⁠Chief Peaks of the Lombard Alps.

Presanella . . . . . . . . . . 11,694  Pizzo del Diavolo. . . . . . . . . 9,564
Adamello . . . . . . . . . . . 11,661  Re di Castello. . . . . . . . . .  9,482
Care Alto . . . . . . . .  . . 11,369  Recastello . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,475
Dosson di Genova . . . . . . . 11,254  Monte Gleno. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,459
Crozzon di Lares . . . . . . . 11,004  Monte Tornello . . . . . . . . . . 8,819
Corno di Baitone . . . . . . . 10,929  Corno Stella . . . . . . . . . . . 8,596
Busazza. . . . . . . . . . . . 10,922  Monte Legnone. . . . . . . . . . . 8,563
Lobliia Alta . . . . . . . . . 10,486  Pizzo dei Tre Signori. . . . . . . 8,380
Cima Tosa (Brenta) . . . . . . 10,420  Pizzo di Presolana . . . . . . . . 8,239
Cima di Brenta . . . . . . . . 10,352  Grigna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,907
Crozzon di Brenta. . . . . . . 10,247  Monte Baldo. . . . . . . . . . . . 7,218
Pizzo di Coca (Bergamasque). . 10,014  Monte Spinale. . . . . . . . . . . 7,094
Pizzo di Scais . . . . . . . .  9,974  Monte Gazza. . . . . . . . . . . . 6,529
Pizzo di Redorta . . . . . . .  9,964  Monte Resegone . . . . . . . . . . 6,155
Pietra Grande. . . . . . . . .  9,630

⁠Chief Passes of the Lombard Alps.

Passo di Lares (Lares Glacier to the Lobbia Glacier), snow . . . . . . . 10,483
Passo di Cercen (gal di Genova to Fucine), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,984
Passo della Lobbia Alta (Lobbia Glacier to the Mandron
     (Glacier), snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9,961
Passo di Presena (Val di Genova to the Tonale Pass), snow. . . . . . . . .9,879
Pisgana f'ass ()al di Genova to Ponte di Legno), snow. . . . . . . . . . .9,626
Bocca di Tuckett (Campiglio to Molveno), snow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,714
Passo di Val Morta or del Diavolo (Val Seriana to Sondrio),
     foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,534
Ulocca di Brenta (Pinzolo or Campiglio to Molveno), snow . . . . . . . . .8,376
Passo del Groste fcampiglio to Clesl, foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . .8,006
Passo di Veniua (kal Brembana to Sondrio), foot path . . . . . . . . . . .7,983
Passo del Salro (Val Seriana to Sondrio), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . .7,937
Passo del Venerocolo (Val di Scalvc to the Aprica road), bridle path . . .7,595
Passo della Forcellina or di Campo (Cedegolo to the Val di
     Fomo), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7,507
V'asso di Idordona (Val Brembana to Sondrio), foot path. . . . . . . . . .6,824
Passo di San Marco (Bergamo to Morbegno), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . .6,513
Croce Domini Pass (Breno to Bagolino in Val Caffaro), bridle path. . . . .6,217
Tonale Tass (Trent to Edolo), carriage road. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,181
Passo di Zovetto (Val di Scalve to Edolo), bridle path . . . . . . . . . .5,968
Colle Maniva (Val Trompia to Bagolino), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . .5,476
Campo or Ginevrie Pass (Oimaro by Campiglio to Pinzolo), carriage road . .5,407
Ciampenjoch (Cles to Meran), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5,051
Mendel Pass (Botzen to Cles), railway on the E. slope. . . . . . . . . . .4,462
Passo di Castione or Presolana Pass (Clusone to the Val di
    Scalve), carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4,219
Aprica Pass (Edolo to Tirano), carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3,875

17. The Dolomites of South Tirol (from the Brenner Pass to the Monte Croce Pass, and south of the Pusterthal).

⁠Chief Peaks of the Dolomites of South Tirol.

Marmolata. . . . . . . . . . 10,972  Pala di San Martino. . . . . . . . 9,831
Antelao. . . . . . . . . . . 10,706  Rosengartenspitze. . . . . . . . . 9,781
Tofana di Mezzo. . . . . . . 10,633  Marmarole. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,715
Sorapiss . . . . . . . . . . 10,594  Cima di Fradusta . . . . . . . . . 9,649
Monte Civetta .. . . . . . . 10,564  Fermedathurm . . . . . . . . . . . 9,407
Vernel . . . . . . . . . . . 10,319  Cima d'Asta. . . . . . . . . . . . 9,344
Monte Cristallo. . . . . . . 10,496  Cima di Canali . . . . . . . . . . 9,338
Cima di Vezzaoa. . . . . . . 10,470  Croda Grande . . . . . . . . . . . 9,315
Cimon della Pala . . . . . . 10,453  Vajoletthurm (highest) . . . . . . 9,256
Langkofel . . . . . .. . . . 10,427  Sass Maor. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,239
Pelmo . . . . . . . .. . . . 10,397  Cima di Ball . . . . . . . . . . . 9,131
Dreischusterspitze . . . . . 10,375  Cima della Madonna
Boespitze  . . . . . . . . . 10,342  (Sass Maor) . . . . . . . . . . .  9,026
Croda Rossa (Hoher . . . . . 10,329  Rosetta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,993
     Caisl)  . . . . . . . . 10,329  Croda da Lago. . . . . . . . . . . 8,911
Piz Popena . . . . . . . . . 10,312  Central Grasleitenspitze . . . . . 8,875
Elferkofel . . . . . . . . . 10,220  Schlern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,406
Grohmannspitze . . . . . . . 10,207  Sasso di Mur . . . . . . . . . . . 8,380
Zwolferkofel . . . . . . . . 10,142  Cima delle Dodici. . . . . . . . . 7,671
Sass Rigais(Geislerspitzen) . 9,932  Monte Pavione. . . . . . . . . . . 7,664
Drei Zinnen . . . . . . . . . 9,853  Cima di Posta. . . . . . . . . . . 7,333
Kesselkogel (Rosengarten) . . 9,846  Monte Pasubio. . . . . . . . . . . 7,323
Funffingerspitze. . . . . . . 9,833

⁠Chief Passes of the Dolomites of South Tirol.

Passo d’ Ombretta (Campitello to Caprile), foot path . . . . . . . . . . 8,983
Langhofeljoch (Groden Valley to Campirello), foot path. . . . . . . . .  8,803
Tschagerjoch (Karersee to the Vnjolet Glen), foot path . . . . . . . . . 8,675
Crasleiten Pass (Vniolet Glen to thegrasleiten Glen), foot path. . . . . 8,521
Passo di Pravitale (Rosetta Plateau to the Pravitale Glen), foot path. . 8,465
Passo delle Comelle (same to Cencenighe), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . 8,462
Passo della Rosetta (San Martino di Castrozza to the great
     limestone Rosetta plateau), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,442
Vajolet Pass (Tiers to the Vajolet Glen), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . 8,363
Passo di Canali (Primiero to Agordo), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,193
Tiersalpljochl (Campitello to'I.iers), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,055
Passo di Ball (San Martino di Castrozza to the Pravitale Glen), footpath 8,038
Forcella di Giralba (Sexte11 to Auronzo), foot path  . . . . . . . . . . 7,992
Col dei Bos (Falzarego Glen to the Travernanzes Glen), foot path . . . . 7,589
Forcella Grande (San Vito to Auronzo), foot path . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,422
Pordoi Pass (Caprile to Canipitello), carriage road. . . . . . . . . . . 7,382
Sellajoch (Groden Glen to Camphello), bridle path  . . . . . . . . . . . 7,277
Tre Sassi Pass (Cortina to St Cassian), foot path. . . . . . . . . . . . 7,215
Mahlknechtjoch (Upper Duron Glen to the Seiser Alp), foot path . . . . . 7,113
Grodenerjoch (Groden Glen to Colfuschg), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . 7,011
Falzarego Pass (Caprile to Cortina), small carriage road . . . . . . . . 6,946
Fedaja Pass (Campitello to Caprile), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,713
Passo di Valles (Paneveggio to Cencenighe), foot path. . . . . . . . . . 6,667
Rolle Pass (Predazzo to San Martino di Castrozza and
      Primiero), carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,509
Forcella Forada (Caprile to San Vito), bridle path . . . . . . . . . . . 6,480
Passo di San Pellegrino (Moena to Cencenighe), small carriage, path  . . 6,267
Forcella d’Alleghe (Alleghe to the Zoldo Glen), foot path. . . . . . . . 5,971
Tre Croci Pass (Cortina to Auronzo), carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . 5,932
Karersee or Caressa Pass (Welschenofen to Vigo di Fassa), carriage road  5,715
Monte Croce Pass (Innichen and Sexten to the Piave Valley
     and Belluno), carriage road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,374
Ampezzo Pass (Toblach to Cortina and Belluno), carriage path . . . . . . 5,066
Cereda Pass (Primiero to Agordo), bridle path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,501
Toblach Pass (Bruneck to Lienz), railway over. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,967

18. South-Eastern Alos (east of the Monte Croce Pass). This division includes three small groups, the Julic, Carnic and Karawankas Alps—each peak and pass being distinguished by one of the initial letters “J,” “C” or “K.”

⁠Chief Peaks of the South-Eastern Alps.

Terglou or Triglav (J) . . . . 9,400 Monte Cridola (C) . . . . . . . . . 8,468
Monte Coglians (C) . . . . . . 9,128 Grintovc (K)  . . . . . . . . . . . 8,429
Kellerwand (C) . . . . . . . . 9,105 Prestrelenik (J)  . . . . . . . . . 8,202
Jof del Montasio (J) . . . . . 9,039 Monte Cavallo (C) . . . . . . . . . 7,386
Cima dei Preti (C) . . . . . . 8,868 Krn (J) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,369
Monte Paralba (C). . . . . . . 8,829 Stou (K)  . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,346
Manhart (J). . . . . . . . . . 8,786 Dobratsch (C) . . . . . . . . . . . 7,120
Jalouc (J) . . . . . . . . . . 8,711 Velka Kappa (K) . . . . . . . . . . 5,059
Monte Canin (J). . . . . . . . 8,471

⁠Chief Passes of the South-Eastern Alps.

Oefnerjoch (Forno Avoltri to St Lorenzen in the Gail Valley), foot path (C).  7,550
Wolayer Pass (same to Mauthen), foot path (C). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6,306
Loibl Pass (Klagenfurt to Laibach), carriage road (K). . . . . . . . . . . .  4,495
Plöcken Pass (Tolmezzo to Mauthen), bridle path (C). . . . . . . . . . . . .  4,462
Predil Pass (Villach by d'arvis and Flitsch to Gorz), carriage road (J)  . .  3,183
Birnbaumerwald (Laibach to Gorz), carriage road (J). . . . . . . . . . . . .  2,897
Saifnitz or Pontebba Pass (Villach by Tarvis and Pontebba to Udine), railway  2,615

7. Political History and Modern State of the Inhabitants of the Alps.—We know practically nothing of the early dwellers in the Alps, save from the scanty acocunts preserved to us by Roman and Greek historians and geographers. A few details have come down to us of the conquest of many of the Alpine tribes by Augustus, though not much more than their names. The successive emigrations and occupation of the Alpine region by divers Teutonic tribes from the 5th to the 6th centuries are, too, known to us only in outline, while to them, as to the Frankish kings and emperors, the Alps offered a route from one place to another rather than a permanent residence. It is not till the final break up of the Carolingian empire in the 10th and 11th centuries that it becomes possible to trace out the local history of different parts of the Alps.

In the case of the Western Alps (minus the bit from the chain of Mont Blanc to the Simplon, which followed the fortunes of the Valais), a prolonged struggle for the Alpine region took place between the feudal lords of Savoy, the Dauphine and Provence. In 1349 the Dauphine fell to France, while in 1388 the country of Nice passed from Provence to the house of Savoy, which too held Piedmont as well as other lands on the Italian side of the Alps. The struggle henceforth was limited to France and the house of Savoy, but little by little France succeeded in pushing