ON THE TORC OF THE CELTS. 373

on the reverse the imitation ictory in the biga, the horse having a hnnian head, and beneath the chariot a fallen Roman soldier. The Gaulish Victory holds the reins in her left liand, and in her right the torques, or solid armilla, with open and bulbous ends, replacing the Greek crown, thus shew- ing that among these people it was held in similar honour^. Another coin of the same metal in a more debased style of art, and not so distinguishable, also represents the A'^ictory with tlie torques. The coin of mixed metal engraved in Rudiiig may also be intended to represent a figure holding the torques'". Virgil and Propcrtius^ writing under Augustus mention the torques as terminating in hooks in the same way as many of the funicular torques are now found, and the Gauls send an enormous honorary torques of 2001b. Roman weight to con- ciliate the emperor's friendship. Strabo writing under the same emperor and his successor mentions this decoration as worn by the British, some of them made out of the tusks of the sea-horse', and Tlorus^ describes the torques as part of the spoils obtained by the elder Drusus from the German Sicam- bri and Cherusci. Boadicea Avas distinguished in the time of Claudius, according to the description of Dio Cassius writing under Severus, as wearing a large torquesi. One of those anonymous third brass coins or medallets, struck about the time of Domitian, has on the ob- verse a laurel branch Avith lo lo triump[e], the cry in the tri- umphal procession, and on the reverse a torques, and two brace- lets {armiike) to indicate the people, probably the Germans, conquered by Domitian™. Pliny writing under Vespasian states the use of the gold torques among the Gauls, A.D. 79", especially as worn by the Druids. Under the Antonines it is seen on the sarcophagus of the Vigna Amendola representing the exploits of the Romans over the Gauls, Britons, or Germans, or possibly the

• Ruding, Annals of Coinage, PI. 2. be referred the torques on the Gaulish coins

fig. 22. of Divona. Rev. Num. vi. 166—170. f Annals, PI. 4. fig. 77. i Lib. vi. ^ j^ineid. viii. Propert., lib. iv. Eleg. I. 13. barbara spolia. from the neck of Viridomarus, a Celt or ' Lib. Ixii. Oaul. '" Cf. Quintil. vi. 'i Quintilian vi. K To tlii^ period must " xxxiii. c. 2. vol,, ir. 3 (■