ṣāliḥ b. Ibrāhīm, 176 (792).
Abdallah b. al-Musayyib b. Zuhair al Ḍabbī, 176–177 (792–793).
Isḥāq b. Sulaimān b. ‘Alī al-‘Abbāsī, 177–178 (793–794).
Harthamah b. A’yan, 178 (794–795).
’Obaidallah b. al-Mahdī, 179 (795).
Mūsā b. ’Īsā al-‘Abbāsī, 179–180 (795–796).
’Obaidallah b. al-Mahdī, 180–181 (796–797)—second time.
Ismā’īl b. Ṣāliḥ b. ‘Alī al-‘Abbāsī, 181–182 (797–798).
Ismā’īl b. ’Īsā b. Mūsā al-‘Abbāsī, 182–183 (798).
Laith b. al-Faḍl al-Abīwardī, 183–187 (798–803).
Aḥmad b. Ismā’īl b. ‘Alī al-‘Abbāsī, 187–189 (803–805).
’Obaidallah b. Mahommed b. Ibrāhīm al-‘Abbāsī, 189–190 (805–806).
Ḥusain b. Jamīl, 190–192 (806–808).
Mālik b. Dalham b. ’Īsā al-Kalbī, 192–193 (808).
Ḥasan b. al-Taḥtāḥ, 193–194 (808–809).
Ḥātim b. Harthamah b. A’yan, 194–195 (809–811).
Jābir b. al-Ash’ath b. Yaḥyā al-Ṭā’ī, 195–196 (811–812).
‘Abbād b. Mahommed b. Ḥayyān al-Balkhī, 196–198 (812–813).
Moṭṭalib b. ‘Abdallah b. Mālik al-Khuzā’ī, 198 (813–814).
‘Abbās b. Mūsā b. ’Īsā al-‘Abbāsī, 198–199 (814).
Moṭṭalib b. ‘Abdallah, 199–200 (814–816)—second time.
Sarī b. al-Ḥakam b. Yūsuf, 200–201 (816).
Sulaimān b. Ghālib b. Jibrīl al-Bājilī, 201 (816–817).
Sarī b. al-Ḥakam, 201–205 (817–820).
Abū Naṣr Mahommed b. al-Sarī, 205 (820–821).
’Obaidallah b. al-Sarī, 205–211 (821–826).
‘Abdallah b. Ṭāhir, 211–213 (826–829).
Mahommed b. Hārūn (al-Mo’tasim), 213–214 (829).
’Umair b. Al-Walīd al-Tamīmī al-Bādhaghīsī, 214 (829).
’Īsā b. Yazīd, 214 (829).
‘Abduyah b. Jabalah, 215–216 (830–831).
’Īsā b. Manṣūr b. Mūsā al-Rāfi‘ī, 216–217 (831–832).
Naṣr b. Abdallah Kaidar al-Ṣafadī, 217–219 (832–834).
Muzaffar b. Kaidar, 219 (834).
Mūsā b. Abi‘l-‘Abbās Thābit al-Hanafī, 219–224 (834–839).
Mālik b. Kaidar al Ṣafadī, 224–226 (839–841).
‘Alī b. Yaḥyā abu l-Hasan al-Armanī, 226–228 (841–842).
‘Isā b. Manṣūr al-Rāfi‘ī, 229–233 (843–847).
Harthamah b. al-Naḍir al-Jabalī, 233–234 (848–849).
Ḥātim b. Harthamah, 234 (849).
‘Alī b. Yaḥyā, 234–235 (849–850).
Ishāq b. Yaḥyā al-Khatlānī, 235–236 (850–851).
‘Abd al-Wāhid b. Yaḥyā b. Manṣūr, 236–238 (851–852).
‘Anbasa b. Ishāq b. Shamir, 238–242 (852–856).
Yazīd b. ‘Abdallah b. Dīnār, 242–253 (856–867).
Muzāhim b. Khāqān al-Turkī, 253–254 (867–868).
Aḥmad b. Muzāhim b. Khāqān, 254 (868).
Urjūz b. Ulugh Ṭarkhān al-Turkī, 254 (868).
Tulunid house.
Aḥmad b. Ṭūlūn, 254–270 (868–884).
Khomārūya b. Aḥmad, 270–282 (884–896).
Jaish b. Khomārūya, 282 (896).
Hārūn b. Khomārūya, 283–292 (896–904).
Shaibān b. Aḥmad, 292 (905).
’Īsā b. Mahommed al-Naūsharī, 292 (905).
Mahommed b. ‘Ali al-Khalanjī, 292–293 (905–906).
’Īsā al-Naūsharī, 293–297 (906–910)—second time.
Takīn b. Abdallah al-Khazarī, 297–302 (910–915).
Dhukā al-Rūmī, 303–307 (915–919).
Takīn b. ‘Abdallah, 307–309 (919–921)—second time.
Abū Qābūs Maḥmūd b. Ḥamal, 309 (921).
Hilāl b. Badr, 309–311 (921–923).
Aḥmad b. Kaighlagh, 311 (923).
Takīn b. Abdallah, 311–321 (923–933)—third time.
Mahommed b. Takīn, 321 (933).