OF THE MONASTERY OE ST. GALL. 99

books, " s//jjra InhJlotlicca^y The li1)rary is readied by means of a staircase from the passage which leads to the crypt, " in- IroitnH in bibllothecaiii .s/'jjcr criptani superius!^ Towers. On the two sides of the eastern seniicircidar atrium of the minster stand two towers, wliich, hke those of most of the ancient basihcas of Italy, are not connected with the princi|)al building. The access to them is by short passages from the atrium. They are probably divided into stories, and, what is seldom the case with belfries, are of a round form. Their height is not given. It is uot said whether they were to re- ceive bells, which doubtless was their principal destination. It is merely remarked that the ascent to the smnmit of the tower and to their chapels was (as is also shewn in the drawing) by a winding staircase, and that the whole building could be over- looked fiom them, " ascensm per cocleam, ad i/niversa Sf/per inspicienda." Above, in the northern tower, there is an altar in a chapel dedicated to the archangel Michael, " alfare sancfl j[icJi(adi.s in stiimiiiitdtc r and at the summit of the southern tower a similar altar is raised to the archangel Gabriel, " altare mncfi Gabridis in summitate!' Campaniles or bell-towers, as is known, had not been brought into frecpient use in the con- struction of churches very long before this plan was made ; ])erhaps first under the reign of Charlemagne. Then followed the various, and in part unsuccessfid, eftbrts to bring them into harmonious connection dth the rest of the building, to which, by their nature, they were not suited. The floral or- nament in the plan, which is also often seen in manuscripts of the ninth century, has no precise signification^. The CLOISTERh. The cloister conrt is placed on the south side of the church. It is a large area bounded on the north by the church and on the other sides by three principal buildings of the monastery. It is surrounded in the usual manner by a covered walk or ' Tlie library -of tlie old St. Peter's e It probably indicates the conical roof cluirch at Rome was constructed on the of the building or its ornamental finial. other side of the transept, in the angle I have re-written the description of formed between it and tlie nave, and in- the cloister, which seems not to have deed in the place where on our plan the been understood by Keller in the sense in dwelling for visiting brothers, '^ siisceplio which I view it. fralnnn siiperfeiiieiitiinn," is indicated.