6 A. E. McKinley

population was obtained large enough to entitle them to the politi- cal provisions of the patent.' It will thus be seen that the town was by no means a spontaneous natural growth among the Dutch. Often it required all the force of Stuyvesant's arbitrary government to compel the colonists to concentrate their settlements. And when the concentration was accomplished, the town does not ap- pear to have developed the autonomous democratic government which arose in the English towns. By granting lands in severalty, town development was seriously retarded, just as in New England the granting of lands in common encouraged that development. In New Netherland, contraiy to the usual New England method, many years often elapsed after the original settlement of a locality, before it obtained political privi- leges. With the exception of New Haarlem mentioned above, none of the Dutch towns received corporate political rights until a considerable period after settlement.- Having seen that town life developed late and with difficulty among the Dutch, we must now look at the institutions which were finally established in the towns of New Netherland. Following the directions of the Exemptions of 1 640, when political privileges were granted to towns, they were based upon the customs of Holland. The first charter granted to a Dutch town, was that to Brooklyn in 1646.^ From the preliminary recital given therein, it appears that the settlers of Brooklyn had met on May 21, 1646, in accordance with the Exemptions, and had unanimously elected two persons to act as schepens. The election was followed by a unanimous writ- ten agreement that if any one should refuse to submit to the lawful authority of the two schepens, he should forfeit the rights he claimed to land in the allotment of the town. In June the Direc- tor and Council confirmed this election, and gave the schepens power to select two more persons from the inhabitants to act as ad- ditional schepens, if the work of the original officers should be too heavy. In the fall of the same year, the schepens complained to the Director of the onerous nature of their duties, and suggested the name of a person to act as schout. On December i, the Di- rector and Council gave to Brooklyn a separate schout, and con- firmed the nominee of the schepens to that office. These details lO'Callaghan, II. 428. 2 Bergen settled, 1617 ; incorporated, 1661. Brooklyn settled, 1623 ; incorporated, 1646. Flatbush settled, 1623; incorporated, 1654. Beverw'yck settled, 1634; incor- porated, partially, 1652. Amersfoort settled, 1645 (?); incorporated, 1654. New Utrecht settled, 1657 ; incorporated, 1661. Wiltwyck settled, 1656 ; incorporated, 1661. Haarlem settled and incorporated, 1658. Bushwyck settled, 1660 ; incorporated, 1661. 3 Stiles, History of the City of Brooklyn, I. 45-46.