ON OTHER PERTURBATIONS OF THE MIND. 135But they define these in this manner :

VIII. Enviousness (invidentia),tey say, is a grief aris ing from the prosperous circumstances of another, which are in no degree injurious to the person who envies ; for where any one grieves at the prosperity of another, by which he is injured, such a one is not properly said to envy as when Agamemnon grieves at Hector's success ; but where any one, who is in no way hurt by the prosper ity of another, is in pain at his success, such a one envies indeed. Now the name " emulation " is taken in a double sense, so that the same woi'd may stand for praise and dispraise: for the imitation of virtue is called emulation (however, that sense of it I shall have no occasion for here, for that carries praise with it) ; but emulation is also a term applied to grief at another's enjoying what I desired to have, and am without. Detraction (and I mean by that, jealousy) is a grief even at another's enjoying what I had a great inclination for. Pity is a grief at the misery of another who suffers wrongfully; for no one is moved by pity at the punishment of a parricide or of a betrayer of his country. Vexation is a pressing grief. Mourning is a grief at the bitter death of one who was dear to you. Sadness is a grief attended with tears. Tribulation is a painful grief. Sorrow, an excruciating grief. Lamentation, a grief where we loudly bewail our selves. Solicitude, a pensive grief. Trouble, a continued grief. Affliction, a grief that harasses the body. De spair, a grief that excludes all hope of better things to come. But those feelings which are included under fear, they define thus : There is sloth, which is a dread of some ensuing labor; shame and terror, which affect the body hence blushing attends shame ; a paleness, and tremor, and chattering of the teeth attend terror cowardice, which is an apprehension of some approaching evil ; dread, a fear that unhinges the mind, whence comes that line of En- nius, Then dread discharged all wisdom from my mind ; fainting is the associate and constant attendant on dread ; confusion, a fear that drives away all thought ; alarm, a

continued fear.