THE QUARTERLY
OF THE
Oregon Historical Society.
[The Quarterly disavows responsibility for the positions taken by contributors to its pages.
ADDRESS OF FREDERICK V. HOLMAN
At the Dedication of the McLoughlin Institute at Oregon City, October 6, 1907.
We have come here today to witness the dedication of an educational institution named in honor and in kind and affectionate remembrance of Dr. John McLoughlin—the Father of Oregon—one of the best and noblest of men.
Fifty years ago, on the third day of September, 1857, this man—the greatest of Oregon's citizens, the greatest of its benefactors, the greatest of its humanitarians—died in this city, near where this building stands, a martyr to his principles and to his humanity. It is given to comparatively few men to be long remembered, after their deaths, in books and in histories. Still rarer is the man long held in grateful memory, and whose good deeds are treasured in the minds and in the hearts of those who personally knew him and of their descendants, and whose fame is kept alive in the traditions of a people as well as in its histories. Such a man is Dr. John McLoughlin.
EARLY LIFE OF DR. M'LOUGHLIN.
It is hardly necessary at this time to give, in more than bare outline, a recital of the life and deeds of this grand and noble man. For lack of time I cannot, in this address, even mention some of his noble acts.
304 FREDERICK V. UOLMAN. Doctor McLoughlin Was born October 19, 1784, in Parish La Riviere du Loup, Canada, about one hundred and twenty miles below Quebec, on the south side of the St. Lawrence River. His parents were of a high class. His father was an Irishman, and his mother was the daughter of a Scotchman, a retired officer of the British regular army. His father died while Dr. McLoughlin was a boy. He was brought up in the family of his maternal grandfather. He was educated in Canada and in Scotland, and, probably, partly in France. He became a physician, although he did not long practice his profession. But it gave him a title which became, and will continue forever, a part of his name. In the early pioneer days of Oregon, and until his death, and afterwards he was respectfully and affectionately called "The Good Doctor," and "The Good Old Doctor" by the Oregon pioneers. Doctor McLoughlin was born a man of affairs arid a leader of men. When a very young man, as a physician, he joined the Northwest Company, the great rival of the Hudson's Bay Company. He did not long continue his position as a physi- cian. There were then stirring times in the wilds of Canada. There was strong competition between these two companies. The Northwest Company was composed of strong, forceful men, and a man like Dr. McLoughlin was needed in its affairs. Hie could not continue to look after the ailing when such men needed him as a leader in large affairs. The rivalry between these two great fur companies resulted in actual armed con- flict between them. To be a leader in the Northwest Company required a man of great ability and courage, and of equally great discretion and judgment. In 1821, when these com- panies coalesced, Dr. McLoughlin was in charge of Fort Wil- liam, on the north shore of Lake Superior, the chief depot and factory of the Northw r est Company. THE AUTOCRAT OF THE OREGON COUNTRY. For many years the fur trade of these companies in the Oregon Country had been managed and conducted in a very unsatisfactory manner. In 1824 Dr. McLoughlin was sent to DEDICATION OF THE McLouGHLiN INSTITUTE. 305 take charge of the affairs of the Hudson's Bay Company west of the Rocky Mountains, and particularly in the Oregon Coun- try. The Oregon Country was a vast empire in area. It comprised all the country from the present northern boundary of California and Nevada to the southern boundary of Alaska, and from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. Its in- habitants were an hundred thousand Indians, savages unac- customed to be controlled ; with the tribes often hostile to each other and to the white men. For the support and maintenance of his authority, he had but himself and his under-officers and the employees and servants of his company. He assumed command as a leader and he ruled as a master. For more than twenty-one years, until his resignation became effective in 1846, he continued as the autocrat of the Hudson's Bay Com- pany in the whole Oregon Country. He was respected, obeyed, and loved by all his subordinates and was feared, respected, and obeyed by the Indians. The Indians called him the "Great White Chief." Although he sometimes punished In- dians, tribes as well as individuals, as they deserved, there were no Indian wars in the Oregon Country until after he resigned from the Hudson's Bay Company. Dr. McLoughJin selected Vancouver as a place to build a fort, to be his residence, and to be the chief depot and head- quarters of the Hudson's Bay Company west of the Rocky Mountains. He conducted its affairs in a most able manner. He welcomed and made the infrequent travelers his guests. He treated rival traders with the same generous hospitality that he extended to those who came merely to see the country, although he fought, commercially, those traders as com- petitors. His helping hand was given to the early settlers, who tried to build homes in the Willamette Valley before the great immigrations came. He welcomed as friends the early Methodist, Presbyterian, and Catholic missionaries. He as- sisted them to establish their missions in Oregon, and gave them personally every aid and protection until they could take care of themselves, although at the time none of these missionaries were of his religious sect or denomination. Without his protection and assistance none of these missionaries could have stayed in Oregon. The first Methodist missionaries came to Oregon in 1834; the Presbyterian, in 1836; and the Catholic, in 1838.
In 1828, Jedediah S. Smith, a rival trader, came to Oregon by the way of California. Of his party of eighteen men, fourteen were massacred at the Umpqua River. Smith was one of the four survivors. Dr. McLoughlin protected these survivors and sent a large party of men to the place of the massacre, who recovered the furs and restored them to Smith.
THE FIRST SCHOOL IN THE OREGON COUNTRY.
In 1832 Dr. McLoughlin established the first school in the Oregon Country. There was no other school in the Oregon Country until the Methodist missionaries began to teach the Indians, in 1835. When Nathaniel J. Wyeth came to Oregon in 1832, on his first expedition, he brought with him, as one of his party, John Ball, who was born in New Hampshire in 1794. He was a graduate of Dartmouth College, and had been admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of New York. He arrived at Fort Vancouver in November, 1832. In his manuscript journal, excerpts from which were published in The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society of March, 1902, Ball says, under date of November 16, 1832:
"Mr. Wyeth and myself were invited by Doctor McLoughlin, the oldest partner and nominal Governor, to his own table and rooms at the fort. * * * We were received with the greatest kindness as guests, which was very acceptable, or else we would have had to hunt for subsistence. But not liking to live gratis, I asked the doctor (he was a physician by profession) for some employment. He repeatedly answered me that I was a guest and not expected to work. But after much urging, he said if I was willing he would like me to teach his own son and the other boys in the fort, of whom there were a dozen. Of course I gladly accepted the offer. So the boys were sent to my room to be instructed. * * * I found the boys docile and attentive, and they made good progress. The doctor often came into the school, and was well satisfied and pleased. One day he said: 'Ball, anyway you will have the reputation of teaching the first school in Oregon.' So I passed the winter of 1832 and 1833."
I cannot give the exact date when Ball began the school. It was probably late in November or early in December, 1832. He continued to teach until the latter part of February, 1833, when he was assisted by Dr. McLoughlin to start a farm in the Willamette Valley.
John Ball was succeeded, as a teacher of this school at Fort Vancouver, by Solomon H. Smith, who also came with Nathaniel J. Wyeth in 1832. Smith began teaching in the spring of 1833 and continued to teach about eighteen months, until the fall of 1834. He, in turn, was succeeded by Cyrus Shepard. Shepard was a lay Methodist missionary, who came with Rev. Jason Lee and Rev. Daniel Lee and party. These were the first Methodist missioneries. They arrived at Fort Vancouver in September, 1834. As Shepard was not a strong man physicially, he stayed at Fort Vancouver until early in the spring of 1835, while the other Methodist missionaries wero constructing the mission buildings, about ten miles north of Salem, in what is now Marion County. During the fall and winter of 1834 Shepard taught the school at Fort Vancouver. His pupils were about forty-three. Among his pupils were three Japanese, two men and a boy. These were the only survivors, of the crew of seventeen, of a derelict Japanese junk which drifted across the Pacific Ocean and went ashore about fifteen miles south of Cape Flattery, in March, 1833. These Japanese were enslaved by the Indians and cruelly treated.
RESCUE OF JAPANESE SAILORS.
Dr. McLoughlin learned of these Japanese by means of a rude drawing on paper, depicting three ship-wrecked persons, with a junk on the rocks, and Indians engaged in plundering the junk. How this drawing was received by Dr. McLoughlin I have been unable to learn, as the early books on Oregon merely say that the drawing was received. The junk was laden with rice, cotton cloth, and Japanese porcelain, orna 308 FREDERICK V. HOLMAN.
men ted with the willow-pattern in blue. Dr. McLousrhlin first sent a party of about thirty men, under the leadership of Tom McKay, who went overland to Point Grenville. The country along the coast was very rough and almost impass- able. This party became discouraged and returned without rescuing the Japanese. Dr. McLoughlin then instructed the captain of the brig Lama to land at the place of the shipwreck and to rescue the Japanese. This the captain accomplished, after great trouble, and brought these three Japanese to Fort Vancouver in the spring of 1834. Under Dr. McLaughlin's di- rections they were restored to health and treated kindly until he could send them to England. From England they were taken to China. THE EARLY OREGON IMMIGRANTS. It was the policy of the Hudson's Bay Company in the Oregon Country to protect the company's fur trade and to prevent the settlement of the Oregon Country, particularly by citizens of the United States. This company desired that the Oregon Country should not become civilized and, especi- ally, should not be Americanized. It wished the country for its own use, to be kept a wilderness for the production of fur- bearing animals, and to have it belong to, or to be under the. control of, Great Britain. But there came a great movement of people of the United States to occupy, to settle, and to have and to hold a large part of the Oregon Country, particularly the Willamette Valley. They did not come as friends of Great Britain or of the Hudson 's Bay Company. They were strong in their Ameri- canism. The first of these home-building immigrations came in 1843. There were nearly nine hundred of them men, women, and children. They arrived at old Fort Walla Walla, on the Columbia River, about the middle of October, 1843. The winter was coming on. Snow had fallen on them in the Blue Mountains. Their provisions were almost exhausted, their clothing nearly worn out. Some went to The Dalles by water. A few of these were drowned in the dangerous rapids of the Columbia River. Many took their wagons with their DEDICATION OF THE MCLOUGHLIN INSTITUTE. 309 families to The Dalles, over the unexplored lands along the Columbia River. That was the end of going by wagons. There was not then a feasible route for wagons over the Cascade Mountains. They must go by water to the Willamette Valley and leave their cattle east of the Cascade Mountains until the next spring. They had no boats. Sickness, starvation, and disaster threatened them, and especially the children. The Indians were preparing to massacre these immigrants. To carry out the policy of the Hudson's Bay Company, Dr. Mc- Loughlin had simply to let them alone to do nothing to leave them to their fate. But the diplomatic plans of his country and the policy of his company were brushed aside, for the time being, or forgotten by Dr. McLoughlin. He was a Christian and a gentleman. These American immigrants, the opponents of his country and of his company, Dr. Mc- Loughlin protected from massacre by the Indians. He wel- comed and treated these immigrants as friends. He supplied their necessities, he furnished them with food and clothing, he cared for the helpless. He placed the sick in the company's hospital at Fort Vancouver, under the care of a competent physician, until they were restored to health. Many a mother's heart was made glad by his treatment and care of her children. He furnished boats and batteaux to these immigrants to trans- port them and their belongings through the perilous waters of the Columbia River to the Willamette Valley. He furnished them, on credit, with food and supplies until they could sup- port themselves. He loaned them wheat to sow during the coming season, implements to farm with, and the necessary cattle. He did all these things, not as charity but on account of humanity. The Good Samaritan had his actual existence in Dr. McLoughlin. And so he acted to the immigrants of 1844 and 1845, when he was forced to resign from the Hud- son's Bay Company because of his aids to these early immi- grants. The latter two immigrations needed his assistance to as great an extent as did the immigrants of 1843. Even after his resignation took effect, in 1846, he was the friend of the Oregon immigrants and helped them as far as he was able to 310 FREDERICK V. HOLMAN. do. He made his home*at Oregon City, and became a "citizen of the United States. THE LATTER DAYS OF DR. M 'LOUGHLIN. E shall not, at this time, go into the details of actions against him, and of how he was unfairly treated by some persons whom he had befriended and helped and protected; I shall merely mention that conspirators against Dr. McLoughlin took for themselves parts of his land claim and, by means of malicious misstatements, caused Congress unjustly to deprive him of all the rest of his land claim, and thus humbled and humiliated and impoverished the grand, the noble, the gen- erous Father of Oregon. I shall merely mention that his kind and humane treatment of these immigrants and others, by lying tongues, was made to appear as inspired by base and unworthy motives and to be to the great prejudice and dam- age of those he had so greatly assisted. I shall not dwell on the sorrows and misfortunes of his latter days. I shall, however, say that he, who sacrificed his all, by reason of his humanity, for his suffering and needy fellowmen and in the making of Oregon, died here in Oregon City, a broken-hearted man. It is tragic that so noble a life should have had so sad an end. But I recall with joy that five years after his death the Legislative Assembly of the State of Oregon restored to Dr. McLoughlin 's descendants most of his land claim, which Con- gress had so deprived him of. By that act Oregon did tardy justice but she redeemed herself and justified and approved the acts and deeds, and vindicated the name and memory of him we here honor today. In Dr. McLoughlin 's noble answer to the Governor in Chief and Directors of the Hudson's Bay Company to the criticisms concerning his aids to the early Oregon immigrants, he wrote defending what he had done, and said that had he not acted as he did, "the trouble which would have arisen would have probably involved the British and the American nations in war," and that "I was silent in full reliance that some day justice would be done me." DEDICATION OF THE MCL/OUGHLIN INSTITUTE. 311 And his reliance was well placed. That some day" came long ago. Today is a "some day" spoken of by him. Justice has been done, and is now being done to Dr. McLoughlin. It was not done until after his death. He does not know, unless the dead know. To do justice to the dead is a noble act. In some cases it is a duty, in others it is the inspiration to do right because it is right and because the dead has rested under an imputation which the living alone can rectify. But whether it be duty or inspiration, or both, the good pioneers of Oregon, and their descendants, have seen to it that justice is done to his memory. DR. M'LOUGHLIN'S RELIGION. Dr. McLoughlin was always the friend and supporter of the Christian religion, without regard to sects or denominations, as well as of schools. Out of his land claim in Oregon City, lie gave lots to the Methodists, Presbyterians, Congregational- ists, and Catholics. He gave eight lots to a Catholic Sister- hood and eight lots to the Clackamas Female Protesant Seminary. Rev. Francis Norbert Blanchet, afterwards the first Arch- bishop of the diocese of Oregon City, was one of the first two atholic priests who came to Oregon. In his book, ' ' Historical Sketches of the Catholic Church in Oregon," Archbishop Blanchet says : "It is but just to make special mention of the important services which Dr. John McLoughlin though not a Catholic has rendered to the French Canadians and their families, during the fourteen years he was governor of Fort Vancouver. He it was who read to them the prayers on Sunday. Besides the English school kept for the children of the bourgeois, he had a separate one maintained at his own expense, in which prayers and the catechism were taught in French to the Catholic women and children on Sundays and week days, by his orders. He also encouraged the chant of the canticles, in which he was assisted by his wife and daughter, who took much pleasure in this exercise. He visited and examined his school once a week. * * * He it was who saved the Catho- lics of the Fort and their children from the dangers of perver- sion, and who, finding the log church the Canadians had built, 312 FREDERICK V. HOLMAN. a few miles below Fairfield, in 1836, not properly located, ordered it to be removed, and rebuilt on a large prairie, its present beautiful site." Dr. McLoughlin's parents were Catholics, and when he was fifteen days old, he was baptized by a Catholic priest. After- wards, and up to the year 1841, Dr. McLoughlin was a mem- ber of, at least he affiliated with the Anglican Church. In 1842 he became a member of the Catholic Church and con- tinued, a consistent, exemplary, and steadfast member of that church until his death. It was truly said by J. Quinn Thorn- ton, one of Oregon's early pioneers, a Protestant, in speaking of Dr. McLoughlin, that "as a Christian he was a devout Roman Catholic, yet, nevertheless, Catholic in the largest sense of that word. ' ' There has been some question as to when Dr. McLoughlin joined the Catholic Church. Commodore Charles Wilkes, of the United States Navy, was at Fort Vancouver in May, 1841. In his ' ' Narrative ' ' he says that, at that time, Dr. McLoughlin, although treating the Protestant missionaries with great kind- ness, was then a professed Catholic. This shows that Dr. McLoughlin was then attentive to the usages and tenets of that church. The matter has now been settled, I think, beyond dispute. For this I am indebted to the kindness of Rev. A. Hillebrand, pastor of St. John's Church, at Oregon City. The original "Memoraixte" of the establishment of the first Catholic mission in Oregon, kept by Archbishop F. N. Blanchet, are now a part of the archives of St. John's Church. A copy of a part of this Memoranda, given to me by Father Hillebrand, is as follows: "When they F. N. Blanchet, V. G. of the Archdiocese of Quebec, and Rev. Modeste Demers, assistant missionary ar- rived at Fort Vancouver [in 1838] , Dr. John McLoughlin was chief-factor and governor of the Hudson Bay Company, west of the Rocky Mountains, and in charge of said Fort Van- couver. Said Dr. was then a Protestant. About September [1842J he begged to [be] received in the Holy Catholic Church. On the 18th of November, he made his abjuration of the Protestant church and his profession of the Catholic faith DEDICATION OF THE MCLAUGHLIN INSTITUTE. 313 and his first communion at Fort Vancouver at midnight mass of Christmas of the same year 1842 and was confirmed after- ward." In his protection of Smith and his companions, and the re- covery and the restoration of the furs; in his welcome to travelers and rival traders ; in his kindness to, and protection of the missionaries; in his rescue of the humble Japanese sailors ; and in his salvation of the early immigrants Dr. Me- Loughlin was actuated as a Christian and by the broad spirit of humanity, and without regard to the race or to the rank or to the station in life of those he helped. It was a high but a well-deserved honor when, in 1846, Pope Gregory XVI made Dr. McLoughlin a Knight of St. Gregory the Great, of civil grade. Yet such was the humility of Dr. McLoughlin, that while he accepted the honor, I do not know of an instance where he used the title or boasted of it. REPUTATION OF DR. M 'LOUGHLIN. Most justly the reputation and fame of Dr. McLoughlin overshadows that of any resident of Oregon during the whole period of his life in Oregon. Many distinguished men, con- temporaries of his, since his death, and, in many instances, years after his death, have spoken publicly of him, and in his honor, of his acts, of his character, of his humanity, and of what he did in the making of Oregon in words of the high- est praise. Equally effective, but more touching to me, have been the tributes of esteem and affection spoken in private conversation, in plain and simple words, but with great feeling and heart-felt emotion, by old Oregon pioneers, some of whom are still living, in extolling his personal qualities and virtues and in bearing witness to his assistance to them and theirs in the perilous and trying days of the forties. The life of Dr. John McLoughlin was not in vain. He set and maintained a high standard of conduct which succeeding generations may well emulate. He had no idea that he was a hero or that he was, or would become, a great historic figure. The simplicity of his life and deeds is one of their charms. 314 FREDERICK V. HOLMAN. His martyrdom was not through pride or from the desire of being a martyr. It was forced on him and he resented the injustice done him. But way far beyond the conspirators and their actions against him he stood sublime and so he and his memory stand today. THE DEDICATION OF THE M^LOUGHLIN INSTITUTE. Let there be praise and commendation of those who planned the erection of this Institute and of those who contributed to its erection; especial credit is due to Father Hillebrand, who originated the idea and who has, with untiring energy, carried it to completion, and who gave the Institute its name. It is particularly fitting that this school, and these cere- monies, should be here, in Oregon City. This city was founded and named by Dr. McLoughlin. It was here he lived and suf- fered. It was here he was aspersed and was despoiled. It was here he died a martyr. It is here his body has lain buried in an honored grave for fifty years in the same block of land on which this Institute stands. It is on a part of his land claim. By the dedication to his name and memory, this Institute becomes a sacred monument on hallowed ground. This monument will assist in preserving his fame. But it cannot make his memory more dear to true Oregonians. That is treasured in their hearts. It is a heritage which will be transmitted, as a precious thing, to the remotest generations. In the dedication of this Institute today, .let us dedicate ourselves to the good and lofty qualities of Dr. McLoughlin. Let us strive to emulate some of his virtues. If we fail, we shall have the benefit of our endeavors even in our failures. Let us cultivate, if we but feebly imitate, his humanity even if it result in nothing better than a more kindly feeling for our fellowmen. It may not be strictly according to the religious idea that Abou Ben Adhem was right when he told the angel to write his name as one who loves his fellowmen, when the angel said he was writing the names of those who love the Lord, but it strikes a note which sets vibrating a responsive and sympa- thetic chord in every normal human breast, without regard to DEDICATION OF THE McLouGHLiN INSTITUTE. 315 race or religion or sect. In our appreciation of the motives and acts of these humanitarians, we show that the quality of humanity has an abiding place in every truly manly and womanly heart that it is naturally a part of our being. It is one of the qualities which differentiates us from the beasts and shows that our souls are attuned to the melodies of the divine. To the pupils and students who attend here, there will al- ways be the inspiration of the life and character of Dr. John McLoughlin. The name of this Institute will call to their minds the high ideals of his virtues, of his kindness, of his generosity, of his hospitality, of his philanthropy, of his hu- manity, of his mastery of himself, and of others, of his proper obedience to those in authority over him, and also of his obedi- ence to the higher laws of God and of Humanity when his obedience otherwise would have conflicted therewith. There will be before them his example of duty, well and faithfully done under discouraging and distressing circumstances; of doing right because it is right without regard to the conse- quences. DR. M'LOUGHLIN'S CHARACTER. Today comes to us, all the stronger, the feeling of what Dr. McLoughlin was and what he did. Today we more fully ap- preciate what he accomplished in laying the foundation of Oregon ; and we feel, that although dead, his spirit still lives, and his example is helping to make a better and a greater Oregon. In speaking of Dr. McLoughlin it is difficult to refrain from extravagant eulogy. His noble life makes us almost forget that he had any of the weaknesses and imperfections incident to human beings. His virtues stand pre-eminent. Let us not deify him, but give to him and to his memory their proper meed, for he freely exercised the God-like qualities with which he was endowed. He exalted not himself. He did not pose as a model. He was human, but he was a manly man, and his heart was full of .loving-kindness. He recognized right as it was given him to see it, and he acted accordingly. He saw his 316 FREDERICK V. HOLMAN. duty as a man and he was not afraid, nor did he shirk, but, quietly and effectively, he performed it for the duty's sake and not for his own glorification. As a man Dr. McLoughlin was forceful, masterly, fearless, honest, true, faithful, sympathetic, and impulsive, yet usually having himself under control; as a gentleman he was courte- ous, knightly, honorable, considerate, and approachable ; as an autocrat he was assertive of his authority and maintained peace. While he ruled with an iron hand, he was just, merci- ful, humane, and kind. As an humanitarian all else was for- gotten in his love of his fellowman, and in his desire to help the poor, the needy, the unfortunate, and the distressed he loved his neighbor as himself ; as a Christian, he was devout and sincere, and, with humility, he earnestly endeavored to follow the precepts of Jesus and to conduct his life and actions as exemplified by the Master. To this Noble Man, to this Great White Chief, to this Good Old Doctor, to this Savior of the Oregon Pioneers, to this great Humanitarian the Father of Oregon be honor and praise for all time. HISTORY OF ORGANIZATION OF OREGON STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY By GEORGE H. HIMES. Properly to treat this subject, it has been necessary to go over a great deal of ground in order to secure information relating to the organization of county fairs in Oregon, in order to show how the idea of the formation of a State Agricultural Society came to be entertained. There is scarcely a doubt that the first act looking to the organization of a county agricultural society in Oregon was performed in Yamhill County, as I find in the Oregon States- man of October 4, 1853, the following notice : "Meeting of the Farmers of Yamhill County. "Pursuant to notice a number of the farmers of Yamhill County met in the court house at Lafayette, on the 17th inst. "F. B. Martin was called to the chair and W. B. Affleck appointed secretary. "On motion of J. G. Baker, Ahio S. Watt was requested to state the object of the meeting. "After numerous interesting remarks relative to the im- portance of the subject of agriculture, he stated that this meeting, being a primary one, preparatory to the perfect or- ganization of an Agricultural Society, and the formation of an Agricultural and Horticultural Library, etc., he recom- mended that a committee be appointed to draft a constitution and by-laws towards effecting said organization. "Motioned, that the chairman appoint said committee, when the following gentlemen were chosen : J. G. Baker, William Dawson, Miles Carey, Dr. Anson G. Henry, and Ahio S. Watt. "On motion, Ahio S. Watt was appointed chairman of said committee. ' ' Moved that a committee of three be appointed to select and request some competent person to deliver a lecture before the society, at their next meeting. Chair appointed Dr. Wester- field, Jacob Grozier, and W. B. Affleck said committee. I 318 GEORGE H. HIMES. "On motion of Rev. A. R. Elder, it was voted that the secretary be requested to furnish a copy of the proceedings, signed by the officers, and send to each of the editors in the Territory, requesting the publication of the same. "Motioned, to adjourn until the fourth Saturday in Octo- ber next. ' ' In connection with this first meeting of farmers to organize an agricultural society, it is a matter of interest to note the attitude of one of the leading papers of the State at that time towards the movement. For that reason the following is quoted from the Oregon Statesman of October 4, 1853, then edited by Asahel Bush, who was then, and still is, a resident of Salem:
- ' We are pleased to notice that the initial steps towards the
formation of an agricultural association have been taken by the farmers of Yamhill County, and we trust their movement will be seconded by their brethren in other counties. "There is no part of the world where agricultural and horticultural societies are more necessary, and would be more useful, than in Oregon. The experience and experiments of 'the States' are of little or no service here. Our climate, seasons and soil differ from those of all of them, and agricul- ture and horticulture here must be conducted upon different systems. New experiments must be tried, and new modes adopted. In a great measure everything is to be learned anew. Hence the importance of societies where interchange of opinions and experience may be had. "We hope some member of the Yamhill association will, from time to time, give our readers the benefit of the in- formation elicited through their organization. We also invite short and intelligently written articles upon agriculture and horticulture. ' ' It is impossible to state any thing about the business which was transacted at the meeting set for October 4, above alluded to, as it has been impossible to find any record of it; but this much is known, that the organization wavS fully perfected, and on March 18, 1854, another meeting was held at which arrangements were made to hold a fair the coming fall, and the date was fixed on October 7, 1854, at Lafayette, and the programme was as follows: HISTORY OF STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 319 "Exhibition commences at court house at 1 :30 o'clock P. M. Articles Bedquilts, butter, cheese, and other household pro- ductions. Jury W. Breyman, G. H. Stewart, and A. R. Burbank. "Two o'clock P. M. At Marquam's corral. Cattle, sheep, hogs, farm implements, certificates of crops, etc. Jury- Solomon Allen, S. M. Gilmore and F. B. Martin. "Three o'clock, same place. Horses and mules. Jury John A. Monroe, Alvis Kimsey, and Mr. Hankie." The fair occurred on the day appointed, and Ahio S. Watt, who was secretary of the Yamhill County Agricultural So- ciety at the time, reported that prizes were awarded as follows : "To Mrs. K. Davis, for best bedquilt; W. T. Newby, best flour of Oregon manufacture; Clayton Richardson, best acre of wheat; E. T. Stone, best pair of pigs; Charles H. Burch, best bull; Stephen Hussey, best cow, bull calf, and yoke of oxen ; John G. Baker, best stallion ; Joseph R. Young, second best stallion and best brood mare ; S. M. Gilmore, best one-year colt; Daniel Johns, best two-year-old horse; Solomon Allen, best two-year-old filly and best sucking colt; John Monroe, best span of horses ; Barnet Haggart, best single gelding. "A specimen of corn in the ear was exhibited by F. B. Martin, that would compare favorably with that of the best corn-producing countries, both in length and size of ear, and in the apparent quality of the corn. Joseph Watt exhibited a stool of wheat supposed to be the production of one grain of the bluestem variety, that numbered ninety-six full, large heads." Following- this, Yamhill County held annual fairs for a number of years. The next county to fall in line, so far as can at present be determined, was Marion. A preliminary meeting was held on April 6, 1854, with Governor John W. Davis presiding, and Joseph G. Wilson, secretary. Jacob Woodsides, Thomas T. Eyre, David Crawford, Hiram A. Johnson, Samuel Brown, Ralph C. Geer, L. F. Grover, W. J. Herren, and Narcisse Cornoyer, were appointed a committee to prepare a constitu- tion and by-laws. Numerous speeches were made, and an in320 GEORGE H. HIMES. vitation extended to Pblk County to unite with Marion in holding a fair. A committee was appointed to prepare an address to farmers on "upon the subject of agriculture and the best means of promoting the farming interests of our territory. " This committee was as follows: Wesley Shannon, A. W. Ferguson, E. E. Parrish, E. M. Barnum, and Samuel Sim- mons. In due time a constitution was reported and adopted at a meeting held May 13, 1854. The dues of the Marion County Society were fixed at $2.00. At a meeting of this society on July 8, 1854, Nicholas Shrum presided, with Ralph C. Geer, vice-president; J. G. Wilson, secretary, and C. A. Reed, treasurer; John Minto, W. J. Herren, J. Woodsides, J. Cox, Wesley Shannon, Thomas T. Eyre, executive committee. It was agreed that a fair should be held on October 11, 1854. It was held as appointed, and Jacob Woodsides gave an ad- dress which was noteworthy because it "was short, practical and sensible." The exhibitors and awards to each were as follows : Cox, Joseph 1 Martin, John 1 Cox, William 2 McCorkle, G. F 3 Cross, Thomas 1 Minto, John 1 Downing, John 1 Murphy, William 1 English, Leven N 1 Rickey, James 1 English, Mrs. Leven N. . . 1 Sappingfield, J 1 Eyre, Thomas T 2 Savage, Morgan L 1 Fitzpatrick, F 1 Shannon, Wesl ey 2 Geer, Ralph C 12 Shannon, Mrs. Wesley ... 1 Geer, Mrs. Ralph C 1 Shrum, Nicholas 1 Gessner, R. A 7 Stanton. Alfred 3 Kenyon, Wiley 1 Syphert, William 1 Lewis, Reuben 1 Woodsides, Jacob 1 Magone, Joseph 4 In connection with the organization of the Marion County Agricultural Society it is a matter of interest to note that Mr. John McCraken, who has been a prominent business man of Portland for almost fifty years, but was a resident of Salem in 1854, was present at the preliminary meeting above HISTORY OF STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 321 referred to when Governor Davis* presided, and that he attended this meeting more on account of a desire to see the Governor than for any particular interest in agriculture, be- cause he had heard so much about him prior to his arrival in Oregon. Governor Davis came to Oregon from Indiana, ar- riving at Salem December 2, 1853, and resigned and started on the journey east to Indiana on August 5, 1854. Prior to his coming to Oregon Governor Davis had been much in pub- lic life. The courtliness of his manners and the ease with which he presided over a public meeting made a lasting im- pression upon Mr. McCraken, which was readily recalled at a recent interview. Polk was the third county to fall in line in the matter of organizing an agricultural society, and the first meeting held for that purpose was on April 3, 1854, at Dallas. James M. Fulkerson was elected president, and John E. Lyle, secretary. On motion of Rev. John Rigdon the following resolutions were unanimously adopted : "Resolved, That we deem it expedient, necessary and proper to form ourselves into an agricultural society. "Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to pre- pare and draft a constitution, and report the same to our next meeting." Reuben P. Boise, Isaac Ball and John E. Lyle were ap- pointed said committee. After instructing the above committee to secure ' * some suit- able person to deliver an agricultural address at the next meeting," and fixing the date for holding the first fair on October 12, the meeting adjourned to May 25. The first meeting in Washington County for organizing an
- John Wesley Davis was born in Pennsylvania in 1799, and studied
medicine in his native State. He removed to Indiana when about thirty years old, and participated actively in the political affairs of his adopted State. This resulted in his being sent to Congress in the years 1835-1837, 1839-1841, and 1843-1847. During the last two years he was Speaker of the House of Representatives. During President Folk's administration he was Minister to China. He was appointed Governor of Oregon by Presi- dent Pierce in 1853. He died in the summer of 1859. 322 GEORGE H. HIMES.
agricultural society was held at West Tualatin (now Forest Grove) on May 25, 1854, with B. Q. Tucker, chairman, and H. C. Raymond, secretary. A short address was made .by H. H. Hendricks, explaining the object of the meeting, after which it was voted that Mr. Hendricks, Thomas G. Naylor and J. Marsh be appointed a committee to prepare a constitution ; whereupon the meeting was adjourned to June 10. At this time Israel Mitchell was called upon to preside and J. M. Keeler elected secretary. The committee on constitution re- ported and it was adopted. Permanent organization was effected by electing Thomas G. Naylor, president, Wesley Mulkey, vice-president, and J. M. Keeler, secretary-treasurer; councilmen, Alanson Hinman, James Johnson, W. O. Gibson, Thomas J. Dryer, Levi Whitcomb, John S. White, and Israel Mitchell. It was decided that a fair should be held on October 5, 1854. The premiums offered amounted to $420.00, and ranged from $15.00 for the best conducted farm of twenty- five acres or more down to $1.00. First and second prizes were given in each case. The scope of the fair may be judged by noticing the objects for which premiums were offered, viz. : Farms, dairies, butter, cheese, cattle, sheep, swine, bread, flowers, household manufactures, ladies' department, farming implements, plowing match, field crops, orchard and shade trees. From the foregoing it will be seen that the agitation in re- lation to organizing county agricultural societies, begun in Yamhill County in the fall of 1853, resulted in the movement extending into four counties, each of which had a successful county fair almost simultaneously the next year. Nearly two years elapsed before another county joined hands with those already mentioned, and that was the county of Linn. The preliminary meeting was held at the court house in Albany on May 3, 1856, at which time "a large number of citizens met for the purpose of organizing an agri- cultural society." William Allphin was chosen chairman, HISTORY OF STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 323 and John H. Hackleman secretary. Hon. Delazon Smith* was called upon to state the objects of the meeting, after which upon his motion, John H. Lines, Joel Ketchum, Anderson Cox, James Johnson and Thomas K. McCoy were appointed a com- mittee to frame a constitution and by-laws for the government of the society. On motion of Mr. Smith a resolution was adopted declaring that it was the sense of the meeting that it was expedient to form an agricultural society in Linn County. After instructing the secretary to send notices of the meeting to all the papers of the territory for publication, the meeting adjourned to June 21. At the meeting in June the committee appointed for that purpose reported a constitution, which was adopted after a number of amendments ; after which permanent officers were elected as follows: President, Delazon Smith; vice-president, J. D. Haley; secretary, D. H. Bodine; treasurer, John H. Lines. The admission fee was fixed at $2.00, with an annual due of $1.00. The executive committee were authorized by the constitution to offer premiums not to exceed ten dollars for any one article "for the best horses, cattle, sheep, swine, and poultry; for the best fields of wheat, corn, rye, oats, barley, and potatoes; for the best meadows; for the best se- lections of grains, fruits, and vegetables ; for the best articles of domestic manufactures, and for the best farming imple- ments made in Linn County; and for any other matter or thing that may be of use or interest to the farmers of Linn County." The meeting then adjourned until July 12, at which time Joel Ketchum, Anderson Cox, Zillic Donnell, H.
- Delazon Smith, one of the first U. S. Senators from Oregon, was born
in New Berlin, Chenango County, New York, October 15, 1816. He was graduated at the Oberlin College Institute, Ohio, in 1837, studied law, and later became editor of the True Jeffersonian, Rochester, N. Y., and the Western Empire, Dayton, Ohio. He removed to Iowa in 1846, and crossed the plains to Oregon in 1852. In 1854 he was elected a member of the leg- islature, and re-elected twice afterwards. In 1857 he was chosen a member of the Constitutional Convention, and U. S. Senator in July, 1858, taking his seat on February 14, 1859, for the short term. In 1860 he was presidential elector on the Breckinridge and Lane ticket. He died in Portland Novem- ber 18, 1860. At that time he was editor of the Albany Democrat.
324 GEORGE H. HIMES. % A. McCartney, William Mcllree, and Ashby Pearce, were elected to act, in conjunction with the president and vice- president, as the executive committee, and after fixing the date of the first fair for October 10, adjourned until October 18, when it closed up the business of the year, showing that the first fair of the county had been a most successful one. The following is a list of the exhibitors, with the number of premiums awarded to each one: Allphin, William 3 Hughs, G. H 5 Brattain, Jonathan 1 Ketchum, Joel 3 Burkhart, Calvin P 8 Ketchum, Walter 1 Burkhart, L. C 1 Mcllree, Samuel 1 Cline, George 1 Mcllree, William 4 Cox, Anderson 2 Pugh, Asbury 2 Dillon, Mrs. M. C 1 Pugh, J. W 2 Fry, Olney 2 Robinson, Jordan 2 Hackleman, Abraham ... 2 Smith, Abraham 6 Hackleman, Mrs. Elizabeth 1 Smith, Mrs. Eliza Ann. . . 1 Hamilton, Joseph 1 Smith, Mrs. Elizabeth .... 1 Hogue, H. A ,. . 1 Smith, William L 1 Hogue, J. P 1 In connection with this fair it may be mentioned that C. P. Burkhart raised fifty bushels of corn on one acre of ground. The first meeting in Lane County to consider the advisa- bility of holding a county fair was held at "Eugene City" on April 7, 1859, with F. McMurray chairman, and E. E. Haft, secretary. The permanent officers chosen at that time were: Avery A. Smith, president; C. E. Chrisman, Mitchell Wilkins, Isaac R. Moores, and Albert P. Gaines, vice-presi- dents; Stukely Ellsworth, recording secretary; E. E. Haft, corresponding secretary; F. McMurray, treasurer. By the constitution the membership was restricted to "such inhabit- ants of Lane County as shall sign this constitution, pay one dollar, and comply with the by-laws and regulations of the society." At a meeting a few weeks later it was voted to hold the first fair on October 11-12, at Eugene, and provision was made for awarding $80.75 in premiums, to competitors in twelve different classes, viz. : Stallions ; mares and colts, and colts ; matched and single horses; cattle; sheep; swine; HISTORY OF STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 325 butter ; cheese ; field crops ; garden productions ; fruit ; manu- factures; farms, etc. The competitors were as follows, with number of premiums each received : Belshaw, George 7 Bristow, Mrs. E. L 1 Bruce, Mrs. W. P 1 Brumley, J. L 1 Clancy, C 1 Cogswell, John 1 Coleman, H 1 Coleman, N. G 2 Cox, S. A 2 Coulson, Isaac 1 Croner & Huff 1 Davis, Joseph 2 Davis, N 1 Dillard, S. M 1 Goodpasture, A 2 Gay, J. W 1 Hulin, Lester 4 Hanchett, Mrs. W. H 1 Henderson, Miss Iphigenia 1 Henderson, Mrs. J. H. D. 1 Jones, W. R 1 Knox, Samuel 1 Moore, J. L 1 Masterson, J. A 1 Miller, Hulins 3 McMurray, Mrs 2 McMurray, F 1 Osborn, W. T. 1 Saylor, S. H 1 Scott, Nimrod 1 Scott, W. J. J 1 Shaw, H 1 Skinner, E. F 1 Smith, William 1 Southwell, J 5 Stevens, W. M 1 Stewart, E 2 Swaggart, N 2 Thompson, S. G 2 Vaughn, W 3 Walker, H. M 1 Watson, J 2 Wilkins, Mitchell 2 Winter, John A 1 In speaking of this fair, the Oregon Farmer of October 22, 1859, says : "The large and varied exhibition of farm products, me- chanical skill, and the number of people on the ground, were enough to convince any one that Lane County possesses much of the enterprise and spirit of improvement which build up a prosperous and happy community. If Lane County does not contain more good stock than any other in the State, then the breeders have not brought them out, for we certainly saw more stock and pure blood at Eugene City than at any other point we have visited. * * * The address delivered by Governor Whiteaker* was appropriate and well received. "John Whiteaker was born in Dearborn County, Indiana, May 4, 1820, and was reared on a farm. He lived in Illinois subsequently, and was married in the latter State to Miss Nancy J. Hargrave in 1847. In 1849 he went to the California mines, returning to Missouri in 1851. In 1852 he came to Oregon, bringing his family, settling in Lane County the next 326 GEORGE H. HIMES. % We can but admire the good taste of the officers of the society in their selection of one so closely identified with their inter- eststhe Governor being a practical farmer. Judging from this first fair in Lane, her citizens are awakening to their true interests, and will soon give the at present more pop- ulous counties of the State a tough pull for prominence." The first meeting in Jackson County for the purpose of arousing interest in a county fair was held in Jacksonville February 8, 1859, and Dr. McCully, a brother of Asa A. and David McCully, well-known pioneers of the Willamette Valley, was a leading factor in the early organization. The first fair was held at Jacksonville on October 4-5, 1859. Officers elected at this time were as follows : President, W. C. Myer ; vice-president, John E. Ross; director, J. P. Walker; secretary, J. H. Reed; recording secretary, Jesse Robinson; treasurer, Reuben F. Maury. The annual address was delivered by James O'Meara, then editor of the Jacksonville Sentinel. The names of the exhibitors and the number of premiums awarded them are as follows : Ammerman, U. . 1 Rice, E. A 1 Anderson, E. K 4 Rice, L. A 1 Anderson, Mrs. E. K 1 Rockfellow, - - - - 1 Beeson, John 1 Rockfellow, Miss Sarah. . 1 Brunns, A 1 Robinson. Dr. J 6 Cluggage, James 2 Ross, John E 1 Eagle Mill Company 1 Steprns, D. E 2 Emery, Mrs. E 1 Stearns, Mrs. D. E 2 Gass, Miss Sarah Jane. . . 2 Thornton, James 2 Gass, Miss Minerva 2 Tolman, James C 5 Heber, F. . 2 AValker, J. P 4 Hellman, Mrs. A. D 1 Merriman. Mrs. W 1 Hillman, John 1 Myer, B. F 1 Kilo-ore, J 4 Myer, Mrs. Mary 1 Laclare. X 2 Myer, W. C. . 6 Pyle, Thomas 3 year. In 1856 he was elected probate judge; in 1857, a member of the legislature ; in 1858 was elected the first Governor of the State of Oregon; in 1866-1870, to the legislature, and in 1876, to the State Senate. In 1879 he was elected to Congress, and he made the trip to Washington from Eugene in 116 hours. Was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for Oregon by President Cleveland in 1885. He died at Eugene. HISTORY OF STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 327 The first meeting of the friends of agriculture in Benton County for the purpose of effecting a permanent organiza- tion was at Corvallis August 2, 1859. A. G. Hovey was chosen president ; James Watson and John Trapp, vice-presi- dents; Philip Eitz, treasurer; and E. M. Waite, secretary. The constitution and by-laws of the Lane County Society were adopted, with such amendments as were necessary to fit the local conditions. The date of first fair was set for October 13. At this time the meeting was addressed by J. Quinn Thornton and Rev. J. A. Hanna. Officers for the next year were elected as follows: A. G. Hovey, president; J. Quinn Thornton and A. M. Witham, vice-presidents; Philip Ritz, treasurer; E. M. Waite, secretary. A. G. Hovey, J. Quinn Thornton and John Stewart were elected delegates to the Agricultural State Convention. The names of exhibitors and the number of awards re- ceived are as follows: Allen, David 1 Matzger, William 1 Baker, John 1 Mcllree, William 1 Biddle, Miss Emma 1 Modie, J 1 Clark, 0. F 4 Nicholson, D. W 1 Davis, Miss C 1 Porter, William 1 Friedley, J. P 4 Quivey, A. M 1 Gage, Jesse 1 Ritz, Miss C. T 1 Garrett, Thomas 1 Thornton, Mrs. E. A 1 Graves, Wesley 1 Thornton, J. Quinn 1 Hanna, J. A 1 Thornton, Mrs. N. M 2 Hanna, Mrs. E. R 2 Watson, J 5 Hartless, E 6 Witham, A. M 3 Hovey, A. G 2 Wrenn, George P 1 King, Solomon 1 Wyatt, William 2 Martin, J 1 The first meeting in Multnomah County for the purpose of considering the advisability of organizing an agricultural society was on November 19, 1859, with Dr. Perry Prettyman in the chair, and A. G. Walling, secretary. The editor of the Oregonian, Thomas J. Dryer, was asked to address the meet- ing. A permanent organization was formed on December 3 by electing Thomas Frazar, president ; James B. Stephens and I 328 GEORGE H. HIMES. ^ Dr. Perry Prettyman, vice-presidents; A. G. Walling, secre- tary; David Powell, treasurer. At a meeting on January 7, 1860, the annual membership fee was fixed at $3.00, and A. C. Gibbs, A. C. R. Shaw and A. G. Walling were elected dele- gates to the convention to be held in Salem February 22, 1860, for the purpose of organizing a State Agricultural Society. At a meeting held July 7, 1860, the first address before the society was given by Judge George H. Williams ; and considered from the viewpoint of the present day it was in large measure prophetic. At this meeting the annual dues were reduced from $3.00 to $1.00; and owing to the indifference of the people of Portland" the constitution was amended so as to give the executive committee the power to appoint the place for holding the fair wherever the "greatest inducements" were offered. And in the words of a Portland paper of the time, "The narrow-minded course and uniform indifference manifested by the citizens of Portland, with but one or two exceptions, toward the producers of the country, was the cause of this change." It was finally arranged, however, that the fair should be held on October 2-3, 1860 the "first day, and second day until noon, in the city of Portland, and on the afternoon of the second day at the Union course, two and one-half miles east of Portland." The fair was held on the date named and was said to be a "very respectable exhibition." The exhibitors were as follows, with the number of awards each person received: Ankeny, Alexander P. ... 1 Hurgren & Shindler .... 1 Albright, Edward 2 Kelly, Clinton 1 Buchte.1 & Cardwell 1 Mead, W. B. & Co Bybee, Miss . 1 Miller, Adolph 2 Chittenden, Miss 1 Morgan, David 1 Combs & Nelson 1 Jacobs, H. S 3 Duf ur, A. J 2 Kingsley & Rees 1 Francis, Mrs. Simeon. ... 2 Ladd, William S 1 Frazar, Thomas 2 Pittock, R. & Co 1 Frazar, Mrs. Thomas .... 1 Pomeroy, F. C 1 Hall, AA T illiam 1 Powell/David 1 Holman, J. D 1 Powell, John 3 Holtgrieve, Henry 3 Prettyman, D. D 1 HISTORY OF STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 329 Prettyman, Dr. Perry ... 1 Shattuck, Mrs. E. D 1 Pullen, Andrew 1 Sherlock & Bacon 3 Pullen, George P 1 Sherlock, S. & Co 1 Randall, E. G 1 Starr, A. M. & L. M 1 Bobbins, George Collier. . 1 Stephens, Miss 1 Schenck, Charles 1 Thomas, Benjamin 3 Seymour & Joynt 1 Zimmerman, George 1 Perhaps it will not be amiss to briefly refer to these ex- hibitors, as most of them have been strongly identified with building up Portland and Multnomah County. Sherlock & Bacon were liverymen of the early days. Adolph Miller was the first drayman in Portland, and his widow and a number of children now live in this city. George P. Pullen and Andrew Pullen were Columbia Slough farmers as well as David Powell, John Powell, Henry Holtgrieve, Thomas Cully, George Zimmerman and A. J. Dufur all be- ing among the most resolute and energetic pioneers, who set- tled in that region when it was almost an impenetrable forest. One who passes through that section of country now can scarcely comprehend the amount of energy and determina- tion it required on the part of the first settlers there to make it habitable. J. D. Holman was school clerk of District No. 1, Portland, for many years, and his son, Frederick V. Hol- man, is one of the best and most favorably known lawyers of the present day in this city. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Frazar were the grandparents of Mr. Walter F. Burrell, a well-known business man of Portland. Mr. Frazar was United States Assessor of Internal Revenue during Mr. Lincoln's first term as President. The Standard Mills, alluded to, was the mill at Mil waukie admittedly the best flour mill in Oregon in its day. Clinton Kelly better known as (( Father Kelly" was a pioneer of 1848, and an important personage in the formative period of the country, as he stood strongly for all that goes to make up character in its highest sense. Almost the whole of his donation claim lies within the present city limits of Portland. A. P. Ankeny was a captain of volun- teers during the Yakima Indian war of 1855-56, and a man of great energy and enterprise. His adopted son, Hon. Levi 330 GEORGE H. HIMES. % Ankeny, is one of the United States Senators of the present day representing the State of Washington. Dr. Perry Pretty- man came to Oregon in 1847, and his donation claim, lying on the western slope of Mount Tabor, forms a highly im- portant part of the region immediately contiguous to this city. He it was who introduced dandelions into Oregon for medical purposes. There was not a dandelion in Oregon prior to 1848. His sons were all accomplished agriculturists. One of them Henry W. lives in Portland at the present time. The name of William S. Ladd is a "household word" throughout all Oregon, even the entire Pacific Coast. ' ' Public spirit," to an unusual degree, characterized his life work, and for many years his name headed every subscription list circulated in this city, which had for its object the promotion of some worthy cause. And his descendants are honoring their father by pursuing the same general policy, and in addi- tion assisting to develop different lines of industrial life, hitherto impossible until within relatively a few years, all of which is aiding in building up the commercial interests of the State in a large degree. George Collier Robbins was an early watchmaker and jeweler in Portland, and was a dis- tinctively public-spirited man. He left Portland in 1862, and for many years lived in San Diego, California, where he died a few weeks ago. H. S. Jacobs was a wagonmaker of Portland. One of his employees, J. M. Howe, invented a device which was of great value in wagon building. Mr. Jacobs sold that in Washington to the government at the breaking out of the Civil War, reaping large profits therefor. Robert Pittock, a brother of Henry L. Pittock, of the Ore- gonian, was a well-known business man here for many years. He died in Southern California recently. Kin^sley & Rees carried on the harness business several years in Portland. Hurgren & Shindler came to Portland in 1857, and were the first to begin the manufacture of furniture on a large scale. Seymour & Joynt and A. M. & L. M. Starr were stove and tinware merchants, and stood high among the business men of fifty years ago. Mrs. Francis was the wife of Simeon HISTORY OF STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 331 Francis, editor of the Oregonian in 1860, and afterwards Paymaster in the U. S. Army with the rank of Major, by appointment of President Lincoln, a lifelong friend. Mrs. E. D. Shattuck was the wife of the late Judge Shattuck, whose service on the circuit bench of Multnomah County for nearly a quarter of a century was conspicuous for ability and up- rightness. Buchtel & Cardwell were among the earliest pho- tographers of Portland. E. G. Randall was, it is believed, the first music dealer in this city. He was Postmaster in 1866. Albert G. Walling, secretary of the Multnomah County Agricultural Society, carried on the job printing business in Portland many years, and in July, 1858, began the publica- tion of the Oregon Farmer, the first agricultural paper on the Pacific Coast north of California, and published it until February 1, 1863, when he was forced to suspend it for want of support. The first meeting in Clackamas County for considering the matter of organizing an agricultural society was held at Oregon City, November 5, 1859, with A. L. Lovejoy chairman, and J. S. Rinearson secretary. Messrs. Amory Holbrook, William Barlow, Samuel Miller, William Aber- nethy and James Officer were chosen a committee to prepare a constitution; and this committee, together with the chair- man and secretary of this meeting, were authorized to rep- resent the county in the State Agricultural Convention, should it be called before permanent organization was effected. After a number of adjournments the citizens of Clackamas County interested finally met on April 28, 1860, and per- fected an organization by adopting a constitution and rules, and electing officers as follows: A. L. Lovejoy, president; James R. Robb, vice-president; Hiram Straight, second vice- president; William Abernethy, secretary; Dr. Alden H. Steele, treasurer ; executive committee Samuel Miller, Henry Miller, William Barlow, Philip Foster, and Maxwell Ramsby. A resolution was adopted placing all the responsibility for the management upon the executive committee. The first fair was held at Oregon City on September 27-28, 1860, and 332 GEORGE H. HIMKS. the following list indicates who the exhibitors were and the number of awards they received : Jennings, Berryman .... 1 Latourette, L. D. C 2 Lewis, John 1 Magone, Joseph 2 Moss, Sidney W 4 Machen, John 1 Miller, Samuel 1 Perrin, M. K 1 Rinearson, Peter M 1 Wait, Mrs. Aaron E 1 Weiss, Peter 2 Winston, James 1 Abernethy, William 3 Barlow, J. L 3 Barlow, William ........ 5 Barlow, Mrs. William ... 1 Bunnell, C. B 1 Burns, Miss Laura 1 Chase, H 1 Chapman, A. J 1 Hayes, H. E 1 Howland, Mrs 1 Hunsaker, Miss Araminta 1 Hunsaker, Miss Mary Ann 1 Hunsaker, J. T 2 The Umpqua Valley Agricultural Society was organized late in the summer of 1860, and held its first fair at Oakland, Douglas County, November 2, of that year. In speaking of this event the Oregon Farmer says : Notwithstanding * * * the short time in which the com- mittee of arrangements had to make the necessary prepara- tions, there was a large number of the farmers, with their wives and daughters, in attendance ; and a very commendable degree of interest manifested by all concerned, and all depart- ments of agriculture, as well as many other branches of trade, were handsomely represented in the numerous articles brought forward for exhibition, many of which would compare favora- bly with those of any other county or State in the Union. ' ' Robert M. Hutchinson was president, and J. R. Ellison sec- retary pro tern. A discourse on the subject of "Agriculture," was given by Charles Barrett. Certificates were issued to the following persons for the excellence of their exhibits: Crusan, George W 1 Dierdorff, William 2 Ellison, Mrs 1 Goltra, Mrs. E. J 1 Hall, Dr. Langley 2 Hall, George . 5 Hall, John 2 Handsaker, Samuel 2 Hutchinson, Robert M. . . 1 Long, John 2 McGee, A. E 1 Myers, John H 1 Reed, Resin 1 Scott, Levi 1 HISTORY OF STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 333 Shirley, R. P 1 Stevens, Thomas 2 Smith, B. P 5 Stevens, Mrs. Thomas 3 Smith & Beckly 1 Sutherland, Fendel 2 As already hinted, the foregoing summary of the organiza- tion of county fairs has been given in order to lay the founda- tion to a considerable extent for the organization of a State Fair, as it was believed by many that if such an institution could be perfected it would result in great good to the pro- ducing interests of the country. The organization of a State Fair in California probably had something to do in creating a desire on the part of Oregon farmers for a kindred body here, as it had been the practice for several years for a number of our farmers and stockmen to visit that State and compete for prizes, and frequently win them. At the fair at Sacramento, which closed on September 23, 1859, William Meek, of Clackamas County, then doing business at Milwaukie, was awarded the first premium for the greatest number of varieties and best specimen of fruit. Seth Le welling, of Milwaukie, received the second premium. J. W. Walling was awarded the first and second premiums for the best forty varieties of fruit. William H. Rector was awarded first premium for iron ore, and the Willamette Woolen Mills, Salem, was given a premium for cloth. The exact date of the first California State Fair cannot at present be given, but it is believed to have been in 1855; but some years prior to that date the California Agricultural Society was organized, and in the year 1853 it held a fair in San Francisco, and among other awards a silver medal was given to Morton M. McCarver, of Oregon City, for the best display of fruit. As a result of the advent of the Oregon Farmer, the first agricultural paper in Oregon, the first issue of which ap- peared in August, 1858, the question of a State Fair began to be agitated with vigor. In that number of the Farmer the following appears : "To California belongs the honor of instituting the first agricultural fair on the Pacific Coast. This reminds us of 334 GEORGE H. HIMES. the fact that no move nas yet been made in Oregon towards organizing a State Agricultural Society. "California is wide awake to the advantages of developing to the fullest extent her agricultural resources, and when de- veloped, of letting the world know what they are; and there is no better way of accomplishing both than by the organizing of State and county societies, and the holding State and county fairs." In No. 2 of the Farmer, September, 1858, Amos Harvey, of Polk County, suggested "to the fruit-growers and nursery- men the propriety of holding a horticultural convention this fall at Salem, or some other central place." This idea the editor indorses strongly, and calls for a meeting to be he.ld in Salem on October 20, 1858 ; and asks fruit-growers who are willing to sign a call for such a convention to send him their names. Accordingly in the October number of the Farmer is found a call for a " Pomological Convention," at Salem, October 20, 1858, signed by the following persons : Clackamas County William Meek, Seth Lewelling, Henry W. Eddy, D. D. Tompkins, William Barlow. Marion County J. W. Ladd, Daniel Brock. Multnomah County Ellis Walker. Polk County Amos Harvey, J. D. Walling, William Ruble. Washington County D. J. Schnebley, James Johnson. Yamhill County E. B. Stone. Editor Walling declares himself to be greatly encouraged by the response thus made, and states that he has arranged for the attendance of a short-hand reporter at the convention. The convention was held as appointed, "The Fruit Growers' Association of Oregon ' ' organized, with Amos Harvey, of Polk County, president, and Chester N. Terry, of Salem, secretary. Altogether the meeting was a very successful one, as there were thirty-one exhibitors present, representing seven Willam- ette Valley counties. Among the exhibits there was a pound pear that weighed two pounds and two and a half ounces, and a squash which weighed 10414 pounds. HISTORY OF STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 335 The original members of the association were as follows : Barnhart, C. Lewelling, Seth Brock, D. Pearce, Ashby Cox, Joseph Prettyman, - Cox, William Schnebley, D. J. Cornelius, G. Stanton, Alfred Davenport, T. W. Stone, E. G. Gilbert, I. N. Ruble, William Gilmore, S. M. Taylor, William B. EUrvey, A. Terry, Chester N. Ho well, Joseph Walling. J. D. Jones, George M. Woodsides, J. Ladd, J. W. Of these men, but two are now living, viz., T. W. Davenport, Silverton, and Joseph Howell, on Sauvie's Island. The above item is given to show that the idea of organiza- tion in relation to the production of fruit, as well as agricul- ure in its widest sense, was beginning to take hold of the people. During the county fairs held in the fall of 1859 it was agreed that the executive committee of each county society should choose a delegate from each county to form a State executive board to arrange all preliminaries for organizing a State Agricultural Society, and holding a fair in the year 1860, and the editor of the Oregon Farmer was authorized to call a meeting of such delegates, which he did on December 7, 1859, in the following words : "In accordance with an understanding among the different county agricultural societies that have elected delegates to meet and adopt the preliminaries necessary to the inaugura- tion of a State Agricultural Society for Oregon, that the editor of the Oregon Farmer be authorized to call the said delegates together notice is given that they are requested to assemble at Salem on the 22d day of February, 1860, and adopt such measures as they may deem necessary. It is re- quested that in all the counties in the State having no organ- ized society, meetings will be held and delegates appointed to represent them. This is a matter in which we all are in- terested. ' ' 336 GEORGE H. HIMES. The meeting was held ^t the appointed time and place, and J. Quinn Thornton was chosen chairman pro tern and J. G. Wilson secretary pro tern. J. Quinn Thornton, Thomas T. Eyre, William Abernethy, L. E. V. Coon, and J. Smith were appointed a committee to prepare a constitution for the State society, and Messrs. Page, Coon and Smith were appointed a committee on credentials, which committee reported that the following per- sons were entitled to seats in the meeting : Benton County J. Quinn Thornton, James Watson. Clackamas William Abernethy, Amory Holbrook, and Rev. George H. Atkinson. Douglas L. E. V. Coon, R. M. Hutchinson. Lane A. A. Smith. Linn William Mcllree, John Smith, A. Hanan. Marion Thomas T. Eyre, William H. Rector, Thomas Cross. Multnomah William W. Page, James B. Stevens, Albert G. Walling. Polk E. M. Barnum, William Ruble. Umpqua Dr. Langley Hall. The committee on constitution reported the same and it was adopted. The fee for the first year was fixed at $5.00 ; annual mem- bership thereafter, $5.00. Life membership, $25.00; but if already a member, $20.00. L. E. V. Coon, Amory Holbrook and William Mcllree were appointed a committee to prepare and procure suitable certi- ficates of membership. The election of officers for the ensuing year resulted as follows : William H. Rector, president, Marion County. William Mcllree, vice-president, Linn County. J. Quinn Thornton, vice-president, Benton County. John Whiteaker, vice-president, Lane County. Thomas Frazar, vice-president, Multnomah County. HJSTOKY OF STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 337 Dr. Langley Hall, vice-president, Umpqua County. R. M. Hutchinson, vice-president, Douglas County. John E. Ross, vice-president, Jackson County. Thomas T. Eyre, vice-president, Marion County. Medorem Crawford, vice-president, Yamhill County. William Barlow, vice-president, Clackamas County. President County Society, vice-president, Wasco County. T. D. Winchester, vice-president, Coos County. Capt. William Tichnor, vice-president, Curry County. Riley Hay den, vice-president, Josephine County. Solomon H. Smith, vice-president, Clatsop County. Thomas Smith, vice-president, Columbia County. C. H. Davidson, vice-president, Tillamook County. Jesse D. Walling, vice-president, Polk County. Samuel E. May, corresponding secretary, Marion County. Lucien Heath, recording secretary, Marion County. John H. Moores, treasurer, Marion County. A. A. Smith, Lane County; John Smith, Linn County, and William Ruble, of Polk County, were chosen a board of managers. Committees on finance, library, visiting and publication were appointed. The Oregon Farmer was declared to be the organ of the society. Pursuant to a resolution to that end, J. Quinn Thornton was chosen to deliver the first annual address. The publication committee were authorized to procure 500 certificates of membership and 500 copies of the constitution and by-laws. By formal vote an invitation was extended to the delegates of the " Oregon Fruit-Growers' Association" to merge that body into the " Oregon State Agricultural Society.' 7 The question of selecting the place where the first annual fair should be was decided, after four ballots, by choosing the Linn County fair grounds by 15 votes, to 9 for a point in Benton County, and the time for holding the fair was fixed for the second Tuesday in October. 338 GEORGE H. HIMES. On motion, it was "Resolved, That a committee be appointed to present a petition to the Legislative Assembly of Oregon, at its next session, praying that body to appropriate money for the support of this society and the formation of county agricul- tural societies; and that the said committee be, and it is hereby instructed, to accompany said petition with such a representation of facts, as the basis of it, as shall be deemed most likely to accomplish the object sought." J. Quinn Thornton, William H. Eector and L. E. V. Coon were appointed the committee referred to. The foregoing is the substance of the business transacted at the meeting for organization. In response to the invitation by the Agricultural Society the executive committee of the Oregon Fruit-Growers' Associa- tion, composed of Messrs. Thomas T. Eyre, William Ruble and Ashby Pearce, on April 7, 1860, issued a call for a meeting of the entire committee to be held on September 10, following, to take action upon the invitation. This resulted in its acceptance, which act dissolved the "Oregon Fruit- Growers' Association," and its funds went into the treasury of the State Agricultural Society. April 8, 1860, J. Quinn Thornton, chairman of the com- mittee to prepare a petition praying for State aid through the legislature, made a strong plea in support of the measure and quoted the examples of Alabama, California, Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, New York, and Ohio all giving State aid from $2,000 to $5,000 annually. He also declared that he could not vote for any man who would not pledge himself to support such a measure. Among other things Mr. Thorn- ton said: "Most men perceive that some decided action has become necessary to give a new impetus to farming in Oregon. Its languishing condition causes every other industrial pur- suit to suffer. Any measure which tends to place the arts of agriculture upon a solid basis is wise and beneficent. ' ' On September 10, 1860, a second meeting of the Oregon Agricultural Society was held in Salem, with William H. Rector presiding. The constitution was revised to some exHISTORY OF STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 339 tent in order to make it more workable, the yearly dues and admission fee were reduced from $5.00 to $1.00, and the life membership from $25.00 to $20.00 ; and if already an annual member, to $15.00. The annual due was made $1.00 instead of $2.50. The time of holding the annual meeting was changed from the second Monday in September of each year to the third Wednesday in September, biennially, and regularly every two years thereafter, the officers so elected to begin their term of service on the first Monday in January fol- lowing their election. At this meeting, Mr. George Collier Bobbins, a prominent business man of Portland at that time, was elected president. The vice-presidents chosen were as follows, representing each county in the State : Benton, J. Quinn Thornton ; Clackamas, J. S. Kinearson ; Clatsop, John Hobson ; Columbia, Enoch W. Conyers; Coos, T. D. Winchester; Curry, Peter Ruffner; Douglas, R. M. Hutchinson; Jackson, John E. Ross; Jose- phine, George E. Briggs; Lane, Avery A. Smith; Linn, Wil- liam Mcllree ; Marion, Thomas T. Eyre ; Multnomah, Thomas Frazar; Polk, J. D. Walling; Tillamook, Edrick Thomas; Umpqua, Dr. Langley Hall; Wasco, Orlando Humason (father of Mrs. John B. Waldo of the present day) ; Wash- ington, Thomas R. Cornelius; Yamhill, William Dawson. The corresponding secretary, recording secretary and treas- urer of the previous year were elected. The committees were as follows : Managers E. M. Barnum, Marion; Ashby Pearce, Linn; Benjamin Stewart, Yamhill. Finance Committee George Collier Robbins, Multnomah; Chester N. Terry and Samuel E. May, Marion. Library Committee Samuel E. May and Thomas T. Eyre, Marion; A. G. Walling, Multnomah. Visiting Committee Henry W. Eddy, Clackamas; Ralph C. Geer and Thomas T. Eyre, Marion. Publishing Committee George Collier Robbins, Multno- mah; Samuel E. May and Lucien Heath, Marion. 340 GEORGE H. HIMES.
Of the persons just mentioned only one is now alive, viz., Mr. Enoch W: Conyers, of Clatskanine, Columbia County. Mr. Simeon Francis, already alluded to, was made an hon- orary member of the society. By this time it had been ascertained that it would be im- possible to hold the projected State Fair in Linn County, hence it was postponed for this year (1860), after which the following resolution was passed: "Resolved, That it is the opinion of this society, the first State Fair should be held at Oregon City, provided the citi- zens of Clackamas county shall comply with the requirements of the board of managers, in furnishing the society with grounds, fixtures, etc., for the said fair, the guarantee for which shall be furnished the president of the society so as to be laid before the board of managers at their January meeting. ' ' The question of State aid was being discussed more or less during these formative days, and when the legislature met in Salem, September 10th of that year, the friends of the move- ment sought .legislative support, To this end A. C. Gibbs,* chairman of the committee on judiciary, on September 27, introduced a bill "To encourage the State Agricultural So- ciety and the county agricultural societies," and this was supported by a memorial from the society. The bill was re- ferred to a select committee of which Medorem Crawford, of Yamhill County, was chairman, which reported it favora- bly, and the report was adopted. This gave encouragement to
- Addison C. Gibbs was the second Governor of the State of Oregon,
being elected in 1862 on the "Union" ticket, and took the oath of office on September 10 of that year. He was born in Cattaraugus County, New York, July 9, 1825, became a school teacher, and in 1849 a lawyer. That year he went to the gold mines in California, but not liking the condi- tions, with one hundred others, on September 12, 1850, he embarked for a new seaport on the Oregon coast called "Umpqua." He laid out the town of Gardiner, and in 1852 was the first member of the legislature from Umpqua (now Douglas) County. After his term of four years' service as the "war Governor" of Oregon, which was a peculiarly trying period in the history of Oregon, he was United States District Attorney for the District of Oregon. He died in London, England, in January, 1887. and his remains were brought to Oregon for burial by act of the Legislative Assembly. HISTORY OF STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 341 the friends of the bill. In the committee of the whole, how- ever, prior to this time, Benjamin Stark, of Multnomah; B. F. Harding, of Marion, and R. B. Cochran, of Lane, all in the lower house, opposed the bill, and on October 16 it was indefinitely postponted. Believing it to be a matter of interest I quote the bill that was introduced: Section 1. Be it enacted by the Legislative Assembly of the State of Oregon : That the Treasurer of the State shall, on the day of , 18 , annually, pay to the treasurer of the Oregon State Agricultural Society, the sum of dollars, out of any money in the State treasury not otherwise appropriated. "Section 2. The sum granted, as aforesaid, shall be ap- propriated by the managers of said society to the payment of premiums awarded to encourage and promote the objects for which said society is instituted. "Section 3. That each of the agricultural societies, not exceeding one in each county, to be hereafter organized in this State, shall be entitled to receive from the State Treasurer, within one year after permanent organization, the sum of dollars; and the State Treasurer shall, upon the filing in his office of proper evidence of such organization, pay to the treasurer, or fiscal agent, or officer of said society, the sum of dollars ; and the Treasurer of this State shall be en- titled to a credit for amounts so paid, in the settlement of his account as such State Treasurer. "Section 4. The said sum of dollars thus appropri- ated to the county agricultural societies, shall be expended in the purchase of premiums to be procured and distributed under direction of said societies, respectively, in the manner prescribed in the constitution and by-laws, or other regulations of said societies. " The friends of the society were greatly chagrined over the result of their first effort to secure State aid, especially so since twenty-eight out of the fifty members of the legislature were farmers. At a meeting of the board of managers held in Salem on January 9, 1861, Chester N. Terry was elected corresponding secretary to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Samuel E. May. A committee of five E. M. Barnum, J. H. Moores, B. E. Stewart, Lucien Heath, and Thomas T. Eyre—were appointed to correspond with the officers of the Clackamas County Agricultural Society and ascertain whether that society would grant as favorable terms as had been submitted by Lane and Yamhill counties; if not, then the committee were instructed to locate the State Fair at the Yamhill County Fair Grounds. The date of the fair was set for the first Tuesday in October, to run four days.
A favorable reply having been received from the Clackamas County Agricultural Society by the committee having the matter in charge, the board of managers, at its meeting on June 6, 1861, decided to hold the fair at or near Oregon City. At this time the premium list was adopted, of which the following is a condensation:
Class I.—Cattle.—1—Short Horns; 2—Devons; 3—Herefords; 4—Ayreshires; 5—Alderneys; 6—Graded cattle (cross breeds); 7—Working oxen; 8—Fat cattle; 9—Sweepstakes. Premiums, $459.00. (Exhibitors of animals in Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 must furnish satisfactory evidence of age and pedigree. The judges will exclude over-fat animals, should such be exhibited, the object of the society being to encourage animals suited to breeding purposes. Competitors for No. 8 must file with the secretary affidavits stating the age of the animal, time, manner, kind, quantity and cost of feeding, and all expenses connected with the fattening.)
Class II.—Horses.—No. 10—Horses of all work. (The "horse of all work" should be 15 hands; quick, lively ears; broad between the eyes; round barrel; short loins; well up in the shoulder; deep chested; square quarters; flat legs; short between knee and pastern, and hock and pastern; hind legs well under him; speed equal to eight miles an hour on the road; and at least three miles on the plow; with sufficient blood to insure spirit and endurance; and no horse in this or any other class shall be allowed to compete for a premium unless he be sound.) No. 11—Draft horses; No. 12—Thoroughbreds; No. 13—Roadsters; No. 14—Colts, without reference to blood; No. 15—Matched carriage horses, 16 hands or over; No. 16—Matched carriage horses, 16 hands or under; No. 17—Matched roadsters, with reference to speed; No. 18—Speed; No. 19—Speed and bottom; No. 20—Mares and colts; No. 21—Jacks and mules. (The exhibitor who, on the first HISTORY OF STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 343 and second classes, shall receive the greatest number of sec- ond premiums, shall receive an honorary gratuity of the society's large silver goblet.) Premiums, $549.00. In addi- tion, 12 large silver medals and 12 small ones were offered for competition. CLASS III. Sheep, Swine and Poultry. No. 22 Saxons ; No. 23 Spanish Merinos ; No. 24 French Merinos ; N O> 25 Southdowns ; No. 26 Cotswolds ; No. 27 Fat sheep ; No. 28 Best shepherd dog; No. 29 Swine; No. 30 Poultry, Dunghill fowls, turkeys, ducks, geese, swan, guinea fowls, pea fowls ; No. 31 Rabbits. Premiums, $374.00. CLASS IV. Plowing Implements and Machinery. No. 32 Plowing match ; No. 33 Agricultural implements. Premiums, $18.00 and two large silver medals. CLASS V. Grains, Seeds, Vegetables and Dairy. Premiums, $146.00, and a number of large, medium and small silver medals. CLASS VI. Domestic Manufactures. Forty-one articles were embraced under this subdivision, and the premiums of- fered were $66.00, one large and one small silver medal, and thirty-one diplomas. CLASS VII. Natural History, Mining Products, Art and Home Work. The first, twenty-one articles ; second, twenty- one; third, twenty-one; fourth, eighteen. Premiums, natural history, first and second, $36.00; mining products, diplomas; works of art, $21.00, seven plates and thirteen diplomas ; home work, $73.00, fourteen plates, and one diploma. CLASS VIII. Fruits, Flowers, Plants, Designs, Etc. Prem- iums, $149.00. CLAS: IX. Miscellaneous. Equestrianism, Music, Essay. Premiums, three large silver medals, four medium silver medals, one small silver medal, eight plates, and $65.00. The cost of membership ticket, admitting a person during the fair, $1.00; single admission, gentleman, 50 cents; lady, 25 cents ; children coming with their parents, free. A general invitation was extended to the citizens of Wash ington Territory and California to be present. The cash premiums offered aggregated $1,881.00. On September 7, 1861, the board of managers met on the fair grounds near Oregon City, and made the final arrange- ments for the fair. Jacob S. Risley was contracted with for two tons of straw at $7.50 per ton ; Peter M. Rinearson agreed ' 344 GEORGE H. HIMES.
to furnish five tons of hay at $12.00 per ton ; A. G. Walling was appointed to arrange for half -fare with the Portland ferry for all persons who intended to go to the State Fair, and Jacob S. Rinearson was appointed a committee to make the same arrangement with the Oregon City ferry; it was ordered that an entrance fee of $10.00 be charged for trotting horses over three years old; $2.50 for horses three years old and under ; a premium of $50.00 was fixed for the best trotter entered over three years old ; the trotting to take place on the third and fourth days of the fair; Jacob S. Rinearson was appointed marshal-in-chief of the Fair Grounds, with power to appoint as many assistants as he thought necessary in order to preserve good order; he was also appointed to contract with applicants for an eating table, meals not to exceed 25 cents, exclusive of coffee that to be an extra charge. The following persons were appointed superintendents of classes : Class No. I Jacob S. Risley, Oregon City. Class No. II D. C. Stewart, North Yamhill. Class No. Ill William Abernethy, Oregon City. Class No. IV M. S. Burrell, Portland. Class No. V T. G. Naylor, Forest Grove. Class No. VI S. D. Francis, Oregon City. Class No. VII Joseph Buchtel, Portland. Class No. VIII Thomas T. Eyre, Salem. Class No. IX W. Carey Johnson, Oregon City. Of these persons there are three now living, viz., William Abernethy, Forest Grove, and Joseph Buchtel and W. Carey Johnson, Portland. At the meeting of the board of managers on September 30, 1861, George Collier Robbins tendered his resignation as president of the society, and Simeon Francis was elected to that position. W. Carey Johnson, declining to serve as super- intendent of Class IX, John Gill Campbell was appointed to fill the vacancy. It was voted that an entrance fee of $1.00 be charged for running horses. HISTORY OF STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 345 The annual address was made by the president oi the society, Mr. Simeon Francis. Although he had not been a resident of Oregon but two years, he had become keenly alive to its possibilities as a State of unsurpassed resources. His entire address is worthy of repetition at this time, in view of its forecast of what was to be from his then point of view; but I content myself with reproducing the closing paragraph, which deserves consideration today as much as nearly half a century ago: ' ' I wish to say a few words which shall sink deep into the hearts of the farmers and mechanics, and other men inter- ested in agriculture, now before me. The great interest of this State is agricultural. The welfare of all other interests depend upon its success. A very large portion of the property of this State belongs to the farmers. You pay a large propor- tion of the taxes. It is from your pockets that the treasury is filled. At the last session of the legislature, this society and its active friends asked for a small pittance from its hands to give this society a start upon what I believe will be a glorious career. We told them that this had been done in all the States, and that it had operated to stimulate industry, to increase the amount of taxable property, and would pay back to the treasury a hundred-fold for the means that thus would be withdrawn from it. We pointed them to the action and results in the richest and most prosperous agricultural States of this Union. We pointed out to them the weakness of this society, its needs, and to the advantages that such justice would secure to our people. Their answer was No ! I now say to you that when such men again seek your suffrages for the legislature answer them. No! When men come to you and tell you of your high position as American farmers that you are the bone and muscle and the sinew of the country, and solicit your votes for seats in the legislature, and will not pledge themselves to measures for the great interest of Oregon, in every form in which they can be presented answer them, No ! Could my voice upon this subject reach the farmers of every mountain and valley, hill and dale of Oregon, I would say to them, Send men to the legislature in whom you have faith, who will act for your interests who will respond to your reasonable requests and to those that hesitate who speak doubtingly, answer with all the energy of free men, No! No!!" 346 GEORGE H. HIMES. . <fc The annual address was given by J. Quinn Thornton, a lawyer by profession, and a pioneer of 1846, who was an im- portant character in Oregon for more than thirty years. His address was well received and generally characterized as an exceedingly good one, but was criticised at the time as being more the result of theory than of practice. Notwithstanding this criticism, the few brief quotations here given will indicate that the speaker had many thoroughly practical ideas which lie at the foundation of successful farming: "Agriculture is now everywhere recognized as the com- manding interest of enlightened States. "
- * * it is my opinion that so fair and beautiful a
land as Oregon never before suffered so much in consequence of the numbers of persons in it who are unwilling to work." ' ' In order to success in agriculture as a pursuit there must be a concurrence of three things, the will, the power, and the skill." "To be a successful farmer one must understand the phi- losophy of the rotation of crops, which is built upon a knowl- edge of the laws of vegetable nutrition. ' ' "A man who expects to conduct a farm profitably must attend to several particulars. He must have good implements of husbandry and plenty of them. They must be of the improved kind. They must be kept in order and in their place of course under shelter." "Although the manure pile and the muck heap are a mine of wealth, it is to be regretted that few farmers in Oregon realize their value ; and it is shameful that most of it is suf- fered to be lost by evaporation and by being exposed to rains." "Hiring under any circumstances will require the personal superintendence of the proprietor of the premises as essential to productive farming, the presence of the head of the farm and the use of his eyes being necessary to quicken diligence, and is of much more value than the services of the very best manager. ' ' ' ' It cannot be too deeply impressed upon the mind that what is worth cultivation at all is worth a thorough cultivation. More bushels of wheat can be obtained from ten acres deeply plowed, seasonably planted, and kept clean and loose, than from forty acres, put in and tended as is customary with so many men who have no proper appreciation of the true posi- tion of the American farmer." HISTORY OF STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 347 On October 4, the last day of the fair, the board of mana- gers held a meeting and a number of complimentary resolu- tions were passed, tendering thanks to various persons for services in aiding to make the effort a success, it having sur- passed all expectations, in almost all directions. Almost every comment made upon the enterprise was favorable. One party said : "I liked pretty much everything I saw at the fair but the grounds. We must have smoother and better next year, and where we will not have to cross so many rivers." Another party said: "We all feel proud of the first State Fair in Oregon, but we must learn to begin in time." After the lapse of forty-six years it is a matter of interest to be able to state nearly the exact spot where the first State Fair was held. It was on the north bank of the Clackamas River, about half a mile from its junction with the Willam- ette, and about two miles below Oregon City. The area oc- cupied was about four acres, and was upon the land owned at that time by Peter M. Rinearson, a pioneer of 1845. ' ' The ground includes shade trees and the excellent springs on the bank of the river. The river is easily fordable opposite for carriages and horses; a bridge can be used by those who desire it, and boats can land near the grounds. There are good camping grounds with wood and water convenient. For the exercise of horses, trotting, etc., and lady equestrianism, a large field has been enclosed. On the whole, we think the arrangements very good for the exhibition." It would extend this paper to undue length to give the full list of premiums awarded, hence only the names of the com- petitors in the several classes are given : Class I. Wright, King & Co., Ralph C. Geer, Thomas Cross, M. Wilkins, and W. T. Newby. Class II. Hardin McAllister, F. Shoemaker, E. L. De- Lashmutt, W. T. Newby, J. W. Miller, Cyrus Smith, M. P. Gilliam, John G. Baker, E. Bedwell, J. Sanders, D. J. Coffey, J. Laughlin, M. Fountain, Sanford Wilcox, G. Klingly, Wil- liam Barlow, R. Arthur, Joseph Knott, John Downing, S. and 348 GEORGE H. HIMES. ) I. Durbin, I. A. Austin, Emery & Rickey, C. Plummer, R. C. Geer, S. Coffin, J. VVatt (Salem.) Class III. Spanish Merinos, William Abernethy, W. B. Magers, J. L. Parrish, John Minto, John B. Roberts; French Merinos, John Minto, A. Carey, J. L. Parrish, T. G. Naylor; Southdown, Ralph C. Geer, M. J. Lane, Archibald McKinlay ; Swine, R. C. Geer, Thomas Cross, Henry W. Eddy; Poultry, William Holmes, Benjamin Roop. Class IV. L. & S. W. Rinearson, Oregon-made plow; Kiiapp, Burrell & Co., H. W. Corbett, William Barlow, Joseph Jones, George Coggan, and John Downing. Class V. L. D. C. Latourette, William Barlow, Joseph Magorie, L. W. Morgan, Martin Luper, Knapp, Burrell & Co., Dr. Perry Prettyman, W. C. Laughlin, H. Johnson, Joel Palmer, C. Deardorff, Miss Isabella Laughlin, John Laughlin, A. J. Durfur, Mrs. G. W. Taylor, A. J. Chapman, Morgan Gleason, John Nacend. Class VI. J. Harbison, beehive; L. D. C. Latourette, honey ; Darius Smith, telegraph churn ; Mrs. Charles Walker, domestic soap ; Miss Mary L. Holmes, domestic soap ; F. Fisher, one pair boots; Mrs. M. Deardorff, stocking-yarn; Mrs. E. G. Waldron, potato starch; L. Behrens, keg lager beer; Dr. P. Prettyman, beehive. Class VII. Mrs. W. W. Williams, Dr. J. H. Black, Buchtel & Cardwell, Dr. J. R. Cardwell, Miss Emma Johnson, Mrs. A. A. Hodges, W. Lynn White, Mrs. L. D. C. Latourette, Mrs. E. G. Rogers, Mrs. A. H Steele, Miss M. E. Skaife (now Mrs. Eugene A. Breyman, Salem), Dr. L. S. Skiff, Mrs. Julia Ann Lewis, Thomas T. Eyre, Mrs. J. Byrne, Mrs. Charles Walker, Mrs. M. L. Sawtelle, Mrs. M. S. Lansdale, Miss Frankie Holmes, Miss Philomene Matthieu, F. C. Pomeroy, Miss Ellen Wilcox, Mrs. E. D. Kelly, Mrs. D. W. Craig, James Wise, Mrs. M. C. Geer, Miss Lucinda Deardorff, Mrs. Cyrus Smith, Mrs. Alfred Stanton, Mrs. William Barlow, William Abernethy, J. C. Franklin, Walling & Carter, Miss Jane Walling, G. W. Walling, Mrs. G. W. Taylor, Mrs. E. S. Francis, Mrs. Emily Hunsaker, Mrs. Aaron E. Wait, Mrs. N. M. Thorton, Miss Henrie S. Moss, Miss Amy Gaines, Miss Jennie Gaines, Mrs. S. Francis. Class VIII. -D. D. Tompkins, S. Miller, Seth Lewelling, William Abernethy, John Mathiot, C. N. Greenman, W. C. Laughlin. Floral Designs Mrs. A. H. Steele, William Sim- mons, Miss Effie E. Morgan, J. T. Hunsaker, L. C. Burkhart, Charles Walker, Joel Palmer, Peter A. Weiss, P. P. PrettyHISTORY OF STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 349 man, G. W. Walling, Thomas T. Eyre, Eddy, Miller & Lam- bert, E. S. Jocelyn. Class IX. Hardin McAlister, James McNary, Dr. Perry Prettyman, William Holmes, J. W. Lewis, Barney Fitzpatrick, Martin Luper, F. C. Pomeroy, Mrs. M. C. Geer, Mrs. Aaron E. Wait, Mrs. N. M. Thornton, Miss A. E. Thornton, G. W. Walling, Frank Dekum, E. G. Bryant, L. E. Pratt, C. Roop, J. Quinn Thornton, Joseph E. Hurford, Miss Sarah Hunsaker, Mrs. Ezra Weston, Dr. William Keil. In all there were one hundred and forty-two exhibitors and two hundred and sixty-two premiums were awarded. Many of the exhibitors became permanent patrons of the society as long as they lived but not many of them are alive at this time. Personally, I can only recall the following: Breyman, Mrs. Eugene A. (formerly Miss M. E. Skaife), Salem. Craig, Mrs. D. W., Salem. Durbin, Solomon, Salem. Minto, John, Salem. Holmes, Miss Mary L., Oregon City. Kelly, Mrs. E. D., Oregon City. Greenman, Clark N., Oregon City. Buchtel, Joseph, Portland. Cardwell, Dr. James B., Portland. Lambert, J. H., Portland. Hodges, Mrs. Annie Abernethy, Buffalo, N. Y. (She was a daughter of Governor Abernethy.) Currey, Mrs. George B. (formerly Miss Jennie Gaines), La Grande. Abernethy, William, Dora, Coos County, but temporarily liv- ing at Forest Grove while educating his children. The detailed report of the fair closes with the following reflections : "The principal and only just cause of complaint in the management of the fair, was that there was no specific pro- gramme of each day's proceedings conspicuously posted, so as to inform the spectators of what was to be done, and when and where it was to be done. We would suggest that the ex- hibitors should hereafter appoint a certain hour in each day to go about with reporters, so that a fair understanding of the merit of each article can be arrived at; for it would be exf 350 GEORGE H. HIMES. pecting too much to suppose that one should discover of himself all those things which should be made public. This plan will insure a fair notice, and prevent mistakes. " The editor of the Oregon Farmer, Albert G. "Walling ostensibly, but really Simeon Francis, who did most excellent work in assisting to stir up public sentiment in support of the Agricultural Society, in commenting on the fair, says : "The first Oregon State Fair has come and gone. The weather was good the fair well attended the exhibition fair and take it all together, we are satisfied with our first effort. There were some errors which will hereafter be cor- rected some improvements which experience has taught can be made and we have no doubt, with a good location, the second fair will greatly exceed in interest and importance, the first, though with that we are satisfied. We were greatly pleased that many of our friends adopted our suggestions of coming to the fair with their families and forming camps within the vicinity of the Fair Grounds. That was done to a great extent, and young and old enjoyed the instructions and pleasures of the fair, and were well satisfied. So we thought, and we feel certain that if there were 500 people in camp at the fair just closed, there will be four times that many at the next State Fair. "On the whole, we congratulate the farmers of the State, the members and officers of the State Agricultural Society, that the labors expended in getting up the first fair, resulted in distinguished success! With proper industry and good management on the part of the officers, we believe the State Agricultural Society will, hereafter, in its efforts to advance the farming interests of our State, go on its way rejoicing. ' ' The Oregon City Argus of October 5 said : "This fair was a decided success and has given a decided impetus to the march of agricultural improvement in the State, and will no doubt be followed by many succeeding State Fairs, all marking a steady ratio of onward and upward progress. We hope the next State Fair will be held on grounds selected with a view to the comfort of thousands who may be expected to go there. It ought to be held in some beautiful grove, such as Marion, Polk, Linn, and other counties boast many of, contiguous to a small prairie, with wood and water handy, so as to enable families to camp out we ought to have a regular camp-meeting fair, where old folks can meet toHISTORY OF STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 351 gether, and have a jolly good time sitting around a board covered with bright tin dishes, and loaded with nicely cooked products of the farm. ' ' According to the same paper, one of the most interesting features of the fair was the competition of sixteen young .ladies and the same number of young gentlemen for the premiums (first and second large and medium silver medals) for equestrianship. The ladies who competed were as follows:' Miss Belle Case, Polk; Miss Delma Belknap, Mrs. Poole, Washington; Miss Susan L. Gearhart, Clatsop; Miss Dear- dorff, Mrs. Edmonds, and Miss Paulina Tompkins, Clackamas; Oregon City ladies: Miss Frankie Holmes, Miss Mollie L. Holmes, Miss Susan Jackson, Misses Julia and Amy Johnson, Miss Henrietta Miller, Misses Amanda and Jennie Gaines. Miss Case, of Polk, and Miss Jackson, of Clackamas, were awarded the first and second premiums, and among the gentle- men Mr. Post, of Polk, and Samuel Headrick, of Marion, first and second premiums. The receipts were as follows, according to the statement rendered by Lucien Heath, financial secretary: Tickets and admissions . . . $1,321.17 Licenses 125.00 Expenditures. Amount paid for premiums $ 758.00 Amount of bills paid '. . . . 442.67 Amount of cash on hand to balance . . 245.50 $1,446.17 $1,446.17 At the close of the first fair there were on the secretary's books sixty-six names as members, seven paying $5.00 each, and fifty-nine paying $1.00 each, aggregating $94.00 from that source. The grounds at Oregon City not being satisfactory, at the meeting on the 4th of October, 1861, the board of managers decided to advertise for proposals for a place to hold the second State Fair; accordingly the following notice was sent out by Chester N. Terry, corresponding secretary: 352 GEORGE H. HIMES. "CORRESPONDING SECRETARY'S OFFICE, "Salem, Oregon, October 9, 1861. 1 ' Proposals will be received at the office of the correspond- ing secretary until January 1, 1862, for the place of holding the second annual State Fair. Said proposals must state the situation of the ground, the amount of land enclosed, which must include the track ; the amount of shedding for stock, with the number of stalls, with size of building for the reception of fruits,- machinery, and other articles; also, seats on the ground to seat ladies during the exhibition of horsemanship, etc. ; also, a small building, suitably finished inside, with ade- quate fixtures, near the gate entrance, for the secretary's office ; and how the grounds are situated as to water for stock and other purposes; also, judges' stands. The proposals must be signed by responsible persons, with a guarantee that the grounds will be fitted up according to the proposals." In response to the foregoing the agricultural societies of Yamhill, Lane and Linn counties made proposals for the fair ; and on December 2, 1861, W. J. Herren, president of the Marion County Society, sent out a call for a meeting of that body to be held on December 28, "to make such arrangements as to secure to this county the State Fair of 1862." At this meeting it was found that the Marion County So- ciety owned eight acres of land about a mile northeast of Salem; that there was an indebtedness of $3,714.50 against it $2,100.00 for land, and $614.50 for improvements. A committee of three was appointed to provide relief, and at the same time to secure the location of the State Society at Salem, and accordingly a proposal was submitted to the board of managers of the State Society, which was accepted by that body on June 17, 1862, and on July 15, 1862, it was an- nounced that the second State Fair of Oregon would be held on the Marion County Fair Grounds on ' ' Tuesday, September 30, 1862, and continue four days." On September 18, 1862, at a meeting of the State Society, the question of permanent location was considered, and a vote thereon taken, which resulted as follows : Salem, 65 ; Oregon City, 2 ; Eugene, 1 ; Corvallis, 1. Salem having received a majority over all other places, was declared to be the perma- nent location. RECOLLECTIONS OF AN INDIAN AGENT IV. By T. "W. DAVENPORT. The Indian 's side of the story, in his conflict with the white man, will never be fully told, and it need not be. Something of it is known and the rest can be predicted. An unprogres- sive being was he, quite well satisfied with the present, un- stimulated by the past, non-apprehensive of the future, and any one can say of such a being that in contact with one in all things the reverse, a restless mortal dissatisfied with the present, with a history pointing upwards, apprehensive of the future and always striving for individual and social bet- terment; in other words, continually working on his environ- ment and full of the enthusiasm of progress which coveted the earth yes, any one can say that the former would be the victim, the one sinned against, and the latter the sinner, what- ever the annals might show. As it is, however, Poor Lo must stand in history as the barbarian resisting unto death the ad- vance of civilization. Of course, if the American aborigine persisted in his habit of depending upon the spontaneous productions of the earth for a living, he must and should go to the wall in a contest with those whose habits of contributing their labor and thought to increase the bounties of nature, put them in harmony with nature's other edict, that man should multiply and replenish the earth. The two modes of life are irreconcilably antagonistic. One is at variance with any con- siderable increase of population and means destruction either by war or famine to hold it in check; the other is consistent with increase of population, invites to individual effort of mind and body in utilizing the forces of nature and thus leads to civilization. This natural and therefore inevitable antagonism, which must produce perpetual conflict even when both sides to it are governed by humane principles, was never brought home 354 T. W. DAVENPORT. to the Indian except by the terrible tuition of force. Even among our own citizens who have had the opportunities for enlightenment that come from colleges and schools, how many of them have considered this as a philosophical question and looked with compassion upon the red brother who is wholly without such helps to form a proper judgment and thereby incline him to habits promotive of peace and a progressive life. And this tuition of force and destruction, in its entirety, has been unknown to the Indian. Each tribe and probably contiguous tribes could know of it as applied to themselves, but of its history, extent, and universality, they could not know. The Indian, without science and arts, except the rudest, without literature or a recorded history, what could he know of the advance of that persistent, cumulative and relentless force, which resist as he would, was crowding him off the earth ? And in this so-called race conflict, are we, with a! our science, history, and philosophy, in a mental condition to do justice to the character of this barbarian? I fear that we are not. We say that he is cruel, treacherous, revengeful, indiscriminate in slaughter when at war, and receives pleasure in torturing his enemies. Admit it all, and the Indian, if he had the ability to read our history, could say that every such allegation is true of the white man in overflowing degree. Yes, the Indian is indiscriminate and inclined to hold the white race responsible for the acts of an individual, and in my experience at the Umatilla, as I have elsewhere related, there was not a case of grievance alleged by a white man against an Indian, that he did not, in his anger, mutter maledictions against the whole Indian breed and blame Uncle Sam for trying to make anything out of it. I did not there- fore rush to the conclusion that the white man is no better than the Indian, for in every such instance, after the relations between the races had been explained, and the provocatives to individual resistance and retaliation for the white man's encroachments were shown, the white denouncer proved his superiority by exhibiting a more fraternal spirit towards his red brother. RECOLLECTIONS OF AN INDIAN AGENT. 355 If by the declaration that the red man's story will never be told, is meant that there is a darker hue than has been given to the white man's side of the conflict, evidently it should not be told. Enough has been recorded of both sides to show that too large a part of both races are at times given over to destructive frenzy. That is the way with all tribes and nations, and this fact or the degree of the fact is not in the right direction to find the measure of their advancement, which, in the language of the mathematician, is to be found in the summation of the series. We have only to look across the .line into the British pos- sessions of North America to see that their treatment of the Indian has been more promotive of peace and good will than ours, and some people are swift to conclude that the Canadians are of a higher moral tone than the people of the United States. The true reason lies in the fact that their system of government has a more constant and more powerful restrain- ing influence upon the lawless class in society. There is more individual freedom with us, and consequently more room for departure from the normal line of conduct. This difference is boldly in evidence to those of our citizens who have lived in mining regions governed by Canadian officers, whose official tenure does not depend upon the mood of the populace. The mounted police of the Dawson country is a much better protection to the inhabitants than our system of elective sheriffs and constables. My brother, John C. Davenport, who owned gold mines in British Columbia, was very decided in his preference for the summary proceedings there, in restrain- ing the predatory class that infest the mines of every country and by collusion and false swearing beat honest people out of their rightful possessions. The commissioner appointed to investigate cases of conflict, examines into the merits of each and makes a report, upon which the "frauds" are admonished to take themselves off, and in case of refusal are lodged in jail. As a general rule such methods are satisfactory to honest claimants, but when those armed with such powers become, pecuniarily or otherwise, interested in a vitiation of justice, then our people perceive that they have a power to contend with that is more to be dreaded than the temporary mis-verdicts of public opinion. It has been proved hundreds of times that despotic governments are favorable to what is termed "law and order," but the individual surveillance promotive of it is also destructive to that individual freedom without which human progression is impossible. So, as we in the United States have adopted progression as our shibboleth, our Indian question and the history we have made in connection with it, must be viewed from our standpoint. And this means that we must look at what the people have done individually or rather desultorily (and this of course points to the frontiersman), and what has been done by the government. And upon separating these two modes of conduct great dissimilarity may be observed. On the frontier where individualism prevailed, unhindered to a great extent by governmental restraint, the contest between the two forms of society was one of mutual distrust, hate, and retaliation, in which the destructive faculties of both races were conspicuously displayed.
On our part it was always one of encroachment, of necessity, so as we have seen, in which the view point of the Indian was never essayed; his ideas, customs, and rights as he viewed them, seldom respected, and hence all his powers of resistance were brought to the front with most alarming ferocity. It must not be assumed, however, that this fretful edge of civilization was all brutishness; there were conspicuous examples of wisdom and benevolence on our part, enough to temper in some degree the asperities of the conflict, but not enough to control. The government, on the other hand, took a larger view of the situation by recognizing the possessory rights of the Indians, making treaties, buying large tracts needed by us for expansion and, with the consent of the tribes, moving them westward or placing them upon reservations where advancements of money and goods were made to assist them in becoming agriculturists. It is pleasant to know that such was the declared policy of the national government, though we RECOLLECTIONS OF AN INDIAN AGENT. 357 are compelled to admit that it has fallen lamentably short in the fulfilment of its promises. As all popular governments must be, ours has been swerved by the vox populi, which is not uninfluenced by merely selfish considerations that find their opportunity in maladjustments and war. There have not been wanting men to make known and resist such abuses, and others of an unofficial character; enough has been done to show that with more deliberation, a better knowledge of the Indian character, a proper regard for his beliefs and customs, and the cultivation of a more fraternal spirit, the advance of civiliza- tion would have proceeded without the horrors that have at- tended it. From the first, the treatment of the Indian by the white man is unexplainable except upon the assumption that he was so far inferior that he must not stand in the way of the latter and yield up to him everything to satisfy his avari- cious and lustful desires. We are so unconsciously in the habit of passing over the Indian as unworthy of notice that we speak of Christopher Columbus as being the discoverer of America, although millions of human beings had occupied the continent for untold ages. From that time onward the natives were considered legitimate objects of conquest and exploita- tion, and with the exception of the missionary work of the Christians, were so treated. History has no blacker pages than those relating the conquest of Mexico and Peru by the Spaniards, in which Dr. Draper says they extinguished a civilization scarcely inferior to their own. Our treatment of the Indian has been mild in comparison, still we have not re- garded him as entitled to equal rights with ourselves, not- withstanding our Jeffersonian principles. In this we erred as every experiment in fraternal treatment has proved. Lewis and Clark, guided by the humanitarian admonitions of Jefferson, passed the breadth of the continent unmolested and even welcomed by the so-called savages, numerous enough to have annihilated them at the commencement of the journey. With the Indian, as with other people, the exhibition of a kindly and just spirit goes far to bring about reciprocal senti- ment and makes for peace. And it may as well be said, that 358 T. W. DAVENPORT. without such sympathies people do not become acquainted; they cannot weigh each other. How many times conflicts and wars could have been averted by a mutual understanding, by putting ourselves in the Indian's place. And here I must narrate an incident that occurred on the plains in the year 1850. Our train of fifteen wagons and as many men was passing through the Otoe Indian country, some fifty miles west of the Missouri River, when descending into a hollow we came unexpectedly upon a hundred Indians sit- ting in a semi-circle facing the road. One of them arose and approached, evidently with the desire to say something. The train halted and this man said that his brethren sitting there were Otoe Indians, that they had depended in times past upon hunting and fishing for a living, but since the travel through their country to Sante Fe, Salt Lake, California and Oregon had become so constant during the hunting season, there was no longer any game for them. They could not go north or west without meeting with their enemies, the Pawnees and Sioux, or to the south without coming in contact with the more dreaded Comanches, and they thought it not out of the proper way to ask travelers through their country to contribute some- thing for their support. This was said in good English and with a respectful manner. At that, one of our men, Mr. Ephraim Cranston, from Ohio, began what I should call a Fourth of July oration, in which he informed the Indian speaker in grandiloquent style that we were American citizens, entitled to travel anywhere in Uncle Sam's dominions and that we came prepared to resist any encroachments upon our rights. At the close of that peroration, the Indians, if they had been inclined to ridicule, should have given liberal applause, for we had no guns in sight and probably could not have presented a loaded rifle in 15 minutes by the watch, while there sat 100 Indians with their guns, every one presumably ready for instant service. The Indian, like a sensible man, made no reply and my father asked him how much they had been requesting travellers to contribute. He answered, $1 RECOLLECTIONS OF AN INDIAN AGENT. 359 a wagon. * * I see, I see, ' ' said father, * * your request seems to be reasonable and here are three dollars for our three wagons. ' ' A Mr. Collins, late a professor in a Kentucky college, said, "Dr. Davenport, you pay one dollar for me and I will hand it to you this evening at camp." When all had paid, the Indians arose and one of them, the chief, came forward, ad- dressed my father as Doctor Davenport, and began to con- verse with him in faultless English. We learned afterwards that he had attended an American college. He wished to know which were our wagons, and after they were pointed out, he said, ' ' Doctor, your buggy ought not to be called more than half a wagon, ' ' and addressing a word or two in his own language to the collector, the latter handed father half a dollar. Turning to Mr. Cranston, who was ill at ease, from the adverse outcome of his oratory, the chief asked, "How many fighting men have you, Captain?" Mr. Cranston no doubt felt that the question was rather on the sarcastic order .and remained silent. Likely, there would have been no danger in refusing to contribute, but the incident is valuable in showing how easily conflicts arise between people having different ideas, customs and laws. Mr. Cranston, though in this instance sadly indiscreet, was a well-informed man and knew that the Otoes claimed the country we were travelling over and that the general government had not purchased their claim, but ensconced in the egotism common to a large part of the American people, he had dismissed the Indian notion of tribal ownership as childish and the practice of the govern- ment in treating with them and purchasing the land claimed l>y them, as worse than foolish, for it confirmed them in the absurd opinion that they really owned the land they had been in the habit of roaming over. Still, as a matter of natural justice, and in every aspect of the case, the Otoes had the best of the argument. They were natives to the soil, their an- cestors for untold generations had occupied and possessed it, there was no allegation of conflicting claims, and so their title was good by every condition precedent, ever urged by any civilized nation. At that time the government maintained 360 T. W. DAVENPORT. II an agency in the Otoes' country and was doing something in the line of improvement, as they were hemmed in by hostile tribes that kept them away from the buffalo country. Here the Missouri River was the western boundary of civilization, which was with difficulty restrained from invading the Indian territory. And here, as at every other point where the white and red man met, their attitude was one of personal antagonism lead- ing to destructive physical conflict. And when we go further back and inquire into the antecedents of the contestants, there should be no wonder as to the result ; in the nature of things it could not be otherwise. As we have shown, civilization, devoid of personality, is essentially aggressive, and when we add to this the education of the white man, the explanation is complete. From the cradle up he was the recipient of folk lore which placed the Indian as his hereditary and implacable enemy. To the childish request, "Grandma, te.ll me a story," it was bear or Indian, ghost stories being too tame for frontier life, and that the bear and Indian did not stand upon the same plane as objects to be exterminated, seldom entered into the thoughts of the grandmother or the little one soon to take part in the conquest of the wilderness. When older, his read- ing was of a like kind, Western Adventures, Border Wars, etc., in which the Indian was pictured as a war demon isolated from every human affection, and the white warrior as battling for family, kindred, home and country. Granny might bring tears to the eyes of her little auditors by telling how the bear's cubs moaned over their dead mother, but no tears flowed for the Indian children made destitute by this perpet- ual conflict. No thought was taken of them. With such tuition isn't it to the credit of the white man that his side of the story is no worse? Daniel Boone, when an old man and entertaining some young admirers with his hunting experiences, spoke of the grand excitement the hunter feels when in the pursuit of "big game" deer, bear, elk, buffalo, etc. "But boys," said RECOLLECTIONS OF AN INDIAN AGENT. 361 he, "the grandest game of all is Indians." And Daniel Boone was not a bad or blood-thirsty man. In fact quite the reverse. From his first entry into Kentucky, that * ' Dark and Bloody Ground," his life was one long contest with the sav- ages, with scarcely an intermission of peace. From the per- sistence and intensity with which the Indians of that State and the country north of the Ohio River resisted the white man's approach, it seemed as though they were actuated by a common purpose to defend their country to the last extremity. There is nothing more exciting in human annals, nothing more inspiring to the virile resolution and forces of men than the hair-breadth escapes, the thrilling adventures and heroic fortitu.de exhibited by the pioneers in their life-and-death struggle with the red man for possession of the great, rich and beautiful valley of the Ohio. And Daniel Boone was the wise counsellor, the indefatigable protector, the wary and skillful warrior, in truth, the most striking and picturesque figure of the many extraordinary personages, both men and women, who contributed to the desired result. In his day and in his circumstances, there was no room for philosophical disquisition and broad views that might have brought other means to bear in the solution of that terrible problem, and he can well be pardoned for an utterance in his old age which smacks of a love of diabolism. Omitting the Indian's side of the story, the needless indi- vidual aggressions, the breaking of promises that involved the public faith, some of them that in the nature of things could not be fulfilled and ought never to have been made, the making of treaties under duress, the frequently recurring and cruel demands to leave their ancestral homes and burial places and go westward into strange and comparatively barren regions surrounded by enemies of their own race, omitting all these from the white man 's view, as indeed they were, and recollect- ing only his own side, the vacant seats at the fireside, the ambush and the Indian 's deadly aim, the captivity and torture, the scalping knife and tomahawk, is it any particular wonder that in his view the only good Indians are dead Indians and 362 T. W. DAVENPORT. % that he should think of them as "varmints" to be killed on sight ? This may be thought an extreme view, as indeed it is, when applied to the government or the whole people of the United States, but it is not extreme in its application to most of those who have had to bear the brunt of the conflict re- sulting from the impact of the two antagonistic modes of human existence. An incident which illustrates this branch of the subject is related in Lyman's late History of Oregon, viz.: that of a young man in the emigration of 1847, who wantonly shot a squaw that was in a tree gathering boughs for a bed. I had an account of it from one of the members of the train and have no doubt as to the truth of his narration. The young fellow had said frequently that he intended to kill an Indian and get into line with his ancestors who were Indian fighters. His boasting was thought to be mere gas and no serious at- tention was given to it, further than to remark that killing Indians had better be postponed to a more propitious season. One day while the company was encamped he returned from a hunt and coolly informed his fellow travellers that he had made his word good by shooting an Indian. His story was not credited, but soon a band of Indians arrived and de- manded the murderer. Strenuous efforts were made to in- demnify the justly irate Indians by the payment of goods, money, cattle or anything in the train, but they were not to be appeased by such presents, and as they largely outnumbered the emigrants, no effectual resistance could be opposed to their requisition. Knowing that in their present mood the victim would meet with a most cruel death, as a last resort, they proposed a trial and conviction after the manner of the white man's court. Nothing would do, he had to be given up to the Indians, who flayed him alive in hearing of the horror-stricken emigrants. It would have been more in accordance with their reputation to have robbed or massa- cred the train. It is stated in the aforesaid history that thirty- two white immigrants were killed by the Snake Indians in the year 1851, but there is no provocation or incident given by the RECOLLECTIONS OF AN INDIAN AGENT. 363 historian as a reason for such hostility. Presumably he knew of none or he would have recorded the fact. There was one, however, well known to the members of the train in which the first casualty occurred. The Patterson train arrived at Rock Creek on the south side of Snake River about the middle of July. Dr. Patterson, as camp hunter, had preceded the train and, finding a small party of Indians encamped upon the best place on the creek, he ordered them off. They did not heed or maybe did not understand his commands, and he brought his shotgun into play, pointing it at them and at last firing it over their heads. Thereupon they took hasty leave and the next morning at dawn, one of the guards, a Mr. Black from Indiana, was shot through the abdomen while standing before the camp fire. The same morning two others in trains near by were slightly wounded. Our train, Mac Alexander's, arrived at the Rock Creek camp the evening of that day, and we saw Mr. Black, ex- amined his wound and heard from members of the train the recital given above. I heard the story from several of the company and there was no material difference. There seemed to be no excuse for Patterson, although all agreed that he intended no bodily harm to the Indians. I wrote it down at the time, as did my mother, who included it in letters to friends East, and it is a little strange that it did not get into print. I have a letter before me from the Hon. John N. Davis, of Marion County, Oregon, who claims to be the only survivor of the Patterson train. He writes from memory and cannot give the exact date of the occurrence, but says it was about the middle of July, and he gives the first name of Mr. Black (Presly), which I never knew, and also stated that he lived seventeen days afterwards and was buried on Birch Creek. I can corroborate Mr. Davis 's memory as to the latter, for I was present at his deathbed and assisted to bury him on Birch Creek. Mr. Davis goes a little more into details concerning Patterson's reasons for driving the Indians away than were given to me at that time, and his account makes the conduct of Patterson appear in a worse light. I quote that portion ' 364 T. W. DAVENPORT. of this letter: "The Indians wanted to trade ducks for powder, but the doctor and his party were afraid to let the Indians camp near them, so they pointed their guns at them, and the Indians ran. Then Dr. P. and party fired their guns over the fleeing Indians' heads and pursued them on horse- back to see how fast the Indians could run. It was the cause of Black's death and the whole trouble with the Bannock tribe of Indians that year." As the Indians are very good judges as to the meaning of human actions, presumably they did not believe that Patterson intended to shoot them, but what he did was a most dastardly insult which a white man would have considered just cause for war. Thereafter the emigrants had a running fight for a hundred miles along that portion of Snake River. My father, Dr. Benjamin Daven- port, and Dr. Hutton examined Mr. Black and decided that if he could be at rest or carried 011 a litter there was good prospect of recovery. But people were panicky and wanted to get out of the Indian country as soon as possible. The wounded man was placed upon a bed made by weaving a rope through holes along the upper edge of a wagon bed and car- ried in this way until he died. That he lived for seventeen days, jolted ten or twelve hours a day on rough and rocky roads, would seem to prove that the doctors were correct in their prognosis. Thousands of provocatives on both sides have never been recorded, and the order of their occurrence, especially with reference to priority, is wholly unknown ; sometimes from one side and sometimes from the other a single exhibition of brute force, an invasion of human rights from an untraceable source, being sufficient to bring on a collision between two races mutually distrustful and apprehensive of destructive assault. But along with such forbidding features, stand out in bold relief instances of sympathy and fraternity coming from both races that should redeem even the Indian from the general charge of unmitigated barbarism. Among our own people there is a small class whom we may call philanthropists, ever contending that the white man is the active and needless RECOLLECTIONS OF AN INDIAN AGENT. 365 aggressor, and that to restrain him is the rational and sure way to preserve the peace. They forget or do not properly weigh the fact that the Indian tribes, before civilization pressed them, were, with slight intermission, in continual war- fare with each other, and that such a school is not promotive of an active and predominant state of the moral sentiments. That a hand to hand conflict, such as must have been with the weapons then used, wherein the destroying passions were at the highest tension, did not blot out the kindly qualities of their nature, should be taken as proof that they are good sub- jects upon which to try the civilizing experiments. In tha year 1846 some of the immigrants to Oregon were diverted to the southern route, passing through Rogue River Valley, and from want of water and grass while travelling through an unexplored region on the east side of the Cascade Moun- tains, were brought to extreme destitution. Some of them died, more were so reduced in strength from excessive toil and privation as to be barely able to walk. In this condition my father's cousin, David Colver, of the Waldo Hiills, Oregon, fell into Rogue River and though he held to an overhanging bush he was unable to extricate himself. The water was cold, his hold upon the bush was gradually losening, when he was espied by an Indian and rescued from his perilous position. The Indian conducted him to his wigwam, warmed, dried and fed him, and, thus reclaimed to the living, piloted him several miles on his way to the Willamette Valley. Even at this time the whites were treating the Rogue River Indians as enemies. Was that a foolish Indian or one of the good Samaritan breed? I learned from others who came that way that they too were befriended. When our train arrived at Fort Laramie in the fore part of June, 1851, thousands of Sioux Indians were scattered for miles around the fort. There was no alternative but to camp among them and evidently futile to try to guard our stock, so we turned loose our cattle and horses, went to bed and trusted to Providence to find them in the morning. Not a hoof was missing or strayed and the explanation for such an 366 T. W. DAVENPORT. % unexpected result was somewhat varied; some attributing it to the proximity of the fort which contained a company of U. S. Cavalry; others to the fraternal treatment of the In- dians who visited us at camp. The chief came to our tent, was invited to supper by my father, partook heartily of dough- nuts and coffee with sugar and cream, conversed as well as he could by means of a few words of English and his native pantomime, at which he was an adept, and with many hand- shakes departed at a late hour, no doubt well pleased with his reception. A short distance away was another camp of emigrants who, with one exception, extended the hand of friendship to the red brothers. This man motioned them away, evinced by scowls and other signs that their company was not wanted and they complied with his wishes. Next morning his family alone had cause to lament his want of hospitality. A thief in the night time had stolen their entire outfit of cook- ing utensils. His suspicions were no doubt correct, that In- dians had done it, and possibly they would have taken his cattle also if they could have identified them. Sometimes it is bad policy to spurn even a worm. From such instances as are of historical record and others handed along from sire to son, we must conclude that there is far greater difference in individuals of the aboriginal type than of other peoples, or else that the character of the typical Indian as given by his- torians is of very doubtful accuracy. If there is one quality accredited to the Indian upon which writers oftener agree it is treachery, a term which may be indicative of good or bad disposition, depending wholly upon circumstances. No sensi- ble person, well informed upon legal matters, attaches any importance or binding obligation to a bargain or treaty made under duress, or when one of the parties to it is not free to express his wishes or interests, or is seduced by false promises, but that is the kind of treaty we have been making with the Indians, with slight exceptions, ever since the discovery by Columbus. In a proper and legal sense they were not treaties but impositions to be protested whenever favorable oppor- tunity arrived. That the Indians have been faithless to them RECOLLECTIONS OF AN INDIAN AGENT. 367 in several instances may be termed treachery by us, but when we take time to think of the whole subject-matter, he rather rises in our estimation as a good specimen of the Patrick Henry sort who prefers death to a loss of liberty. If we are to credit history, the treaty made by William Perm and the Indians was genuine and faithfully observed by both con- tracting parties. We are so unaccustomed to the observance of the Golden Rule by putting ourselves in others' places long enough to get a proper understanding of their relation to nature and its facts, that we are altogether unacquainted with how the In- dian feels or how we would feel when being called upon by an alien to leave the land of our birth and inheritance through unknown generations ; to tear the heart strings loose from all that humanity holds dear and sacred and emigrate to a region where the problem of life must begin anew. Some of these demands, especially in their execution, have been most heart- less and cruel, but in the main the government has executed such decrees of fate in a spirit of true philanthropy. Most bloody and bitter has been the red man's answer to some of these demands. Captain Jack and his little remnant of Mo- docs could not understand why the great and powerful white race that had usurped the whole country could not let them remain upon Lost River, their ancestral home. They wanted to reason the case but the white man would not reason. In fact there was no reason, other than the fact of civilization, and this to the barbarians was an enigma. Is it strange that they lapsed into a destructive frenzy, blind to consequences? All that Chief Joseph the Nez Perce wanted was to be let alone in his home, the little, lovely, out-of-the-way Wallowa Valley. But no reason that led towards equal rights for him and his people did not apply. Unlike Captain Jack, he did not fall into a frenzy, but he towered with splendid res- olution and gave the white man battle according to the civil- ized code of warfare. Neither reason nor force could rescue him from the grip of fate; he lost both his country and his freedom, and now, an old man, is looked upon by his con> 368 T. W. DAVENPORT. ^ querors as a hero worthy of a better cause. Very likely he knew that he would be beaten, but the habit and inspiration of freedom defies consequences and puts the human soul at one with the universe. A great council was held in the Walla Walla Valley in May, 1855, at which were gathered all the principal tribes of Eastern Oregon and Washington, the federal government be- ing represented by two very able men, Governor Isaac I. Stevens and Joel Palmer, Commissioner from Oregon. As usual there was ' ' a feast of fat things full of marrow, ' ' which no doubt helped to smoothe the way to an amicable under- standing which came late and after many hindrances and was made possible by the steadfast purpose of Young Lawyer, chief of the Nez Perces, the mild and conciliatory spirit of old Stickas of the Cayuses, and the wisdom of the aforenamed agents of the government. Old Kamiakin of the Yakimas, Peu-peu-mox-mox of the Umatillas and Walla Wallas, and Ow-hi, a young chief of the Cayuses, correctly apprehending the seductive effects of a feast, refused to eat or smoke at the white man's expense. But they were in the minority and tacitly but grudg'ingly assented to what was done by the others, A reservation was set off for the Nez Perces in their own country; the Yakimas in their; the Spokane and Pend d'Oreilles on part of the vast region they were in the habit of roaming over; and the Umatillas, Walla Wallas, and Cayuses were permitted to remain in their own country subject to largely reduced boundaries. Governor Stevens at first pro- posed a reservation of three million acres on the Clear Water and Salmon rivers, for the three latter tribes, but they ob- jected .so unanimously and strenuously that the Governor by the advice of Palmer withdrew the proposition and the Upper Umatilla country continued to be their home. At that council Governor Stevens came nearer stating the question at issue between the races, in a form comprehensible to untaught natures, than any I have seen recorded. Probably his lan- guage is not preserved but the ideas he sought to impress upon those people are fundamental and essential to a voluntary RECOLLECTIONS OF AN INDIAN AGENT. 369 acquiescence in the march of civilization. The Indians said, in substance, "This is our country and we have a right to do as we please with our country. We do not invade the white man's country, but he comes and takes ours and demands that we shall live as he does. We answer him, No, No. Let him stay in his own country and leave us to do as we please. ' ' A historian writes that ' ' Stevens felt fully that here was the crisis but it could not be explained to the Indians.* They held a view irreconcilable with the new conditions. He desired them to understand that the Americans were willing to give them the same, or even better opportunity than their own people, but the country could not be closed to settlement. He had not, neither had the government itself, the power to check the American settlement of the country. His measures were as a protection to the Indians. ' ' There is other evidence that he told them more upon the same subject ; that the large region they had been living in could not be kept as a game preserve for any people, that it must be cultivated and afford a living for more people than could get a living on it by hunting and fishing, and as they were not accustomed to agriculture the government would help them to begin and send white men to teach them, which is more than is done for white men. The Governor seemed to be doubtful as to their ability to under- stand, but I think he was unduly faithless. Peu-peu-mox-mox saw a difference between goods and the earth. He said,
- ' Good and the earth are not equal. Goods are for using on the
earth." Evidently he had a vague perception that the earth is the primal source of all goods, which is a platitude among political economists. The Governor made a good beginning and should have gone into details and a rationale of the movement he was inaugurating, for such would have been more easily comprehended than generalities. A dull Indian
- Learning that Governor Stevens' son Hazard had written a life of his
father, I sent him a copy of this page relating to the big council, and the Oregon historian's account of it, to which the biographer replied that his father explained everything fully to the Indians and had no doubt as to their understanding of the situation. T. W. D. 370 T. W. DAVENPORT. can be made to understand the immense advantage a tiller of the soil has over a hunter, if his mind be directed to a com- parison of the rewards of the two modes of life. Merely say- ing to an Indian or a white man that the two modes are antagonistic is not enough; we must descend to particulars and bring it home to them practically. Such was my course at the Umatilla, as before related, and those who attended my lectures were asked to compute the difference from their own experience. I was satisfied that they appreciated the advantages to be derived from their situation, for they began in early spring to use all the facilities the government afforded them for raising crops of wheat, oats, potatoes and other edible roots, something which, with few exceptions, they had never done in all their long dwelling in that ideal farming country the Umatilla Valley. After I left the agency, which was about the first of July, 1863, a change of program must have taken place on the reservation, for a large company of Indians, reported to be two hundred, went over to the Grande Ronde Valley where I was surveying the first of August, to see me and get some assistance in redressing some grievances they had experienced under the new management. Of their visit and the purpose of it I was informed by Green Arnold, a former resident on the Umatilla, besides several other citizens of La Grande. Being out in the mountains at that time, I did not see them and never learned as to the precise nature of their complaint, but I requested Mr. Arnold to inform them that I could do nothing for them, except to get them and myself into trouble with the agency authority, and my advice was to go back, squat upon a piece of land and make a home there. Up to this time the Indians on the Umatilla had been opposed to the allotment of lands in severalty, but as I have stated in another place, as soon as their eyes Were opened to their true interests they were anxious to have their lands surveyed and lots distributed. I surveyed three ten-acre lots, but from the fact that they could not be assured possession of them they RECOLLECTIONS OF AN INDIAN AGENT. 371 very properly concluded to wait for the action of the govern- ment. There was another reason which had operated against an allotment and that was the opposition of the owners of large bands of horses, who were interested in free range on many thousand acres of land, which they could not expect to get in any governmental scheme of allotment. As heretofore stated, Howlish Wampo had 800 head, Tin-tin-meet-suh had 4000, and these men would exert all their influence to postpone the time when they could have only 160 acres each. There was still another reason that operated upon all, poor and rich, horse owner and horseless alike, viz. : that expansive feeling we call freedom which resists the lets and hindrances of limited areas and among the aborigines everywhere in America finds ex- pression in opposing the private ownership of land. Likely the poorest breech-clouted Indian felt, while sauntering aim- lessly about on that great reservation, that it was God's free gift to him and that he could camp anywhere upon it, by its mountain springs and meadows, in its pleasant groves or on its grassy undulating plains, without feeling himself a tres- passer or hearing the warning "keep off the grass." That feeling that the earth is the equal birthright of all the living is not confined to any tribe or race or time ; it crops out all the time and everywhere, notwithstanding the edicts of despots or the equally despotic enactments of popular assemblies. And who can tell, even with the help of statistical tables relat- ing to nations in varying degrees of civilization, how much the death rate is affected by the suppression of this innate aspiration and habit of freedom? The common opinion that the Indian cannot bear civiliza- tion because it denies to him the rude and merely animal ex- citements which are the constituents of barbarism, that in fact he is as much out of place as an ichthyosaurian of the once torrid seas would be in the cooler waters of the present ocean, and is therefore a vanishing product of evolution, when examined critically, is found to be wide of the truth. Evi 372 T. W. DAVENPORT. . % dently the Esquimaux cannot survive at the equator any more than the negro can live near the poles, but that both states have been derived progressively from the same source is not denied. "We are too much inclined to reckless generalizing with the Indian, who is not like the Saurians that perished from a change of physical environment. On the contrary, the present physical conditions are favorable to his continuance and the excitements that kept his faculties in healthy exercise in his tribal state can be found with slight modification among civilized people. That part of civilization which is poison to him is equally poisonous to the white man and is found in the abuses of civilization. He has been compelled to bear the diseases and abuses which the white man brought, without the curative relief which is the resource of the white man. To be sure, we provide doctors at the call of the penned -up agency Indian when he is sick, but what kind of success should we expect from the treatment by even skilled physicians who are actuated by a laudable desire for scientific experiment and who at the same time hold the common opinion that an Indian is only good when he is dead? Perhaps it is quite within a rational judgment to say that he is treated without that at- tentive sympathy bestowed by the white doctor upon one of his own race, and so far as we know there is no Christian Sci- ence to lift him up from the slough of despond into which many white people drift despite the help that other science brings. We expect him to pass from the free, wild, out-of- door life of the nomad, to the in-door, artificial life of a citizen, by the influence of example, and because he does not make a success of the compulsory venture, but suffers decima- tion, we at once declare him unfit and a vanishing relic of a by-gone age. How we forget that such a requirement is not according to the order of nature, that no such jumping transi- tion was ever known of any tribe or people inhabiting the earth. AVe did not pass from cave-dwellers to our present state except by ages of preparation and experience whereof science was born, arts multiplied and perfected, all of which RECOLLECTIONS OF AN INDIAN AGENT. 373 are causative accompaniments of progress. With us it was lawful evolution ; in truth there was no other way, and yet we require that the Indian shall pass to our social and industrial status by remaining on the outside. How absurd and how unjust to him. Evolution may be rapid or slow, but knowledge and adapta- tion are essential to it, and hence he must be taught ; he must have access to the white man's accumulations. If he live in houses and have artificially prepared food, he must have a knowledge of hygienic laws in order to survive, and it was the first duty of the government when it compelled him to abandon his aboriginal mode of life to induct him by the natural entryway to the higher type of existence. Let us say that the reservation system was in that direction, but it was in practice only a half-hearted experiment, for in carrying out the design, it was entrusted to its enemies. Was it ever known in the United States that the Indian Department in- structed its agents to see that Indians' houses be constructed in conformity with sanitary requirements? Instead, they are the merest dens, unfitted for human habitations; real pest houses in which no race, civilized or savage, could long tarry. Look at the other side a moment. Our libraries are plethoric of books upon physiology, hygiene, housebuilding, domestic sanitation, etc., and yet the people who have access to them employ architects to plan and mechanics to construct their dwellings, and after that, if living in cities, they are unde/ supervision of health boards and compelled to habits of clean- liness promotive of their own and the public welfare. From this cursory and incomplete view of the subject, any one can see with half an eye that the Indian, in the vernacular of the street, "is not in it"; he is not involved with the civil- izing processes and until he is there is no progress for him. To expect more is to be disappointed, for it is an expectation that could not be realized with any race. Booker T. Wash- ington understands the problem and is solving it every day. 374 T. W. DAVENPORT. The government is doing the work at Chemawa, provided the Indians there educated become like the negro Washington, teachers of their people, instead of doing as nearly all hav^ done, becoming mere parasites in the outskirts and slums of
civilization. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HALL J. KELLEY.
By F. W. Powell.
Editorial Note.—Mr. F. W. Powell, who submits the following tentative bibliography of Hall J. Kelley, is engaged in an investigation of Kelley's place in Oregon history. These lists are printed with the view of attracting the attention of those who have been interested in the unique role of Kelley in promoting the occupation and colonization of the Oregon Country, and who can be of assistance in bringing out the whole truth of history on this subject. Mr. Powell is anxious to have his lists supplemented and corrected. It will be remembered that Professor E. G. Bourne, of Yale University, has challenged the view that had quite universally prevailed, giving Kelley the position of primacy in appreciating the importance of the Oregon Country and in leading the movement for its occupation. Professor Bourne is inclined to award that honor to Dr. John Floyd, of Virginia, and believes that Kelley was initially and largely inspired through the reports and speeches of Floyd in Congress. (See Quarterly, Vol. VI, No. 3, pp. 260-266.) Whatever may be the conclusion reached on this issue and the cause promoted by them merits a meed of glory enough for both the readers of The Quarterly will follow with keen interest this undertaking of Mr. Powell's to present an adequate statement of Kelley's place in Oregon history.
This list of titles by and about Kelley constitutes a working bibliography, hence there need be no apology for the fact that it contains several relatively unimportant items. In cases where a book has not been found, a note to that effect appears, together with a reference to the source of information. Where the exact wording of a title has not been obtained, the approximate title is quoted from the reference. The writings of Kelley are now rare, and widely scattered. The places where they are to be found are indicated by the catchwords in the names of the following libraries: American Antiquarian Society, Amherst College, Boston Athenaeum, Boston Public, City Library Association of Springfield (Mass.), Columbia University, Harvard University, Library Company of Philadelphia, Library of Congress, New York Public, New York State, Palmer (Mass.) Historical Society, Peabody Institute, State Historical Society of Pennsylvania, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, State Library of Massachusetts, Worcester Free Public, Young Men's Library Association of 376 F. W. POWELL.
Palmer (Mass.) The word "Bancroft" refers to the biblio- graphical lists in the Bancroft histories. I. Kelley, Hall Jackson. The American Instructor, second book. Designed for the common schools in America ; contain- ing the elements of the English language ; lessons in orthogra- phy and reading, and the pronunciation of Walker's Critical Pronouncing Dictionary : all made easy by the arrangement and division of words, and by an improved use of figures and letters. Boston, 1825. 168 p. Athenaeum, Bost. Pub. Same., Boston (2 ed.), 1826. 168 p. Bost. Pub., Harvard. Congress, N. Y. State. Same. Concord, (2 ed.) 1846. 12. British Museum Cata- logue. This is the same as " Kelley 's Second Spelling Book," and the "Western Spelling Book." (The American Society for Encouraging a Settle- ment of the Oregon Territory.) This book of stock, subscrip- tions, etc., in which shall be enrolled the names of all persons contributing to the success of founding a settlement in Ore- gon, either by subscription, donations or investments in the Society's stock, shall be preserved, in perpetuum, by the set- tlement, and a true copy of the same shall be deposited in the archives of the government of the United States of America. A. D. 1831. [Boston] , 1831. 4 p. Congress. Colonization of the Oregon Territory. Chapters I and II. In the Palmer Sentinel, Palmer "Depot," (Mass.), December 31, 1846, January 7, 1847. Discoveries, purchases of lands, etc., on the North- west Coast, being a part of an investigation of the American title to the Oregon Territory, n. t. p. [1839.] 16 p. Ath- enaeum, Bost. Pub., Bancroft. First spelling book, or child's instructor. Boston, (8 ed.) 1827. 84 p. Harvard. This is the same as ' ' The Instructor, First Book. ' ' A geographical sketch of that part of North Ameri- ca called Oregon, containing an account of the Indian title* etc. * * to which is attached a map of the country. Boston, 1830. 80 p. Antiquarian, Athenaeum, Bost. Pub.* BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HALL J. KELLEY. 377 Columbia, Harvard, Congress, N. Y. Pub., Wisconsin, Massa- chusetts, Bancroft. Same. Second edition, enlarged with an appendix, embrac- ing an account of the expedition, and directions for becoming an emigrant. Boston, 1830. 8. Not seen. British Museum Catalogue. Hard usage in Three Rivers. Palmer (Mass.). 1851. Not seen. Ref . : Kelley 's Narrative of Events and Difficulties, p. 76. Said to have appeared as an appendix to "Letters of an Afflicted Husband." History of the American title to the Oregon Terri- tory. In American Traveller, Boston, December 25, 28, 1838 ^ January 8, 1839. Antiquarian. History of the colonization of the Oregon Territory. ' ' By Hall J. Kelley, A. M. The Projector and Chief Pioneer. ' ' Springfield (Mass.), 1849. 26 [x ?] p. Pennsylvania. Pagination : 1-8, 1-8, 17-26, unpaged appendix. History of the colonization of the Oregon Territory. Worcester, 1850. 12 p. Worcester. Bancroft. "History of the purchase of the Indian lands by, American citizens. ' ' Not seen. Ref.: Kelley 's History of the Settlement of Oregon, p. 79, incorrectly refers to H. Doc. 43 of 16 Cong., 1st sess. A history of the settlement of Oregon and the in- terior of Upper California ; and of persecutions and afflictions of forty years' continuance endured by the author. Spring- field (Mass.), 1868. 128 p. [Caption title:] Supplement to the Narrative of Events and Difficulties in the Colonization of Oregon. * * * "Pe- tition of Hall J. Kelley, praying for a grant of land, or do- nation of money." * * * 7 p. Amherst, Bost. Pub. Springfield, Harvard, Philadelphia, Congress, N. Y. Pub. Palmer Hist. The instructor. First Book. Boston, [1820?] Not seen. Ref.: Kelley 's History of the Settlement of Oregon, p. 9. Letters from an afflicted husband to an estranged wife. Palmer (Mass.), 1851. Not seen. 378 F. W. POWELL. ^ . Ref.: Kelley's Narrative of Events and Difficulties, p. 14 ; Kirk, Supplement to Allibone, II, 935 ; Adams, Dic- tionary of American Authors, p. 215. Letters to Mrs. Mary Kelley. Not seen. Published? Ref. : Temple, History of Palmer, p. 269. Letters to my brethren. Not seen. Ref.: Temple, supra. Same as Beloved Brethren," written 1868-9. (Bancroft, Northwest Coast, II, 557) 1 Manual of the Oregon expedition [cover title.] A general circular to all persons of good character who wish to emigrate to Oregon Territory, embracing some account of the character and advantages of the country ; the right by which it is to be settled; and all necessary directions for becoming an emigrant. Char.lestown (Mass.), 1831. 28 p. Map. Antiquarian, Athenaaum, Congress, N. Y. Pub., N. Y. State. Peabody, Wiscon, Bancroft. Synopsis appears in Kelley's History of the Settle- ment of Oregon, pp. 95-102, 106-7. Map of Upper California and Oregon. Not seen. Ref.: Kelley's History of the Settlement of Oregon, p. 78. Drawn from observations made in 1834. First map of Sacramento Valley by an American. Memoir [on Oregon and California.] January 31, 1839. In Gushing, Territory of Oregon. Supplemental report of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. Appendix "0," pp. 47-61. 25th Cong., 3d Sess. H. Rep. 101, v. 1. Serial 351. Same. In The Oregomaw,. Boston, August, 1839. I, No. 11, pp. 326-39. Wisconsin. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HALL J. KELLKY. 379 [Memorials and petitions to Congress.] Date. Subject. Document. Cong. Bess. Serial or Vol. Page. 1828- 1830 Aid to colonization plan System of surveying H. Journal __ S. Journal 21 1 21 1 194 191 198 f 246 1831 Military escort S Journal 21 2 202 ( 275 71 1831- Military escort H Journal 22 1 216 44 1831. Military escort. Debates 22 1 VIII, pt. 2. 1433 1839- Grant of land for colony 8. Journal 26 1 353 I 4 f 1843- 1843 Bulfinch's lands in Oregon Bulfinch's lands in Oregon S. Journal Globe 27 3 27 3 412 IX. I 76 192 311 1843- 1844 Bulflnch's lands in Oregon Grant of land H. Journal H Journal 27 3 28 1 417 438 350 237 1848 Grant of land S. Journal 30 ) 502 f 210 1848 _ Grant of land Globe 30 1 XVIII. ( 245 567 1849 . Grant of land S. Journal 31 1 548 !38 1849 Grant of land Globe 31 1 XXI, pt. 1. 51 92 18EO Grant of land S. Journal 31 I 548 99 172 1850 Grant of land Globe 31 1 XXI, pt 1. f 292 1851 Grant of land S. Report, 42 31 1 565 tu 1854_ Grant of land or money 8. Journal 33 1 689 f 196 -< 346 1854 Grant of land or money Globe 33 1 XXVIII pt 1 ( 391 447 1854- 2866 Grant of land or money Grant of land- Globe H. Journal 33 1 39 2 XXVIII, pt. 2. 1280 f 989 J1186 93 1866 Grant of land Globe 39 2 XLVII, pt 1. 181 Memorial praying for a donation of land, and Testimonials concerning the colonization of the Oregon Terri- tory. N. P. [1844.] 18 p. Bost. Pub., Harvard, Pennsyl- vania. Same. [Without testimonials.] In Kelley's History of the Colonization of the Oregon Territory, pp. 1-4. Same. In the Palmer Sentinel, Palmer "Depot" (Mass.), December 10, 1846. Memorial praying for a donation of land. 1848. 2 p. In Kelley's HJistory of the Settlement of Oregon, pp. 91-2. Petition asking for a grant of land or pecuniary relief. [1854.] 4 p. In Kelley's Narrative of Events and Difficulties. Appendix. Petition praying for a grant of land or a donation of money. N. P. [1866.] 7 p. Wisconsin, Bancroft. Same. In Kelley's History of the Settlement of Oregon. A narrative of events and difficulties in the coloni- zation of Oregon, and the settlement of California; and also a 380 F. W. POWELL. history of the claim of American citizens to lands on Quadra 's Island; together with an account of the troubles and tribula- tions endured between the years 1824 and 1852 by the writer, Hall J. Kelley. Boston, 1852. [137] p. Amherst, Antiqua- rian, Harvard, N. Y. State, Massachusetts, Bancroft. Oregon. In the Palmer Sentinel, Palmer "Depot" (Mass.), January 29, February 5, 12, 19, 26, March 5, 12, 19, 26, April 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, June 11, 18, 25, July 9. Library Ass'n., Palmer. - Kelley 's Second Spelling Book, designed for com- mon schools, containing * * * [lit supra] * * * Boston (5 ed.), 1827. 168 p. Amherst. The Western spelling book, designed for common schools. Containing * * * [ut supra] * * * Cin- cinnati and Boston, 1832. 168 p. Congress. "Articles." In Bunker Hill Aurora and Boston Minor. Boston, 1837. Not seen. Ref . : Kelley 's History of the Settlement of Oregon, pp. 77, 114. "Plans for joint missionary and colonization move- ments." In Zion's Herald. Boston, 1831. Not seen. Ref.: Kelley 's History of the Settlement of Oregon, pp. 63-4. "Articles." In New England Christian Herald. Not seen. Ref.: Thornton, Oregon and California, II, 20. "As Early as 1831." Confused with Zion's Herald? II. Adams, Oscar Fay. A dictionary of American authors. Boston (5 eel.), 1905. 587 p. Kelley, p. 215. Allen, Orrin Peer. The town of Palmer. In Copeland. A history of Hampden County, Massachusetts. [Springfield (Mass.)], 1902. 3 v. Kelley, II, 144. American Comic Almanac, with whims, scraps and oddities. Boston, 1837. " Kelley 's Folly." Not seen. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HALL J. KELLEY. 381 Ref. : Kelley 's History of the Settlement of Oregon, p. 126 ; Narrative of Events and Difficulties, p. 76. Applegate, Oliver C. Occasional address. In Oregon Pioneer Association, Transactions, 1903. Portland, 1904. pp. 153-70. Kelley, p. 167. Bancroft, Hobert Howe. History of California. San Fran. cisco, 1886. 7 v. Kelley, III, 409-11 ; IV, 146-7. History of the Northwest Coast. San Francisco, 1886. 2 v. Kelley, I, 205 ; II, 416, 543-59, 566. [Frances Fuller Victor] History of Oregon. San Francisco, 1886. 2 v. Kelley, I, 17, 22-3, 56, 67-70, 73-4, 76-7, 89-97, 99-103, 131, 365, 367, 369. Barrows, William. Oregon: the struggle for possession. Boston, 1884. 363 p. Kelley, p. 81. Boardman, Samuel W. The contribution of the first cen- tury of Middlebury College to Christian progress. In A Record of the Centennial Anniversary of Middlebury College. Cambridge, 1901. 292 p. pp. 32-80. Kelley, p. 52. Bourne, Edward Gaylord. Aspects of Oregon history be- fore 1840. In Oregon Historical Society Quarterly. Salem, 1905. VI, 255-75. Kelley, pp. 260-3, 265-6. Brown, John Howard (editor.) Lamb's biographical dic- tionary of the United States. Boston, 1901. Kelley, IV, 491-2. Chittenden, Hiram Martin. The American fur trade of the Far West. New York, 1902. 3 v. Kelley, I, 434-8, 453 ; II, 792. Clarke, S. A. Pioneer days of Oregon history. Portland, 1905. 2 v. Kelley, I, viii, 269-76, 291-2, 295-300. 382 F. W. POWELL. . Gushing, Caleb. Discovery beyond the Rocky Mountains. In North American Review. Boston, 1840. I, 75-144. Kelley, pp. 120-4. Deady, Matthew Paul. The annual address. In Oregon Pioneer Association Transactions, 1875. Salem, 1876. pp. 17-41. Kelley, pp. 22-4, 26-7. Duflot de Mofras, Eugene. Exploration du territoire de 1'Oregon, des Calif ornies et de la mer vermille, executee pendent les annees 1840, 1841 et 1842. Paris, 1844. 2 v. Kelley, II, 232. Evans, Elwood. History of Oregon. MS. Bancroft. Farnham, Thomas Jefferson. Travels in the Great Western Prairie, the Aiiahuac and Rocky Mountains, and in the Oregon Territory. New York, 1843. 112 p. Kelley, p. 96. Same. Part II. In Thwaites' Early Western Travels, Cleveland, 1906. XXIX. Kelley, 32-3. Gray, William Henry. A history of Oregon, 1792-1849. from personal observation and authentic information. Port- land, 1870. 624 p. "Young's Party," p. 191. Greenhow, Robert. The history of Oregon and California, and the other territories of the Northwest Coast of North America. Boston, 1844. 482 p. Kelley, p. 25. Memoir, historical and political on the Northwest Coast of North America, and the adjacent territories, illus- trated by a map and a geographical view of those countries. 1840. 228 p. 26th Cong. 1st Sess. S. Doc. 174, v. 4. Serial 357. Kelley, p. 14. Harper's encyclopedia of United States history from 458 A D. to 1902. New York, 1902. Kelley, V, 229. Harvard University. Quinquennial catalogue of the officers and graduates of Harvard University, 1636-1905. Cam- bridge, 1905. Kelley, p. 556. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HALL J. KELLEY. 383 Holman, Frederick V. Dr. John McLoughlin. Cleveland. 1907. Kelley, 1 Howison, Neil M. [Examination of the coast, harbors, rivers, etc., of] Oregon. Report to the commander of the Pacific squadron [1846.] 1848. 36 p. 30th Cong. 1st Sess. H. Misc. Doc. 29. v. 1. Serial 523. Kelley, p. 14. Johnson, Rossiter (editor.) The twentieth century biog- raphical dictionary of notable Americans. Boston, 1904. Kelley, VI (unp.) Johnson, Sidona V. A short history of Oregon. Chicago. 1904. 329 p. Kelley, pp. 213-4, 232. Johnson, W. C. Annual Address. In Oregon Pioneer As- sociation, Transactions, 1881. Salem, 1882. pp. 20-37. Kelley, p. 22. Kirk, John Foster (editor.) A supplement to Allibone's Critical Dictionary of English Literature and British and American Authors. Philadelphia, 1891. Kelley, II, 935. Lancaster, Daniel. The history of Gilmanton. * * * Gilmanton (N. H.), 1845. 304 p. Kelley, pp. 250, 274. Long, Herbert 0. [and George H. Himes.] History of the Willamette Valley. Portland, 1885. 902 p. Kelley, pp. 223-6. Lee, Daniel, and J. H. Forst. Ten years in Oregon. New York, 1844. 344 p. Kelley, p. 129. Lyman, Horace Sumner. Dr. John McLoughlin. Anon. In Oregon Pioneer Association, Transactions, 1886. Portland. 1887. pp. 41-58. Kelley, p. 46. History of Oregon: the growth of an American State. New York, 1903. 4 v. Kelley, I, 313; III, 71-82, 93-4, 119-20, 125-7, 131-2, 174. 176-9 ; IV, 292. 384 F. W. POWELL. Ql Massachusetts. An act to incorporate the American Society for Encouraging the Settlement of the Oregon Territory. June 22, 1831. Laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 1831-3. XII Chap. 63. pp. 132-4. McLoughlin, John. [A defence, addressed to parties in London.] In Oregon Historical Society, Quarterly. Salem, 1900. I, 193-206. Kelley, pp. 195-6. McMaster, John Bach. A history of the people of the United States. New York, 1906. Kelley, VI, 108-13. 448-9, 451. Middlebury College. Catalogue of the graduates of Middle- bury College ; embracing a biographical register and directory. By Thomas Scott Pearson. Windsor (Vt.), 1853. 144 p. Kelley, p. 33. Catalogue of the officers and students of Middle- bury College in Middlebury, Vermont, and of others who have received degrees 1800 to 1900. By Walter E. Howard and Charles E. Prentiss. Middlebury, 1901. 295 p. Kelley, p. 46. Nttes' Register. Oregon, August 6, 1831, XL, 407; Twenty- second Congress, first session, December 17, 1831 XLI, 285 ; Oregon settlements, July 28, 1832, XLII, 388. The Oregonian and Indian's Advocate. Boston, 1838-9. "Mr. Kelley 's Pamphlet," I, 180-4; "Mr. Kelley 's Pamph- let" [rejoinder], I, 221. Portland Oregonian, March 29, 1873. Not seen. Bancroft. Roberts, George B. Recollections of the Hudson Bay Com- pany. MS. Bancroft. Sabin, Joseph (editor.) A dictionary of books relating to America from its discovery to the present time. New York. Kelley, IX, 419. Schafer, Joseph. A history of the Pacific Northwest. New York, 1905. Kelley, pp. 129-31, 142, 147, 160-4. The Pacific Slope and Alaska. Philadelphia, 1904. 442 p. Kelley, pp. 96, 122, 124-5, 135-7. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HALL J. KELLEY. 385 Scott, Harvey W. Annual address. In Oregon Pioneer Association, Transactions, 1890. Portland, 1892. pp. 30-8. Kelley, pp. 31-5. Springfield Daily Republican. Death of a singular char- acter at Palmer. January 23, 1874. Same. Boston Evening Transcript. January 24, 1874. Springfield Daily Union. An eventful life. Death of the hermit of Three Rivers. January 23, 1874. Same. Oregon State Journal, Eugene City. "An old Ore- gonian. Death of the hermit of Three Rivers His early travels in the Far West. February 28, 1874. Temple, Josiah Howard. History of the town of Palmer, Massachusetts. * * * [Springfield (Mass.)], 1889. 602 p. Kelley, pp. 262-3, 265-9. Portrait facing p. 269 ; original in possession of the Palmer Historical Society. Thornton, Jesse Quinn. Oregon and California in 1848. New York, 1848. 2 v. Kelley, II, 13-21. Oregon Hfrstory. MS. Bancroft. Thwaites, Reuben Gold. Early Western travels, 1748-1846. Cleveland, 1905. Kelley, XX, 23. Tucker. History of Oregon. 184. Not seen. (Query?) Turner, Frederick Jackson. Rise of the New West, 1819- 1829. New York, 1906. 366 p. Kelley, p. 123. Victor, Frances Fuller. Hall J. Kelley : one of the fathers of Oregon. In Oregon Historical Society, Quarterly. Salem, 1901. II, 381-400. W. J. S. Geographical sketch of Oregon Territory. In New England Magazine. Boston, 1832. II, 320-6. Oregon Territory. In New England Magazine. Boston, 1832. II, 123-32. Walker, Courtney M. Sketch of Ewing Young. In Oregon Pioneer Association, Transactions, 1880. Salem, 1880. pp. 56-8. Kelley, p. 57. Wilson, James Grant, and John Fiske. Appleton's cyclo- paedia of American biography. New York, 1887. Kelley, III, 505. 386 F. W. POWELL. % Wilson, Joseph R. The Oregon question. In Oregon His- torical Society, Quarterly. Salem, 1900. I, 213-52. Kelley, p. 224. Winsor, Justin. Narrative and critical history of America. Boston, 1888. Kelley, VII, 559. Wyeth, John B. Oregon ; or a short history of a long journey from the Atlantic to the region of the Pacific by land. Cam- bridge, 1833. 87 p. Kelley, pp. 3-4, 12, 47, 52-3, 57-61, 81, 83. Same. Edited by Reuben Gold Thwaites. In Early West- ern Travels. Cleveland, 1905. XXI, 17-106. Kelley (ed. notes), pp. 10, 24-5, 79. Wyeth, Nathaniel Jarvis. Correspondence and journals, 1831-6. Edited by Frederic George Young. Eugene (Ore.), 1899. 262 p. Kelley, pp. xvii-xviii, 1, 17-8, 30, 36, 39, 43, 50, 51, 90, 250j Young, Frederic George. The Lewis and Clark centennial; the occasion and its observance. In Oregon Historical Society, Quarterly. Salem, 1903. IV, 1-20. Kelley, p. 9. The Oregon trail. In Oregon Historical Society, Quarterly. Salem, 1900. I, 339-70. Kelley, p. 349. Anonymous. History of the Pacific Northwest, Oregon and Washington ; embracing an account of the original discoveries on the Pacific Coast of North America, and a description of the conquest, settlement and subjugation of the vast country included in the original Territory of Oregon. Portland, 1889. 2 v. Kelley, I, 139, 182-5, 214-5, 370. Settlement of the Oregon. In American Traveller. Boston, July 26, 1839. Taken from the Post, which in turn accredits the Centi- nel, and quotes in full "Hall J. Kelley and the Oregon expedition." FRED WILBUR POWELL.
30 Broad Street, New York. DIARY OF ASAHEL MUNGER AND WIFE.
Editorial Note.—The Reverend J. S. Griffin and wife, and Asahel Munger and wife, were fitted out for missionary work among the Oregon Indians by a Congregational ist Association of North LItchfield, Connecti- cut. It appears that they started directly from Oberlin, Ohio. Mr. Griffin was then a single man, but met the future Mrs. Griffin on his way through Missouri and married her on a very brief acquaintance.
The Griffins wintered at Lapwai and the Mungers at Waiilatpu. In the spring of 1840 Mr. Griffin attempted to establish an independent mission in the upper Snake River country but failed. He later settled on the Tuala- tin plains and was for a time an editor and always a leader of radical movements. Mr. Munger and wife remained at Dr. Whitman's until May, 1841, when he showed signs of mental derangement. He had made himself useful to the mission as a carpenter, but Dr. Whitman, fearing the effect of his affliction upon the Indians, suggested the idea of his returning to the States. Not making connections at Green River with the returning party of the American Fur Company, the Mungers came back and he was em- ployed for a time by the mission at Salem. His malady became worse and he committed suicide.
The narrative of his journey is valuable in the clearness and explicit- ness with which the incidents are detailed. The situation of the Mungers at Fort Hall, where they would have been stranded had it not been for the whole-souled generosity of Mr. Frank Ermatinger of the Hudson Bay Company, is worth having an account of at first hand. See Lee and Frost's Oregon, p. 211 ; Gray's History of Oregon, pp. 185-192 ; Bancroft's Oregon, Vol. I, pp. 237-240.
Dear Mother,
Through the kind providence of God we have safely arrived in Oregon, at Fort Walla Walla, after a long and tedious journey. We are well, and comfortably situated for the winter, and now, according to what you are expecting, I send you our journal. Saturday, May 4th, 1839 This day after finishing all our arrangements we started from the States, from our country; went about 3 hours to
Saplin[g] grove a place where the company camp for the first time camped about 5 o'clock. Sab. 5th Started this morning about 7 traveled to the head of Grand river. Had some trouble about packs, spent the Sabbath as I never did before, found good grass and water, though the water was standing.
Mon. 6th—Traveled to the Wacarusia [Wakarusa] river, we passed as beau- tiful prairies as I ever saw in my life found a pleasant stream. }}
8th Wednes.—After traveling Tuesday and part of today we came in sight of the Oonzas [Kansas] village, camped within 2% miles of it. This village is a cluster of mud houses, built round, running up to a point leaving a place for the smoke to go out.
9th Thursday Exchanged 3 horses and obtained two horses and two mules of Brother Johnson who has the care of the Methodist mission at this place. He gave us a good bargain in the horses, and they gave us many things which we needed for the journey. 10th Brother & Sister went to the mission today (Friday.) Saturday Started this morning at 9 to cross the Conzas river carried our effects across in a canoe, and drove the horses across through the water packed and drove on 3 hours and camped. 12 Sab. Moved on as usual, camped on the Black Vermillion river. 13 Monday Saturday night for the first time we had a guard to watch our horses; our encampment formed a square leaving room enough for our horses in the center to be fastened where they could eat all night. 14 Every man bears his part watching. Tues. Started early this morning drove 3 or 4 hours and camped for the night, camped on a beautiful stream. Mr. Eichardsoni (our hunter) shot 7 large fish that would 15 weigh 2 or 3 Ibs each. Wed. Marched about 7 hours crossed Eush Creek and camped. One man in crossing without directions, ran into deep water swam his horse wet all his packs. Mr. Richardson shot an Elk a doe good meat supplied all the camp with fresh meat. 16 Thursday, 16th Drove about 5 hours and stopped to rest. After a part of the company had started, one of the horses took fright and ran away strewed his load all over the plain and finally ran off and was lost. In running about and dragging a traveling bag at the end of a long rope he frightened one of our horses and he ran away threw off his pack and bruised some of our tins only drove about one 17 hour camped for the night Frid. pased [sic] a place today where it appeared six men had encamped a short time since. Found a beautiful place for encamping steep bank on two sides pleasant stream. Eliza's health not as good as usual though she has endured the journey much better than we could have expected The horse she 18 rides is not an easy traveler. Sat. Drove about 7 or 8 hours camped this evening on a more beautiful place than we ever have found for our encampment. A beautiful level green good grass beautiful stream of water, gravel bottom swift current land about us is prairy [sic] no timber except along the stream found goose- 19 berries twice since we started. Sab. This morning E. rose early and prepared breakfast as usual I slept later on account of having watched Jast night. I am not very well myself E. tired out rode 18 or 19 miles without stopping. One of the company shot an Antelope which is a species of Deer very good meat E. so much exhausted that she could not take her supper with us though after 1 Paul Richardson, mountain man, who was prominent in conducting parties between Missouri frontier and the rendezvous. He had accom- panied Wyeth on his first expedition. DIARY OF ASAHEL MUNGER AND WIFE. 389 resting awhile she could eat. We now can see the need of a Sabbath a day of rest for ourselves and our animals. Oh that we may again enjoy the Sabbath, I feel that Jesus is precious to my soul. I love Him and wish to do his will, even if I suffer wrongfully. . He knows our hearts, and I rejoice that he does. Camped on Blue river. 20 Mon. to Thurs. met 5 Delaware Indians Tuesday who had been out trapping. They were very friendly one of them was acquainted with Mr. Harris who is the principal man of the American Fur Com- pany with whom we are traveling. This Indian had shot an Elk just before we came in sight, and only taken his tongue, he went with us to show us where it was our Co took the whole which supplied us well with fresh meat. Mr. Harris gave him some bacon. Thurs Evening the Storm came up from two directions clouds above ap- peared to move in the opposite direction from those below, after sunset it commenced raining and blowing, most of the tents were blown down. I stood outside of our tent and held it by the help of E. & Mrs. G. who were inside holding with all their might. Storm con- tinued about an hour. May 24th Friday. We did not sleep much last night. E none at all set 25 [sic] up all night. Sat. appearance of rain this morning traveled two hours and camped. We are now past timber have to depend upon 26 flood wood and little willows for our fuel. Sab. No Sabbath 27 started early this morning, cold riding Monday started early traveled about 10 hours in hopes of reaching a cluster of timber, but 28 stopped 3 miles short Tues. Started about 7 this morning, came within a mile of Bradies grave (a man that was murdered some years since) and camped. We have been short for game a few days, though 29 plenty to be seen. Wed. Today we came in sight of Buffalo in large bands. Our Co. killed 15 or 16 to day, though perhaps not the weight of two of them was brought into the camp traveled all the afternoon in sight of them we came near to some the largest appear terrific noble animals not easily frightened. Wolves can pass through their bands and hardly be noticed or molested. We have been finding less and less grass and vegetation of all kinds, have frequently found prickly pears yesterday found one of another kind which is frequently eaten camped 7 or 8 miles below the place where we expect to cross the Platt[e] river. This has been a day of slaughter among buffalo, and most of the meat left to waste, one 30 man killed a veal we rec'd a part of it. Thurs. had veal for break- fast grass short, eaten down by Buffalo. Had a good nights rest. Buffalo determined to come down to the water drove them back for 31 fear they would frighten our horses. Frid. Moved on to the Forks of the Platt, to the usual crossing place found the water too deep to ford pitched our tents and commenced making preparations for 390 DIARY OF ASAHEL HUNGER AND WIFE. building our boat Several h'unters went out for skins to build it of it requires 4 large skins to make one large enough. Mr. Eichardson saw several Indians feared he should be molested by them and re- turned. We soon discovered a very large encampment of them, but a short distance from us on the opposite side of the river about the same time they saw us, and sent out 2 or 3 as spies or rather to show themselves to us. Mr. Harris ordered a flag raised. No sooner was this done than understood by the natives. They returned immediately, in haste, and in less than hour 25 came down to the opposite side of the river, and discharged their guns as a token of friendship. These were warriors under the direction of the chief of one of the bands. They all waded the river a little above us, put on their clothes, and came down to us in a platoon with their chief in the middle came within 20 steps and halted until Mr. Harris went out to meet them. They soon exhibited the letters they had from various men of business whom they had seen we found there were 3 bands of Sous [Sioux] in one village and another band called the Shians [Cheyennes] The Ogolallas Tetons & Broken arrows as Sous. The chiefs of all these bands have called on us today with their warriors one after another. To each of these companies a present was given and a dinner. Tire- some visiting without an interpreter. The Ogolala chief offered us a guard to watch our horses if we wanted to keep the Indians from stealing them. June 1 Sat. Not molested at all by the Indians. The Ogolala chief, his 2 wife, 3 sons and brother stay in camp this night. Sabbath Last night about 11 oc a dreadful howling commenced among the Indians and dogs this they kept up by intervals most of the night. In the morning they commenced moving and before noon were all out of sight. There were about 380 lodges and probably between 2 and 3 thousand people. Today we had a Sabbath of rest in consequence of the Alcohol which the Fur Company were carrying to the mountains. This they had buried for fear of the Indians, and were under necessity of waiting until they were out of sight to take it up. Those Indians who were poor used their dogs instead of pack horses. They pack them heavy. When they catch them for harnessing, they howl most bitterly, many of them get very sore by carrying their loads. 3 Monday This morning 4 men took our boat and went up the river the south branch of the Platt. It was not considered safe to go up the north branch (though we had designed to do so) on account of the Indians, as they [had] only gone 3 or 4 miles from their first 4 encampment. Moved camp about 3 hours and camped. Tues. crossed the river this day. Horses waded and swam. In riding across on horseback myself my saddle girth broke and let me into the river, but providentially the water was shallow in that place we were under DIARY OF ASAHEL MONGER AND WIFE. 391 the necessity of wading the river and leading our boat. The current was swift, and the bottom quick sand, it was very hard work. The river here was quite wide, moved on about 12 miles and camped. 5 Wednes. moved onward up the South fork, camped at the tree, as it is called, where there is but one tree in sight, that can be seen at 6 a great distance. Thursday Started across the prairies for the North fork of the Platt, camped within 3 or 4 miles of it near the head of Ash creek had a heavy storm. Seven or 8 of our horses ran away, all found before night, nothing lost, found wood by going a mile and car- 7 ried it on our backs glad of it at that. Frid. moved on toward the river but for want of a good place to descend the hill, or bluff, as it is called, we traveled most of the forenoon on the high lands descended 8 found wood and grass in abundance on the Platt river. Sat. our movements today were slow 2 Indians came across the river into camp two others remained on the other side of the river, soon the 2 returned, and the 4 came over and remained through the night. 9 Sab. Before noon we came in sight of the chimney, as it is called. This is a gloomy Sabbath only for the presence of Jesus. 10 Mon. My prayer is this morning. Oh Lord honor thyself in me and our little company may all have the spirit of meekness that is in thyself, and be willing to follow Thee. We are now on the south r. side of the north branch of the Platt an immense prairy on both sides of it but little wood, and that principally flood wood we have been under the necessity of using Buffalo dung for fuel. Yesterday we passed a gang of Buffalo, they were on the opposite side of the river, one went across to kill. But our camp came up, and gave the band our wind (as it is called) they all started and ran off. The[y] smell the scent of man for miles when they do, they are sure to run. though a man can get the other side of the band from the wind stoop like an animal, and get very near them. It is just if we should suffer for want of Buffalo meat enough have been slaughtered to last us to the mountains, & hardly a week's provision for the camp saved Traveled all day in sight of the Chimney Stop|~p]ed about noon nearly opposite to it. Above this spar of hard earth or rock there appeared one of the grandest scenes I ever beheld. About 7 or 8 miles from us is what is called Scotch [Scott's] bluff, it looks like an old castle with a rounding top, back from this from the river there are several others similar in line like a number of very large buildings. From them there was a towering bluff with here and there a cluster of black cedar shrubs, here and there a plat of grass interspersed with spots of naked earth which resembled rocks towering high. Then on our left the chimney and its rounding base, and towering hills back of it Then to look upon the beautiful green of 6 or 7 miles long and nearly as wide which was rolling presented a scenery which 392 DIARY OF ASAHEL MUNGER AND WIFE. % i to my mind was truly grand such as I never saw before went but a little way this afternoon on account of rain. We are hurrying on June 11 for fear of the Shians that they will come and overtake us. Rained most of the night rested well last night, though I have been quite 12, 13 exhausted for several days. Wednes. noon at the spring after a long ride. Thurs. came down to the Platt or near it, but in consequence of the rain a small stream was so high that we were obliged to camp 14 in a very muddy place. Frid. Came to Larimer's [Laramie] Fort about 11 o'clock, forded the river and camped on the flat between the river and the Fort remained through the day. There were 10 men at the fort. 3 of these men had Indian wives they appeared well one could speak some English. E. received a present of a pair of moc- casons. E. made her a present in return. After she had given them she went home and got a new pair, because she had worn the others. These were made very nice. They furnished us with milk while there we bought salt of them for 50 cts for a pint cup full bought 3 cups 15 full. Sat. started early this morning went only about 12 miles to a warm spring which boils out of the bottom of a great hill and yet is warm winter and summer. Camped here for the night on account 16 of rain. Sabbath, a dreary day. oh how we need a Sabbath, our hunters went out to kill game, slaughtered 2 Buffalo and one Elk. either of which had more meat than was consumed. The trust of my soul is in God. I will lean on Him. It is good to get near Him in time of trouble found an excellent plat of grass for camping. 17 Mon. moved on slowly today on account of hills Snow to be seen on the top of a high hill, when the sun is beating down upon us quite 18 hard. Camped early for want of water. Tues. Hilly ground only traveled a short distance. Stopped at a pleasant stream which was very refreshing. E. almost sick for want of light bread. Mr. G. is not willing to have it made. I have looked to God in this case, my soul is troubled. Oh how good [to] trust in Jesus He is near according to 19 his holy promise. Wednes. camped back from the river 14 Indians came into camp this morning, swam the river said they were Shians This day hilly ground producing a little grass, and sage, a kind of shrub which tastes like wormwood, and looks like it only larger. Camped on the Platt a pleasant place. Mr. Johnson came near drowning in attempting to swim the river while bathing providen- 20 tially struck a sand bar and waded out. Thursday made a good march this day 3 o'clock P. M. then ascended a hill and wandered around over hill and valley until half past 6 and only two or three miles ahead to get round a ravine. Crossed a little stream of water and camped on its bank. One of the company went out when our camp was full of meat, several Buffalo having been killed, and most of it left to waste, and shot a large Buffalo because he could. The noble DIARY OF ASAHEL MUNGER AND WIFE. 393 animal was feeding in good grass, taking his comfort when his enemy must commence murdering him shot him 17 or 18 times before he fell took perhaps his tongue and left the remainder to be devoured by wolves which preyed upon him all night. There is a shrub here called grease wood which is saltish. We are now at the point where we cross the Platt, arrived here at 12 o'clock commenced building two boats. These boats are made of poles tied together, and covered with Buffalo skins. Grass for our horses not as good as we have found. The rain has fallen in such torrents that it has literally washed away the soil from large portions of this country; so that it is left a complete barren waste, not only the surface but hundreds of feet in depth seems to have been washed away over what is now the surface over thousands of acres of land over which we have passed which has only left here and there a towering bluff that is so hard 22 the water does not affect it. Sat. Boats completed by about noon all crossed river safely by 5 o'clock. The water here is deep rowed our boats packed up went about 3 miles and camped for the night. 23 Sab. Traveled up the Platt until noon then left it and bore away a northwest direction towards the Sweet water river a branch of the Platt. I feel as usual the need of a Sabbath, but Jesus is a precious Savior to me. I rejoice in him, oh let my soul meekly yield to him 24 in all things. Monday camped last night after a long and tedious day on a dry stream had to dig for water, and that too within a mile of a spring of clear water. Moved on fast this forenoon 15 or 16 miles without stopping traveled most of the time in sight of Buffalo. On our left for several days has been one of the Black Hills so called because of the shrub cedars that cover its surface and give it a black appearance. Camped at a beautiful spring of cool water found gooseberries most of the way we have had rain now expect cool air and frosty nights. June 25th Tues. Hard frost last night found good grass this forenoon have traveled in sight of towering broken ragged mountains, saw a moun- tain covered with snow. Came this evening to the rock Independence. This is the point where we struck the sweet water a small river branch of the Platt. 14 miles above its junction. This rock is called Independence from the fact that in 1830 the American Fur Co. spent the 4th of July here and celebrated the day. It is a long oblong rock covering perhaps 3 or 4 acres of ground. Many have enscribed their 26 names upon it. Wednes. Left the rock early and traveled up the Sweet water. We can see the snow upon the mountains on our left very clearly, we are now rising the Rocky Mountains gradually that great chain that separates the waters flowing to the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. We know we are rising only from the facts, that we are and have been traveling by the side of rapid streams ever f 394 DIARY OF ASAHEL MUNGER AND WIFK. ^ since we left the States the snow discoverable on the mountains at so small a distance above the level on which we travel, while we are warm And the coolness of the Atmosphere are the only evidences I can discover of our ascending the mountains There are high hills on our right and left, more particularly on our left. Are now looking 27 for white men to meet us from rendezvous. Thurs. we had a pleasant encampment last night. Had for our supper a roast rib, and now I will tell you where we found it. It was taken from the upper side of the back bone of a Buffalo cow. This is called the hump rib. These ribs extend from before the fore shoulder back about two feet and a half, and run up from the back bone from one and a half to two feet high. This is covered with a kind of meat which is very good. About 10 o'clock this morning we saw for the first time the wind river mountains which are the highest range of mountains, from the vicinity of which, waters run East and west. It is covered with snow we are several days travel from them. Camped on the sweet water about 4 o'clock rather than travel late to another encamping place. All toler- 28 ably well enured considerably to our way of living. Friday Traveled only 8 miles and stopped about 10 o. c. after noon traveled a long distance without water passed a small pond of salt water, saw a large number of Buffalo, at one time were in sight of perhaps 1500 one drove of them were started by some of the hunters, they bent their course towards the river full chase, our company were between them and the river They came very near running through or among our horses or so near as to set our horses running. They looked very wild. This is much to be feared, as horses frequently when frightened by them take after them and are never found. Camped on Sweet water. Traveled most of the day in sight of the Wind river moun- tains. They present a most spendid and beautiful appearance Its high peaks, and the whole covered with snow reflecting the light from the sun, and rising so high as hardly to be distinguished from the white clouds above them, present a grand scenery. Had a blessed 29 season of prayer alone. God was there. Sat. this morning traveled until about 10, stopp'd to rest on SVeet Water. Soon after 12 we moved on through hills and vallies until 5 to a spring. My prayer is this day Oh Lord do thy holy will with us, I desire nothing more than that we may be holy in heart, and pure in all our actions & 30 thoughts. E not very well today her food distresses her. Sab. This day I have had precious communion with God we traveled as usual. Julyl E. had hard head ache. Camped again on Sweet Water. This morn- ing some frightened by two Indian dogs which came into camp found Indians were nigh. Crossed Sweet Water twice halted to rest. E. ate nothing this morning at noon some better head aches yet. After noon had a long march to a spring 6% hours. E. & myself DIARY OF ASAHEL MUNGER AND WIFE. 395 stopped once and turned a little to the right and took a drink of water from the river, that descends to the States, for the last time Today on the height of ground could see the valley of the Green river which descends to the Pacific, and the Sweet water which descends to the States could see on our right more clearly the wind river mountains & on our left at the distance of at least 40 or 50 miles piles of mountains covered with perpetual snow. Camped at a 2 spring after apprehensions of not being able to find water. Tues. from the spring we passed on towards Sandy Kiver moved on to Little Sandy, and after a long march, camped on big Sandy pure snow water from the mountains. These streams are branches of Green river July3 Wed. mountains in sight and covered with snow most of the time. This is melting and running down in these streams, so that the water 4 is cold soft and good. Camped on big Sandy. Thurs. at half past 10 today we halted to remain until we should hear from Mr. Dripse's camp (who is at the head of the American Fur Company) Soon he appeared himself and Capt. Walkerl with him, to the joy of all the camp. He brought us cheering news. Mr. Ermitinger [Ermatinger] one of the head men of the Hudson Bay Company came over with 8 men and a company of Indians to rendezvous, who was expecting to accompany missionaries if any should come over. They expected to meet Mr. Lee and his company here. We started about noon 5 traveled fast until after 4. Friday started soon after sunrise, and arrived at rendezvous about half past 10 o. c. Had a friendly inter- view with Mr. Ermitinger & Dr. Newel [Robert Newell] 2 one of the men employed by the American Fur Company. Saw the Indians that came up with Mr. Ermitinger all appear very friendly. The American Fur Co. have made a poor collection of furs this year are brin[g]ing 6 their business to a close. Sat. pleasant morning, our tent is near Mr. Ermitinger, and nearer Green river. this is quite a stream 15 or 20 rods wide, and where we forded it midside deep to a horse. We saw the soldier a Nezpersee [sic] Indian who has been much with the 7 missionaries. Sab. Mr. G. preached today twice, he had quite a number of white men and more Indians to hear him. After meeting many got drunk. The Am Fur Company are ruining men as fast as 8 they can with their Alcohol. Mon. Last night Mr. Ermitinger had 2 9 horses stolen from him by 2 of his own men. Tues. Last night one of the men came back for his horse he had stolen. He was not careful to secure him safely, so the horse returned home in the night He 1 Courtney M. Walker, who was at this time in charge of Fort Hall. He had first come to Oregon with Jason Lee. 2 Robert Newell, who was later prominent in affairs of early Oregon. He brought wagons to Oregon (The Dalles) in 1840. 396 DIARY OF ASAHEL HUNGER AND WIFE.
came boldly into camp to look for him. Mr. Ermitinger watched for him and saw him. When the man saw Mr. E. he cocked his gun to shoot him (the gun he had stolen also). He did not shoot but turned and ran off. This is a specimen of similar occurrences which are quite common in the mountains at this time. The men are most of them out of business and know not what to do. Bought meat today 10 called jurk [ jerked J. Wed. Today we start for fort Hall drove only 3 hours, camped on account of Mr. Ermitinger. The scene we have left is really distressing. Those poor mountain men are receiving payment for labor in alcohol at an enormous price. These men must now scatter off, with their little tobacco and coffee & the like things which were the principal commodities except alcohol which were brought up this year from the States for the men, and seek a home and employment where they can. many of them aie so poor they cannot go down to the States what to do they know not. July 11 Thurs. Today we moved on rapidly fast enough to injure our pack horses hard for our wives. We are now beginning to travel over hills some high and steep, narrow trails or paths through shrubs and trees camped in a deep valley. I here hired a horse of an Indian to 12 ride to Ft. Hall. Frid. started early. Indians appear very friendly. Mrs. G's ho;se in passing a side hill which was very steep and danger- ous slipped, and came near going down to the bottom of the hill, she partly fell, but her clothes caught on the horse and held her. She was very much frightened, though not injured, about 10 o,c we passed up a very steep hill, which was very hard for our horses, and our wives as they walked up. Passed on 2 miles & camped on account of 13 a hail storm. Sat. our way today very hilly, we pass over places on side hills and among trees that appear almost impassible [sic], in some places the road is on the side hill, some 30 feet, and sometimes as high as 60 ft above the level, and on an angle of 40 to 60 degrees from a horizontal, in a narrow path where two horses could not pass with their packs, and exhibit no marks of fear, over such places we have all passed within a few days, not enough grass for our encampment, left part of our Co. a mile back. I discovered 5 or 6 Buffalo near us. 14 Mr. Kichardson shot one. Sab. Traveled on, until we came to the place where the missionaries spent the Sabbath last year, and camped. 15 Monday Today found our way better than we anticipated; yesterday all the Co. except myself gathered salt. It was very good found it on the ground though very pure and clean. We camp on Bear river This river runs into the Salt lake which has no outlet. Found open level prairy today, quite cheering to find such a road after its being so hilly have not seen any snow for several days. Straw berries 16 ripe, though we have not had any. Tues. warm pleasant road ex- cept a little side hill made for the soda springs, arrived about 10 o'c. DIARY OF ASAHEL HUNGER AND WIFE. 397 We found the waters a luxury indeed, as good soda as I ever drank boiling up out of the earth. There are several of these springs all that we saw are sunk down a little below the surface of the earth. The mother spring of all we saw is said to be 10 or 12 feet across, and no bottom has ever yet been found. The water there is much stronger than at the springs we saw, these springs, which are called the Pots, boil up from the outlet of the mother spring which passes along under ground and runs into the river. The water is clear and has a smart taste like small beer, though it has more of the sting to it than any beer I ever drank. I drank freely of it. It had a very good effect. Below these springs is another curiosity, on the bank of Bear river is a small hole in the rock about 6 or 7 inches in diameter nearly round running down on an angle of 45 degrees back from the river, out of which there is boiling or rather foaming water about blood warm. This is thrown out at intervals of about 4 or 5 seconds it would seem to be gasping for breath drawing in wind which makes a guggling noise when passing in, then out comes the water in a half steam form, as though mixed with gas and pressed out with tremendous force. There is another similar, though not one fourth as large, and emits but little water. This is called by mountain men the steam engine. The whole surface of the earth about this place, and the soda springs, and finally all over this region presents every proof of having been a volcano, the lava covers the whole surface of the earth. The rocks all about have been evidently in a melted state. I took specimens of 4 different kinds some harder than others. There is a bed of white clay, about as white as our common white earthen [ware.] This is used by the Indians in all parts of the mountains for whitening 17 skins &c. Wednesday We left Mr. Ermitinger this morning and took another rout, for making meat last us down the Columbia river. 18 Thurs. we traveled on in a northwardly direction toward a place called Gray's hole This very bad killed a Buffalo, one of our horses scattered his pack containing our cooking utensiles nothing lost, camped on a small run. Tolerable good water. Some of our company are willing to stand guard our company consists of 14 men and two women, we have 35 horses and mules. Fri. this morning one of our company shot a gun before it was fairly day, and halloed out like one in distress. The whole company sprang up supposing we were in danger from the Indians. This was a mischievous false alarm. We are now on the battle ground we heard of so much at home, but we lose no sleep on account of it. Had much trouble from flies. Found the horse pen Mr. Richardson built last year when making dried meat for his journey from here to Walla Walla. Saw some Buffalo, found none or killed none; in the evening Mr. E. killed 2 though they were 20 so poor that they were not fit for eating. Sat. July 20th. Took an 398 DIARY OF ASAHEL MUNGER AND WIFE. early start camped abouf noon had a little rest. How precious to 21 read the Holy Bible. Sab. This day we have a Sabbath of rest, our hunters went yesterday in pursuit of game, have not yet returned. My soul trusts in God. How perfectly easy for him to bring about his own purposes, when they are directly opposed to the wishes of wicked men. It is my prayer this day that God will provide some place for us to labor, in however obscure a corner it may be I care not I do not look for great things If we may be the means of enlightening a few, we will rejoice. I believe in Jesus and thank him for the many blessings of the journey thus far. I feel as though the animals we ride are God's lent us to use. I expect we shall have the use of them just as long as he sees we need. That is all I wish. I ask that I may possess the spirit of meekness, long suffering and kindness that is in Jesus Christ. With this spirit Let me treat all with whom I come in contact. No sermon today no prayers except private and family 22 devotions. Monday. Today our company are making meat. The hunters came in last evening. This is made by cutting into thin slices and spreading it upon a rack which is made of rods laid upon poles raised about 2 feet above the fire There we let it dry and half roast, or heat gradually until the juice or blood is dried, then it is taken off, packed together and pressed all night. The hunters killed 5 Buffalo one calf, and one bear. They have gone again while the rest of us dry what has been brought in. I hold in niy hand a bunch of the mountain flax. This resembles eastern flax very much. Its blossom bowl leaf, branches of the stalk & size all compare well. But this is a perennial plant, springs every year from the same root. We are now descending the mountains towards the Pacific within 40 miles of Ft Hall not yet molested by the Indians. Two men left us this morning for Ft. Hall. E. almost worn down with hard traveling and hard thinking. Tues. Lost a sack of clothing this day in it were two pr pantaloons 1 pr. boots 1 pr shoes 5 pr mocca- sins a vise vise I did not discover it until we camped. I returned in search of it went % of the day's journey, but could not find them. In returning home it was late before I arrived passed in sight of the three Butes three very high mountains covered with snow. 24th Wednesday. Mr. G. had a chase after a Buffalo in company with two others. Traveled most of the day in open plane [sic] with Snake river on our right at a distance bore away to the left, to Blackfoot 25 Creek & camped. Thurs. moved on until we came within 6 miles of Ft Hall Found a beautiful spring of water boiling up out of the 26 earth There are many similar in this region. Friday moved camp today only a mile found good grass and water stopped here for the purpose of recruiting our horses I made preparations and started about noon for Ft Hall. Was welcomely received by Mr. Ermitinger DIARY OF ASAHEL MUNGER AND WIFE. 399 & Mr. Walker who are the principal men in charge of this Fort Found Mr. Itodgers here from the mission west of the mountains. I returned a horse I received of him at Soda Springs. He would receive nothing for the use of him. Mr. Rodgers went home with me 27 and stayed with me until this (Sat.) morning. Moved our camp down about a mile below Fort Hall for fear the Blackfoot Indiana would steal our horses, or that the Snake or Shoshone Indians would & charge it to the Blackfeet They never come below the Ft to steal. Took Eliza and went up to the Fort and spent the afternoon. The 28 men were drinking very much. Sab. This day is indeed a day of rest. We are alone reading the precious Bible and other books suffer- ing our bodies and minds to rest. How blessed to case all our cares upon Jesus. How blessed to realize the care That Jesus takes of those he loves, When we are tried he knows it all, He listens to the heaving sigh we breathe, Though silent meets his gracious ear above No angry thought no frowning look returns But peace and joy poured into the troubled soul Dispels the fears of those that trust in God. 29 Monday This day we divided our mess, we don't know where we 30 shall be located. Tues. This day I am rejoiced to spend in writing home. I had written over one sheet or more in the afternoon. After dark I got on a strange mule to go in search of our horses, 1 rode about half a mile only, before she rared up, jumped, and kicked until she threw me off and broke my right shoulder. Providentially there was a physician in camp who set the bone free of charge. Aug. 1st, 1839 Thursday, I had commenced copying our journal to send to Dea Goodell had to stop on account of my shoulder. E. has hard labors. Tuesday she washed and lamed her wrists yesterday she had to get her own wood, and climb a steep bank for water. It was too much for her. Providentially I went out a little before night (The day I was hurt) and made a bowery of willows, the sun beats down 2 very warm. Frid. spent most of the day writing part of the time with my left hand, though some with my lame one. it is gaining finely. Sat. 3d Today I finished copying the Journal up to this date to Dea Goodell and finished my letter to mother and gave them to Mr. Richardson to forward to the States, as he with three men is to start to-morrow to return. We have had the privilege of living alone 4, 5 nearly a week. Sab. E. & Myself spent the day alone. Mond. Mr. Griffin offered to help us this morning as we were about to move up near to the fort. We thought it would not be safe for us to remain 400 DIARY OF ASAHEL HUNGER AND WIFE. where we are since the company left. Mr. Eichardson and his com- pany started yesterday for the States, and all the remainder or other part of the company had started before for Van Cover [Vancouver], so that we are left alone (i. e. of the company that came from the States.) Before we were ready to start two Indians came along and helped us. They packed our horses and took great pains to assist us in everything we needed after they had unpacked, they went and hailed L s i c J us a load of wood fire. This evening Mr. Ermitinger came down to inquire why we were here destitute of horses or why both claimed the same horsesl I told him the reasons how the money we had expended had been raised how much more had been expended 10 than we had anticipated &c, &c. Sat. We have been kindly supplied with milk sweet and sour, some butter, flower, sugar, &c also berries 11 from the fort. Sabbath This day has been rather long and lone- some to E. she thought much of home friends prospects & present condition. I tried to have her get above these things. I hope she 12 has in a measure. Mon. this morning all preparations made for a start for Walla Walla. Mr. E. furnished 5 horses which he had promised, and one for the Indian to ride who packed for us. The use of six horses gratis is no trifle for 500 miles travel, as I was leading the 5 horses over to the tent Mr. McKee told me that 3 of Mr. G's horses were gone they had looked for them all the morning We got started about 10 o'c. as we were about starting a very large camp of Ponack [BannockJ Indians came up to the Fort they are said to be very bad Indians There have been many of the Snake or Shoushawnee [Shoshone] Indians here since we came They are quite 13 filthy and indolent, went about 3 hours march and camped. Tues. nothing heard of the horses a very great loss indeed, nooned just above the falls on Snake river. This fall is 40 or 50 ft. perpendicular and very rapid fall above falls quite uncommon in this country rode 5 hours after noon my arm endures the journey well have no 14 pain gaining strength. Wed. Last night I had a restless night quite unwell kept E. awake she arose early and got breakfast while I 15 slept. Mr. G. unwell also. Thurs. started without breakfast rode 14 hours. In thinking of our present condition by the way I rejoiced that Jesus knows our hearts, and what will be for our highest good, which is his glory. I now throw myself upon his mercy I ask him to dispose of us as he pleases I ask his friendship. I am satisfied I sought it when contemplating this work, and the light of his coun- tenance. I am satisfied I looked to him for direction, and he has directed us. I trust he will still direct us. I love to leave all my cares with him. My prayer is in relation to labors, that God will 1 See Bancroft's Oregon, Volume I, p. 239. DIARY OF ASAHEL MUNGER AND WIFE. 401 provide some place for us to spend the winter where we may be useful. 16 Camped on Snake river. Frid. Camped this evening on the bed of a stieam no running water, though plenty that is standing. E. has taken cold settled in her limbs which renders it tedious for her to 17 ride my shoulder gaining. Sat. rode until 9 this morning before breakfast good water. E. better able to ride than yesterday. Sab. Camped this evening on Snake river or near it, on the opposite side of the river are what are called the Shoots. They are large springs of water shooting out of the rock 50 or 60 ft above the river. A man some years since, in attempting to swim across the river to look at this scene was drowned. Mr. Ermitinger sent to Salmon falls 3 or 4 miles distant and pm chased fresh Salmon. Mon. after riding about one hour we came to the falls here we got a supply of fish to last us to Ft Boysa [Boise.J Here the Indians have built three houses of willows and grass. These are not perpendicular falls, but rapids where they catch fish (which run up into places made for the purpose, with stones) with their hands Stopped for our breakfast on Snake river, under the shade of cedars, very warm, no grass, horses standing much of the time without attempting to find anything to 20 eat. In packing this morning, Mr. E told us to prepare our packs for crossing the river rode only one hour before we came to the crossing place. This is rather a dangerous place, the bottom of the river here is gravel and lies like snow drifts below these piles there would be deep holes, where a hoise must swim or drown if he should get into them. The water was very clear, all arrived safe no accident unfavorable Stopped soon for breakfast. Mr. Ermitinger's hunter shot a duck & a goose, gave the goose to us and Mr. Griffin Camped on standing water this evening grass very dry, had some trouble with fire used my arm rather too much today. 21 Vedncs. Today we have traveled without any road, or trail, drove late, passed the boiling springs today, the water boiled up in several places I should judge it was boiling hot. I had but little time to 22 examine them. Thurs. We have found more vegetation in the valley of the Boysa river than usual camped on its bank, expect to reach the fort tomorrow. I have had some pain for several days this 23 originates from a foul stomach. Friday this day proceeded onwards towards the Fort, saw more cotton wood, though not except on streams no rain the roads very dusty all covered over with dust and eyes filled with it found a good place to rest our horses and ourselves, grass plenty, came in sight of the Fort between 3 & 4. Camped in a field; on a bank of the river near the fort found the people here friendly indeed. Eliza feels almost worn out, and no wonder. But there is one consolation. The Lord designs all our troubles for his glory, and our highest good. I took cold today in 402 DIARY OF ASAHEL HUNGER AND WIFE. bathing, had some fever, "removed my cold by sweating. Mr. Ermit- inger has been exceedingly kind to us since we started (as well as before) he has acted the part of a gentleman indeed & continues to do so. He said to us "make up your minds how much flour, and meal, fish, sugar, butter & cawesh [camasj (a kind of root that is 25 good for food) you want, and I will supply you. Sab. This day we spent alone have been reading God's dealings with Israel. 26 Mon. Today Mr. Ermitinger again advised us not to make up our minds where to go until we had seen Dr. Whitman I told him we 27 should not. Tues. Left Boiza about 10 o'c for Walla Walla, camp'd on Snake river. Wednes. Left this river to see it no more. Mr. Ermitinger gave us to understand that he should use his influence to 29 get us a place for the winter with Dr. Whitman. Thurs. This evening 30 I had a present of a beautiful pair of moccasins. Friday. Most of the way since leaving Boiza has been through a sandy plain, some 31 small hills, increase of vegetation dusty roads. Sat. more hills to- day a shower stopped us a few minutes today drove late camp'd on the grand round as it is call'd, a small river. Mr. Griffin tried to Mond employ a guide here to conduct him to Mr. Spauldings. Monday 2d Sept.2Sept. Commenced traveling through the Blue Mountains. These are principally covered with pine rained some last night, made six hours march yesterday and today about 4 hours before noon, before stopping at noon we descended a long hill off the Blue Mountains 2 or 3 miles long found an encampment of Indians heard by them that Dr. Whit- man was not at home was at Mr. Spauldings. They expected him next Thursday we camped this evening in a place where we found but little water and less grass. The fire ran over the whole plain nearly, and left none for our horses. Near us is a little mound about 3 feet above the level of the ground, of a kind of turf or mud covered with grass, out of the top of this, the water was constantly boiling 4 flavor rather sulphurous. Wednes. Took breakfast this morning before starting, after 5 or 6 hours we reached the Walla Walla river and stopped to rest. I omitted to notice that Mr. Griffin left us this morning for Mr. Spauldings without a guide. In 3 or 4 hours we reached the Fort This was the end of our journey as anticipated when we left Oberlin. We were welcomely received by Mr. Pomber [PambrunJ the keeper of the fort. This man has a wife and 6 children. He has raised some vegetables this season. He had quite a patch of potatoes 2 or 3 acres, had some cabbages and mellons, beets, turnips, fowls, bread, salt and fresh salmon, and in fact everything of living kind which we want. Had the privilege of sitting down in a house which was quite comfortably done off eat at a table, sit upon chairs, and sleep in a house, which were refreshing and as you may jud[g]e quite acceptable after a journey of 4 months. This Fort is DIARY OF ASAHEL MUNGER AND WIFE. 403 situated upon the Columbia river. Here is the point where we first 9 saw the river. Monday, we spent our time pleasantly in many respects from the time of our arrival until the present. Mr. Pomber, we understood by Mr. Ermitinger had concluded to give us an invitation to spend the winter with him and busy ourselves by teaching his children, and the like, if we dont find an opportunity to spend the winter with Dr. Whitman. This he has done for our accommodation and not for his convenience. This morning Mr. Smith and Mr. Rogers (missionaries) arrived and the man that helped us from the States. He told us that Mr. Griffin arrived at Dr. Whitman's on Wednesday last. He drove very fast in order to get there before we should. When he arrived he found the family were not at home, and only stayed 3 or 4 hours hired a pilot started for Mr. Spauldings with the intention of arriving there before they left. But it proved other- wise. Dr. Whitman and his wife, Mr. Hall the printer from Sandwich Islands and his wife arrived here soon after noon. They had been here but a few hours before the way was prepared for us to go home with them and spend the winter. They wanted joiner work, and such other things as I could do. Here I cannot help mentioning the providence of God in answering our prayer. We have prayed to God in our trouble that he would provide some place for us to spend the winter where we might be useful. I rejoice that we did not engage to go down to the Willamit for evidently the Lord has sent us here. Through all our trials I cannot say that I have ever regretted that we have undertaken this journey. Though I do regret that we started as we did, or in the way we did. I have always felt as I did before 10 starting; the consciousness that the Lord had sent us. Tuesday I this morning closed a bargain with Dr. Whitman and made arrange- ments to go home with him today. Mr. Ermitinger had a long talk with him and all the other missionaries, that were here. Brother Geger [Geiger]! & Mr. Johnsons called on Dr. Whitman (as they came on before us from Ft Hall) and helped to pave the way that led us to the harbor we are in this fall. Left the Fort in company with Dr. Whitman & his wife on horseback, (had two horses of Mr. Pomber) about one o'clock. We lingered along some when first setting out on account of Mrs. Hall, she is not able to ride on horse back having been diseased for years with a spinal affection, and came here for the purpose of recovering her health. 3 men took a canoe, and are going up the Walla Walla river with her. We rode on after leaving them tolerably fast arrived at home before sunset 25 miles. You can judge something of Eliza's health and strength if 1 William Geiger who became a permanent settler of Oregon. 2 D. G. Johnson who left soon for the Hawaiian Islands. 404 DIARY OF ASAHEL MUNGER AND WIFE. % she is able after riding almost constantly for 4 months, to get on to a Sept Shorse & ride 25 miles in less than half a day Thurs. We found Dr. Whitman in comfortable circumstances. He has raised about 100 bushels of corn, rising of a 1000 bushels of potatoes as he thinks, though they are not yet dug some wheat peas, beans beets, carrots turnips squashes melons onions broom corn hops summer and winter squashes pumkins &c. He has provisions enough for his family for the year and some to spare to the Indians to pay them for their labor. I commenced preparing a bench and tools to work with. Dr. W. had a house built of brick, or dobies as they are called, made of clay without burning. This they wanted to have finished, as soon as possible as Mr. Hall is to occupy it this winter. He had good pine timber seasoned and piled up in house ready to finish it off, and all the materials to do it with. All that was lacking was a joiner. I commenced working at one of the rooms (the one designed for the parlor) about two weeks ago, and finished it today. My arm has recovered nearly its usual strength. Eliza's health is good I [never?] knew it better. She is now assisting Mrs. Whitman in her household affairs. Mrs. W. is teaching the Indian children. The school com- menced since we came here. They have delayed the school for want of a Book. They have now acquired a sufficient knowledge of the language to teach and communicate religious instruction on the Sab- bath. They have now quite a large school children quite interested to learn. The collection for a school is yet a novelty with them How long they will continue to be as deeply interested, no one knows. Mr. Ermitinger called here on his return to Ft Hall. Just before he arrived a Lawyer by the name of Farnam arrived from the States to our great surprise. He had started with quite a company, but they had been falling off, one after another until there [were?] only about half a dozen when they arrived here. Mr. Griffin's horses were found. It is said they were stolen by the Indians and Mr. Walker at Ft Hall gave one of them for finding the other two. We have found friends as you will judge from what I have said are surrounded by those that appear like brothers and sisters. We expect in a few days to com- mence keeping house. What the Lord is going to do with us we dont know, but it is enough for us to know what he is now doing with us. I hope we may always trust in him and I am sure he will always direct our steps If any are expecting to come to this region as mis- sionaries it is well that they should be informed in relation to some facts of which we have been ignorant. There are no establishments for raising grain and other provisions in this region except at Coloil- ville [ Colville?] 300 miles above here Van Cover rising of 200 miles below, and at the Willamit about 300 miles below. At Colville they dont spare their provisions except it is to accommodate. If the misDIARY OP ASAHEL HUNGER AND WIFE. 405 sionaries have to purchase flour at Walla Walla they have to pay between 20 or 25 dollars pr barrel, including all expenses of transporta- tion &c (as nothing is raised here at all for sale, even their supplies most of them are brought from other places.) The missionaries have none for sale. At Van Cover they are cultivating new land and raising large crops but are buying grain rather than selling I suppose for the sake of accommodation they would spare some, though they prefer not to do it. It will be necessary for missionaries who are coming out to support themselves to come prepared to purchase their year's provisions their farming utensils such as plough irons hoes axes and such other tools as are necessary for tilling the ground and making their houses. It is also necessary to have knives, blankets, ammunition &c to some extent in order to trade with the Indians. I hope to be able to give more facts in relation to the prospects of self supporting missions in my next, which will probably arrive about 3 months later than this. Mr. Griffin is now at Mr. Spaulding's about 125 miles from here. He has the promise of some blacksmith work will probably find enough to support him through the winter. Where he will locate himself is not known at present. There are many things I might add to our journal which would be interesting, but must close here for want of time. From your children
ASAHEL & ELIZA MUNGEE. NOTES AND REVIEWS.
Did Sir Francis Drake Land on Any Part of the Oregon Coast? By R. M. BRERETON, C. E. (Portland, Oregon: The J. K. Gill Company.)
The author had met the query stated in the title of this very attractive brochure and proceeded in a thoroughly effective and scholarly manner to answer it. The "co-temporary recorders" of Drake's expedition to the Pacific Coast were carefully ascertained, and the passages from their writings covering Drake's movements on this coast excerpted. Lest he might not have succeeded in finding all of the contemporary sources recourse was had to the expressions on the matter in hand by later reliable historians who might possibly have had access to original sources no longer available to him. The extracts from both the primary and the secondary sources are repro- duced, also fac similes of three early maps of Drake's route on this coast. The author's conclusion, that he is "unable to find any reliable evidence" "from a careful study" of these extracts "to show that Drake ever landed anywhere on the Oregon coast," will be accepted by all.
The July number of the ' ' Steel Points, ' ' in anticipation of the expedition of the Mountaineers' Club of Seattle into the Olympic region, is devoted mainly to setting forth what had up to that date been ascertained of the Olympics. In addition to articles on the "Names in the Olympic Region" and the ascents of Mount Olympus there is an exhaustive paper by Professor L. F. Henderson on the flora of the region. Mr. George H. Himes contributes papers on the "Discovery of Pacific Coast Glaciers" and on "Very Early Ascents" of Washington peaks.
Samuel Freeman Miller. By CHARLES NOBLE GREGORY. [Iowa
Biographical Series, edited by BENJAMIN F. SHAMBAUGH.]
(Iowa City: The State Historical Society of Iowa, 1907.
pp. XII, 217.)
This compact and very readable sketch of the services and person- ality of Associate Justice Miller gives what is worth most to know of its subject. The author is perfectly frank. He takes us in behind the curtains and we are enabled to see what influences secured an appointment to the bench of the United States Supreme Court in 1862; what degree of fitness Judge Miller had for his position; and how with his personality and point of view and the cast of his thought he wrought with his associates in determining the trend of the Supreme Court's decisions. The subject was a large one to handle in two hundred pages, but the author has made excellent use of the space he did take.
Dr. John McLoughlin, the Father of Oregon. By Frederick V. Holman. Director of the Oregon Pioneer Association and of the Oregon Historical Society. (Cleveland, Ohio: The Arthur H. Clark Company.)
This is an extended argument to establish two propositions: That Dr. John McLoughlin treated the early settlers in Oregon with humanity and Christian kindness; and that some of the settlers afterwards ill requited his kindness by speaking ill of his treatment and particularly in exerting themselves to deprive him of his rightful holdings under the Government of the United States. Mr. Holman has put the case strongly, and it seems hardly possible that any unbiased reader should lay down the book without the feeling that both propositions are amply sustained by the facts.
In his preface the author says: "The one great theme of the pioneers was and still is Dr. McLoughlin and his humanity." This sentiment of the pioneers is abundantly attested by many of their public utterances. The community, too, seems to have accepted this estimate of Dr. McLoughlin as final, being the estimate of those who were best qualified to judge. This means that the people of Oregon had already accepted as true the first proposition of this book, and needed no proof of it.
The fact that the first proposition was thus generally and cordially accepted would seem to have rendered unnecessary any extended argument on the second. The late comer to Oregon who has heard from the first and always the name of Dr. McLoughlin mentioned only with affection and all but reverence cannot but regret that the author did not follow more closely the plan laid down in the first sentence of his preface and give us in fact "a plain and simple narrative of Dr. John McLoughlin and of his noble career in the early history of Oregon." There is room in the story of Oregon's origin for just such a narrative of the life of this truly noble man, and no one is better furnished for the writing of it than the author of this volume.J. E. WILSON.
Trade and Currency in Early Oregon. A study in the com- mercial and monetary history of the Pacific Northwest. By JAMES HENRY GILBERT, Ph. D. Published as one of the Studies in History Economics and Public Law under the Editorship of the Faculty of Political Science of Columbia University. Of special value to those interested in Pacific Coast history is the monograph on Trade and Currency in Early Oregon, prepared as a doctor's thesis by James Henry Gilbert and edited by the Faculty of Political Science of Columbia University. The monograph is a good representative of the kind of work that may be expected to appear with the collection and classification of historical material which has been going on for some time with such good success in Oregon. Mr. Gilbert treats the two subjects of Trade and Currency together since a knowledge of the currency is dependent on an understanding of the trade relations at various times. A history of the trade of early Oregon would have required fuller treatment had it been the main subject of a thesis, but Mr. Gilbert has subordinated it to his theme and thus avoided the danger of a double subject, and the necessity of fuller treatment. The thesis is divided into four chapters, each of which deals with one of four periods. The first chapter treats of the fur trade and its development into a monopoly under the Hudson's Bay Company, with the beaver skin as the medium of exchange. The second chapter de- scribes the development of agriculture and the use of wheat as a medium of exchange. The third chapter deals with the changes that followed the discovery of gold in California when the gold dust became a currency and was coined into Beaver Money in Oregon. The fourth chapter covers the period of the Civil War when the government sought to put the legal tenders into circulation. Mr. Gilbert's treatment of his subject shows diligence in his search of material, thoughtful interpretation of his facts and logical con- struction into a thesis. His language is clear and fitted to the treat- ment of such a subject. In reading the thesis one gets a good idea of the stages of development of trade. The isolated condition of the early American settlers is well brought out and their dependence upon the Hudson's Bay Company both in selling and buying, as well as the relief that came with the discovery of gold in California. The use of beaver skins, wheat and store orders are properly distinguished as only a medium of exchange and not money in the full sense of the term. The early currency legislation is interesting and the whole experience of this isolated and primitive community struggling with currency problems illustrates principles in the development of money. It is; NOTES AND REVIEWS. 409 especially interesting to note that both in custom and legislation the people of early Oregon favored and understood metallic currency even before the discovery of gold made its possession possible in any great quantity. This discovery, however, fixed the habit and lays the basis for that opposition to the legal tenders which makes such an interesting chapter in the monetary history of the whole coast. The opposition to the greenbacks is well analyzed, although it would seem to the reviewer that the latter part of the thesis should have received a fuller treatment, relative to the earlier part. It would, perhaps, lie beyond the scope of the thesis, but the reader cannot help desiring to know the attitude of the Oregon population to the national bank notes when they made their appearance. It would be interesting also to know more fully the influence of the attitude of the Pacific Coast in favor of the specific contract on the development of that idea in national monetary legislation. The use of the gold slug as a medium of exchange for large transactions is not noted. The diagrams which are used to show the comparative fluctuations of legal tender notes in Oregon and New York City and the compara- tive table of prices of commodities to show that prices in Oregon did not follow the legal tender fluctuations of the east are instructive and interesting. JAMES E. KOBERTSON. Berkeley, California. ACCESSIONS. BOOKS. Polk, R. L. & Co.'s Directory of Baker City, Sumpter, Huntington, La Grande, Union, Pendleton, No. 2, 1903. 8vo. 538 pp. - No. 3, 1905. 8vo. 612 pp. Lucas, Eobert, Life of. Iowa Biographical Series, edited by Ben- jamin F. Shambaugh. State Historical Society of Iowa, Iowa City, 1907. Cloth. 8vo. Portraits. 356 pp. Presented by Mrs. Eva Emery Dye, Oregon City. Kansas, Historical Collections of. Vol. IX, 1905-1906. Cloth. 8vo. Portraits, maps, plates. 654 pp. Maine, Collections of Historical Society. Documentary History, Vol. X. Baxter Manuscripts. 8vo, cloth. 498 pp. Congress, Official Directory of. Second Edition. Corrections to January 9, 1907. Cloth. Illustrated. Plate. Cloth. 8vo. 426 pp. Beyond the Mississippi; from the Great River to the Gi'eat Ocean. Life and Adventure on the Prairie, Mountains, and Pacific Coast. 1857-1867. By Albert D. Richardson, correspondent of the New York Tribune during the Civil War. Copiously Illustrated. American Pub. Co., Hartford, Conn., 1867. 8vo. CJoth. 572 pp. Presented by Dr. William B. Knapp, Portland. Autograph of Isaac Knapp, Fort Wayne, Indiana. Four Years in a Government Exploring Expedition to the Islands of the Pacific, Northwest Coast of America, Etc. By Lieutenant Colvocoresses, U. S. Navy, an officer of the expedition. New York, 1852. River of the West: Life and Adventure in the Rocky Mountains and Oregon, embracing Events in the Life-time of a Mountainman and -Pioneer. By Mrs. Frances Fuller Victor. Illustrated. 8vo, sheep. 602 pp. Our New West. Records of Travel between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean, with Details of the Wonderful Natural Scenery, Agriculture, Mines, Business, Social Life, Progress, Prospects, Etc. By Samuel Bowles, of the Republican, Springfield, Mass. Hartford Pub Co., 1870. 8vo, cloth. Map, portraits, 12 full-page illustrations. Travels through the United States of North America, the Country of the Iroquois, and Upper Canada, in the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797, with an Authentic Account of Lower Canada. By the Duke de la Rochefoucault Liancourt. London: Printed for R. Phillips, No. 71 St. Paul's Church Yard; Sold by T. Hurst and J. Wallis, Paternoster-Row, ACCESSIONS. 411 and by Carpenter and Co., 1799. Quarto. Half calf, marbled paper sides an excellent and well preserved specimen of the art of book- making in vogue one hundred years ago. Translated from the French by H. Neuman. Map to illustrate Author's Travels. 642 pp. with index in addition. Oregon State Board of Horticulture, Second Annual Keport of, to the Legislative Assembly, 17th Regular Session, 1893. 8vo. Cloth. Illustrated. 349 pp. (2 copies.) Catalogue of Scarce American and Miscellaneous Books. By Ed- ward W. Nash, 1872-1877, 120 Nassau Street, N. Y. Bound in same volume, "Giblets of History and Tidbits of America," Etc., by Charles L. Woodward, 78 Nassau Street, N. Y. American Library Association, Papers and Proceedings of the 27th General Meeting of, at Portland, Oregon, July 4-7, 1905. Published by the American Library Association, 1905. 8vo. 257 pp. United States Geological Survey, Fourth Annual Keport, to the Secretary of the Interior, 1882-83. By J. W. Powell, Director. Wash- ington: Government Printing Office, 1884. 8vo, cloth. 473 pp. Maps, plates, engravings. Over the Range to the Golden Gate. A Complete Tourist's Guide to Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, Oregon, Puget Sound and the Great Northwest. By Stanley Wood. Revised to 1904 by C. E. Hooper. Chicago: R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co., Publishers, 1906. 8vo. Cloth. Illustrated. 340 pp. Crofutt's Transcontinental Tourist's Guide. Geo. A. Crofutt, Pub- lisher, New York, 1872. Vol. 4. 12mo. Cloth. Illus. 224 pp. Maps. Vol. 6. Quarto, cloth. 158 pp. Illus. Maps. Overland Tours, consisting of over Six Thousand Miles of Main Tours, and Three Thousand Miles of Side Tours, also Six Thous- and Miles by Stage and Water. Chicago and New York: Rand, McNally & Co., Publishers, 1890. 8vo. Cloth. 264 pp. Maps and Illus. Biennial Report of the Secretary of State, State of Oregon, to the Legislative Assembly, 19th Regular Session, December 31, 1895-De- cember 31, 1896. 8vo. Cloth. 338 pp. Appendix, 82 pp., giving list of officers of Territory and State of Oregon from 1843 to 1897. American First Class Book, The, or Exercises in Reading and iJecitation; selected principally from modern authors of Great Britain and America, and designed for the use of the Highest Class in Publick and Private Schools. By John Pierpont, Minister of Hollis-STtreet Church, Boston. Boston: 1823. 12mo, sheep. 480 pp. Much worn. Title page frayed. (Brought to Oregon in 1852, by Mrs. Anna Pent- land Brooks, The Dalles, Oregon, by whom it was presented.) 412 ACCESSIONS. i Portland Clubdom, 1905. Compiled by Daggett & Rae. 12mo. Imitation Cloth. 128 pp. Bigelow Carpet Co., History of. Also Brief History of Carpet Making. By Bigelow Carpet Co., Fifth Avenue, New York, 1907. 8vo. boards. 78 pp. Commercial Club, Portland, Oregon, The. Articles of Incorporation, List of Members, and House Kules. 16mo. Boards. 29 pp. Walker, Gov. R. J., Reminiscences of, with the True Story of the Rescue of Kansas from Slavery. By Geo. W. Brown, M. D., Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Historical Society of Kansas. Rock- ford, 111.: Printed and Published by the Author, 1902. Presented by Mrs. Sara T. D. Robinson, Lawrence, Kansas. Doniphan's Expedition; containing an Account of the Conquest of New Mexico, General Stephen W. Kearney's Overland Expedition to California, Doniphan's Campaign against the Navajos, His Unparal- leled March upon Chihuahua and Durango, and the Operations of General Price at Santa Fe, with a Sketch of the Life of Colonel Doniphan. By John T. Hughes, of the First Missouri Cavalry. Cin- cinnati: J. A. and U. P. James, 1847. 8vo. Cloth. 407 pp. Prairie Traveler, The. A Hand-Book for Overland Expeditions, with Maps, Illustrations and Itineraries of the Principal Routes be- tween the Mississippi and the Pacific. By Randolph B. Marcy, Captain U. S. Army. Published by Authority of the War Department. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1859. 12mo. 340 pp. Portland and Vicinity, Willamette Valley, Columbia River, and Puget Sound. L. Samuel, Publisher, Portland, 1887. 8vo. Cloth. Copiously Illustrated. 90 pp. Statistician, Annual, 1877. San Francisco: L. P. McCarthy, Pub- lisher, 1877. 8vo, cloth. 468 pp. - 1878. San Francisco: L. P. McCarthy, Publisher. 12mo, cloth. 592 pp. (Presented by Raleigh Stott, Portland.) - 1879. San Francisco: L. P. McCarthy, Publisher. 12mo, cloth. 600 pp. - and Economist, 1889. San Francisco: L. P. McCarthy, Pub- lisher. 12mo, cloth. 672 pp. Boston Almanac, The, for 1849. By S. N. Dickinson. 16mo, cloth. 216 pp. Map of Boston and suburbs. Contains table of Boston weather for 1848; comparisons of Boston and Florida weather for 1847; brief history of the public schools of Boston; Business Directory of Boston; list of Boston newspapers. (Brought to Oregon in 1849, by Colburn Barrell, a grand-nephew of Joseph Barrell, a Boston mer- chant, who was a leading character in organizing the company which ACCESSIONS. 413 chartered the ship Columbia at Boston in 1787 to make a commercial voyage to China, and which was sailed into the Columbia River on May 11, 1792, by Captain Robert Gray.) Almanacs Oregon, 1848. Printed at Spectator Office, Oregon City, by W. P. Hudson. 12mo. 24 pp. - Oregon and Washington, 1856, 1857, 1862, 1863. Compiled and published by S. J. McCormick. Franklin Bookstore, Portland. All 12mo. - McCormick's (successor to the preceding), 1864, 1865, 1866, 1867, 1868 (imperfect), 1870, 1871. All 12mo., and published by S. J. McCormick, Franklin Bookstore, Portland. (Foregoing were saved by J. Quinn Thornton, a pioneer of 1846, and a well-known attorney in the territorial days of Oregon.) American Almanac, Year-Book, Cyclopedia and Atlas for 1903. Published by the W. R. Hearst Newspapers. 8vo, cloth. 920 pp. Illustrated. - 1904. 966 pp. 24 map plates. 'Primer of Forestry, A. Part 2 Practical Forestry. By Gifford Pinchot, Forester. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1905. 12mo, cloth. 88 pp. Illus. Horn's Overland Guide from the U. S. Indian Sub-Agency, Council Bluffs, on the Missouri River, to the City of Sacramento, in Califor- nia, containing a Table of Distances, and showing all the Rivers, Creeks, Lakes, Springs, Mountains, Hills, Camping-Places, and other Prominent Objects, with Remarks on the Country, Roads, Timbers, Grasses, Curiosities, Etc., the entire Route having been tracked by a Road-Measurer, and the Distances from place to place, and from the Missouri River, accurately ascertained. By Hosea B. Horn. New York: Published by J. H. Colton, No. 86 Cedar Street, 1852. 16mo, cloth. 108 pp. The map which originally accompanied this publica- tion is missing. (Found in an old building belonging to the Meade Estate, corner of Fifth and Columbia streets, Portland, in 1898, by D. N. Byerlee, Hood River, Oregon, by whom it was presented.) Telephone Directory, Pacific States, for March, 1899, embracing the States of California, Oregon and Washington. Issued from Tele- phone Office, San Francisco. 8vo, canvas. 494 pp. United States Statistical Directory, or Merchants' ^ind Travelers' Guide, with a Wholesale Business Directory of New York. By J. F. Loomis & Co. New York: G. F. Nesbit, Stationer and Printer, corner of Wall and Water streets, 1847. 16mo, cloth. 198 pp. New York at the Lewis and Clark Exposition, Portland, Oregon, June 1-Oct. 15, 1905. By Samuel B. Ward, Clarence Luce, Harry D. f 414 ACCESSIONS. Williams, Pratt A. Brown* Henry Altman, and Charles E. Huntley, New York State Commissioners. Albany, N. Y.: Brandow Printing Company, State Legislative Printers, 1906. 8vo, buckram back, paper sides. 127 pp. Portraits of Commissioners and illustrations of N. Y. State Building and other features of interest. (Presented by Mrs. Eva Emery Dye, Oregon City.) General Circular, A, to all Persons of Good Moral Character, who wish to Emigrate to the Oregon Territory, embracing some account of the character and advantages of the country; the Eight and the Means and Operations by which it is to be Settled, and all Necessary Direc- tions for becoming an Emigrant. By Hall J. Kelley, Agent. By order of the American Society for Encouraging the Settlement of the Oregon Territory. Instituted in Boston, A. D. 1820. Charlestown: Printed by William W. Wheildon. E. P. & C. Williams, Boston, 1831. 8vo, boards. 28 pp. Contains diagram of a plat of land laid out in 40-acre tracts between the "Multnomah and Columbia Eivers." Part of this tract is believed to be within the present city limits of Portland. Infantry Tactics, Abstract of, including Exercises and Manoeuvres of Light Infantry and Eiflemen; for the use of the M;' 1 i of the United States. Published by the War Department under au u nority of the Act of Congress of March 2, 1829. Boston: Milliard, Gray, Little and Wilkins, 1830. 12mo, sheep. 138 pp. Plates and diagrams. Sangamon County, Illinois, History of the Early Settlers of. "Cen- tennial Eecord." By John Carroll Power, assisted by his wife, Mrs. S. A. Power. Under the Auspices of the Old Settlers' Society. Spring- field: Edwin A. Wilson & Co., 1876. 8vo, cloth. 797 pp. Presented by Mrs. Byron Z. Holmes, Portland, whose father and uncle, Allen and Simeon Francis, were residents of that county for many years before coming to the Pacific Coast. PAMPHLETS. Pendleton, Jack Huston's Directory of Pendleton, Athena, Hermis- ton, and Helix, for 1907. Jack Huston, Publisher, Pendleton. 8vo. 72 pp. Cover. Eeminiscences of Frontier Life. By I. B. Hammond. Portland: 1904. 8vo. Illustrated. 136 pp. Oregon: Our Eight and Title, containing an Account of the Condi- tion of the Oregon Territory, its Soil, Climate, and Geographical Posi- tion, together with a Statement of the Claims of Eussia, Spain, Great Britain, and the United States. By Wyndham Eobertson, Jr., of Virginia. Washington: Printed by J. & G. S. Gideon, 1846. 8vo. 204 pp. Appendix, 24 pp. ACCESSIONS. 415 Benton, Thomas H., Speech of, on Oregon Question, delivered in the U. S. Senate May 22, 25, and 28, 1846. Washington: Printed at the Office of Blair and Eives, 1846. 8vo. 40 pp. Howison, Lieut. Neil M., U. S. Navy, Eeport of, to the Commander of the Pacific Coast S'quadron, being the result of an examination iv the year 1846 of the Coast, Harbors, Eivers, Soil, Productions, Climate, and Population of the Territory of Oregon. Report dated San Fran- cisco, Feb. 1, 1847. 8vo. 36 pp. Johnson, Eeverdy, Speech of, on The Oregon Question, delivered in the U. S. Senate, March 11, 1846. 8vo. 16 pp. Webster, Daniel, Speech at Marshfield, Mass., Sept. 1, 1848, upon the nomination of Gen. Taylor for the Presidency, and his Speech of Aug. 12, 1848, in the U. S. Senate, upon the Oregon Bill. Boston: Press of T. E. Marvin, 1848. 8vo. 24 pp. Browne, J. Eoss, Eeport of, as Special Agent to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, upon Indian Affairs in the Territories of Oregon and Washington, dated Nov. 17, 1857. 8vo. 48 pp. dims ^f the Northwest, being Condensed Notes of a Lecture by Hon. Selucius Garfielde, Delegate in Congress from Washington Terri- tory, d^ivered in Philadelphia in 1872. 8vo. 20 pp. Cover. Lane, Joseph, Speech of, on the Admission of Kansas, in the U. S. House of Eepresentatives, March 27, 1858. 8vo. 8 pp. Constitution for the State of Oregon, passed by the Convention, Sept. 18, 1857. 8vo. 24 pp. (This is a copy of the proposed constitu- tion that was submitted to the people of Oregon for acceptance or rejection on November 9, 1857. Two copies.) Washington Territory, Journal of the Council during the Second Session of the Legislative Assembly beginning at Olympia Dec. 4, 1854. Olympia: George B. Goudy, Public Printer, 1855. 8vo. 158 pp. and cover. (Bears upon the cover the handwriting of Seth Catlin, who was -President of the Council at the time. Presented by Adam Catlin, a son of Seth Catlin.) Eules and Orders of the House of Eepresentatives of, 1854-55. Olympia: J. W. Wiley, Public Printer, 1854. 16mo. 104 pp. (In ad- dition to the Eules and Orders, contains Constitution of United States, Organic Act of Washington Territory, Treaty with Great Britain, June 15, 1846, Donation Land Law, approved Sept. 27, 1850, Notice to Settlers of April 30, 1853, extending provisions of law to Dec. 1, 1855, Amendment to Act creating office of Surveyor-General, Feb. 14, 1853, Amendment to Act July 17, 1854, Circular to land officers from General Land Office, August 28, 1854, and Ordinance of 1787.) 416 ACCESSIONS. % United States Christian Commission, Second Annual Report, for the Year 1863. 8vo. 284 pp. and cover. Oregon State Board of Agriculture, Premium List of Forty-Second Annual Fair, Salem, Sept. 15-20, 1902. 12mo. 84 pp. and cover. State of Oregon, Official Directory of all State and County Officers, Compiled by the Secretary of State, January 1, 1904. 12mo. 16 pp. and cover. (Two copies.) Knights of Pythias, Eeport of Fraternal Correspondent of the Grand Lodge, held at Portland, October 13-14, 1903. 8vo. 42 pp. Standard Oil. Sketch of the operations of the Standard Oil Com- pany, by Harold J. Rowland. Illus. 8vo. 20 pp. and cover. Address of Greeting delivered on behalf of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin to the Washington University State Historical Society, at the Unveiling of Monuments on San Juan Island, Oct. 21, 1904, the Anniversary of the date in 1870 when Emperor William I. of Germany handed down His Decision fixing the Boundary Line be- tween the United States and the British Provinces. By Robert L. McCormick, President State Historical Society of Wisconsin. 8vo. 8 pp. Presented by Mr. McCormick. San Juan Island and Secession. Possible Relation to the War of Rebellion Did General Harney Try to Make Trouble with the English to Aid the Conspiracy? A Careful Review of His Orders and the Circumstances Attending the Disputed Possessions during the Yea;' 1859. By Granville O. Haller, Colonel U. S. A., Retired. (Captain and Brevet Major, Commanding Co. I, Fourth Infantry, and Fort Townsend, Washington, in 1859.) 8vo. 16 pp. Read before the Loyal Legion at Tacoma Hotel, Tacoma, January 16, 1896. (Re- printed from Tacoma Ledger by R. L. McCormick, who presented the publication.) Improved Order of Red Men, Record of the Great Council of, in the United States, Atlanta, Ga., September, 1892. Vol. 9, No. 1. Camden, N. J., 1892. (Presented by Frank C. Baker, Portland.) Standard Oil Company. Statement of Directors to Its Employees and Stockholders, August, 1907. New York: Martin B. Brown Press, 1907. Invertebrate Paleontology of the Texas Cretaceous, A Contribution to the. By F. W. Cragin, under Auspices of the Geological S'urvey of Texas. Austin: Ben. C. Jones & Co., State Printers, June, 1893. 8vo. 295 pp., including 46 plates. Las Vegas, Headquarters of the New Mexico Division of the A. T. & S. E. Railway System, Description of. Edited by Charles W. G. ACCESSIONS. 417 Ward, Kobert J. Taupert, and E. E. Twitchell. 1904. 8vo. 84 pp. Copiously Illustrated. Baker City, A Few Facts in Eegard to, Issued by the Baker City Development League, Orville Johnson, Secretary. Baker City: 1905. 8vo. 16 pp. Map of Baker County, showing Tributary Mineral Districts. Reformed Method of Spelling, The. As recommended by the Sim- plified Spelling Board and approved by President Eoosevelt. C. C. Clinton, Compiler. Portland, Oregon: Union Printing Company, 1906. 8vo. (narrow.) 24 pp. and cover. Highland County, Ohio, History of the Early Settlement of. By Danfel Scott. Collected and reprinted by the Hillsborough Gazette, Highland County, 1890. 8vo. 198 pp. (Eev. William Jolly a pionee" of 1847, came to Oregon from Highland County.) Smith, Isaac Williams, Memoir of, prepared by D. D. Clarke, Member of American Society of Civil Engineers, Edward G. Tilton, C. E., and Eobert P. Maynard, C. E. 8vo. 8 pp. (Eeprinted.) Fireside Eeveries. By Ahio S. Watt. 8vo. Text, 2 pp. Press of Kilham Stationery Company, Portland, 1907. Trans-Mississippi Commercial Congress, Brief History of. By Arthur F. Francis, General Secretary. Muskogee, Oklahoma: 1907. 8vo. 12 pp. Silver Standard, The. Issued by Meriden Britannia Co., Meriden, Ct., June, 1907. Text indicates contrast in conditions in 1847 and 1907. Article on Portland by George H. Himes. Illus. 8vo. 8 pp. (Four copies.) American Museum of Natural History, A General Guide to. Sup- plement to American Museum Journal, January, 1904. 8vo. Illus. 56 pp. and cover. American Museum Journal, Vol. 4, No. 1, January, 1904. Illus. 8vo. 32 pp. and cover. Wisconsin Archeologist, The. Vol. 3, No. 1, October, 1903, to Vol. 4, No. 2, January, 1905. Published by the Wisconsin Archeological Society, Milwaukee, Wis. 8vo. with cover. Illus. Issued quarterly. - Nos. 3 and 4, Vol. 5, April to October, 1906. Commercial vs. Scientific Collecting. A Plea for "Art for Art's Sake." By Warren K. Moorehead, Curator of Archeology, Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. 8vo. Columbus, Ohio: Press of Fred J. Heer, 1904. 8vo. 8 pp. with cover. 418 ACCESSIONS. % Pioneers of the State of Washington, Proceedings of the the, for the year 1903-04, with Historical Sketch of the Organization. Ad- dresses at the Eeunion of June 21-22, and List of Members 'Present. Seattle: Metropolitan Press, 1904. 8vo. 52 pp. with cover. (Three copies.) Oregon at Malabon, and Other Poems. By Lionel A. Johnson. Portland: F. W. Baltes & Co., 1905. 8vo. 20 pp. and cover. Idaho, Historical Sketches of. By Mrs. Eebecca Mitchell. Written under the Auspices of the First District Federation of Woman's Clubs of Idaho, by Mrs. Eebecca Mitchell, Chairman of the Historical Com- mittee. Idaho Falls: Bert P. Mill, 1905. 16mo. 100 pp. and cover. University of Pennsylvania, Contributions from the Botanical Laboratory of. Vol. Ill, No. 1, 1907. Contains Contributions to a Catalogue of the Flora of the Canadian Eocky Mountains and the Selkirk Eange. By Edith M. Farr. Philadelphia: University of Penn- sylvania, 1907. 8vo. 88 pp. and cover. Map. Presented by Miss Farr. Multnomah County, Oregon; Auditor's Eeport of Eeceipts and Dis- bursements for the Six Months ending June 30, 1907. 8vo. 23 pp. and cover. Memorial to Congress by the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Oregon, at its Session at Salem, the first Monday in December, 1851, respecting the location of the Territorial Seat of Government. 8vo. 8 pp. Directory of Salem and Vicinity. By E, H. Flagg. October, 1897. 16mo. 191 pp. and cover. Marquam, P. A., Plaintiff and Eespondent, vs. U. S. Mortgage and Trust Co., The Title Guarantee Trust Co., Oregon Company, and J. Thorburn Eoss, Defendants and Appellants. Eespondent's Petition for a Eehearing, on Appeal to the Supreme Court of Oregon, from the Decree of the Circuit Court of Multnomah County. 8vo. 198 pp. and cover. Leland Stanford Junior University Publications. Contributions to Biology from the Hopkins Laboratory of Biology. I The Fishes of Sinaloa. By David Starr Jordan, President of the University, Assisted by Edwin Chapin Starks, George Bliss Culver, and Thomas Marion Williams. Stanford University, Palo Alto, Gal., 1895. 8vo. 141 pp. 30 plates, and cover. - II. On the Cranial Characters of the Genus Sebastodes (Eock Fish.) By Frank Cramer. 1895. 8vo. 41 pp. 14 plates, and cover. III. The Fishes of Puget Sound. By David Starr Jordan and Edwin Chapin Starks. 1905. 8vo. 74 pp. 29 plates, and cover. ACCESSIONS. 419 IV. New Mallophaga, I, with special reference to a collection made from maritime birds of the Bay of Monterey, Cal. By Vernon L. Kellogg, Associate Professor of Entomology, Stanford University. 8vo. 143 pp. 14 plates, and cover. History and Economics. No. 1 The Tariff Controversy in the United States, 1789-1833, with a Summary of the Period before the Adoption of the Constitution. By Orrin Leslie Eliott, Ph. D., of Stanford University. 8vo. 272 pp. and cover. Pastoral Letter of the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore. The Archbishops and Bishops of the United States, in Plenary Council Assembled, to the Clergy and Laity of their Charge. Baltimore: Printed by John Murphy & Co., 1866. 8vo. 46 pp. Second Edition. Blanchet, Most Bev. F. N., D. D., Archbishop of Oregon City, Pastoral Letter of, July 25, 1865. (Includes the Encyclical Letter of Pope Pius IX., and the "Syllabus of the Principal Errors" of that time.) 8vo. 33 pp. Portland, Oregon: Oregon Farmer Printing Es- tablishment, 1865. Promulgating the Decrees of the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore, and Promulgating a Plenary Indulgence on the Occasion of the General Council. 8vo. 21 pp. Portland, Oregon: A. G. Walling, Printer, 1869. The Jubilee of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Ordinance of, to the Priesthood at Oregon City, July 18, 1869. Portland, Oregon: A. G. Walling, Printer, 1869. Question Did Sir Francis Drake Land on Any Part of the Oregon Coast? By Eobert Maitland Brereton, C. E. Portland, Oregon: The J. K. Gill Company, 1907. 8vo. 24 pp. Maps of 1580, 1600, and 1646-47 reproduced. Holladay, Ben, et al., Depositions of, in Suit with S. G. Elliott, in. the District Court of the Fifteenth Judicial District, of the State of California, growing out of partnership in the early construction of the Oregon Central Eailroad. 8vo. 384 pp. Home Telephone Company, Automatic System, Portland. Bulletin No. 3, July 10, 1907. 8vo. 126 pp., including supplement. Portland Fire Department, Twenty-third Annual Eeport of, Dec. 23, 1905. By David Campbell, Chief Engineer. 8vo. 205 pp. Oregon Territory, Session Laws, 1855-56. Salem, Oregon: Asahel Bush, Territorial Printer, 1856. 8vo. 190 pp. Laws of, Enacted during the Ninth Session of the Legislative Assembly, Dec. 7, 1857 Feb. 5, 1858. 8vo. 208 pp. 420 ACCESSIONS. Laws of, enacted at? Tenth Begular Session of the Legislative Assembly. 8vo. 174 pp. Code of Civil Procedure, Etc. Code Commissioners: M. P. Deady, A. C. Gibbs, and J. K. Kelly. Salem, Oregon: Asahel Bush, State Printer. 8vo. 438 pp. Washington Bankers' Association, Eleventh Annual Convention of, held at Tacoma, June 21-23, 1906. Tacoma: Pioneer Bindery and Printing Company, 1906. 8vo. 184 pp. Portraits. Kiverview Cemetery Association, Portland, Oregon, By-laws and Eules of. Organized 4th December 1882. 8vo. 30 pp. Plat of cemetery. Washington Territory, Statistical Eeport of Secretary, for 1888. Olympia: Thomas H. Cavanaugh, Public Printer. 8vo. 14 pp. Inserts. Keport of Governor of, for 1884. Washington, D. C.: T. J. Brashears, Printer, 1885. 8vo. 62 pp. Map. Bears the signature of Gov. Watson C. Squire. Oregon Bar Association, Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting, Portland, Oregon, Oct. 17, 1891. 8vo. 64 pp. - Second Annual Meeting, Portland, Oregon, Oct. 15, 1892. 76 pp. (Two copies.) Special Meeting and Third Annual Meeting, Portland, Oregon, Oct. 20-21, 1893. 82 pp. - Fourth and Fifth Annual Meetings, Portland, Oct. 18-19, 1894, and Oct. 17-18, 1895. 136 pp. Sixth and Seventh Annual Meetings, Portland, August 20-21, 1896, and August 19-20, 1897. 167 pp. Eighth and Ninth Annual Meetings, Portland, Nov. 15-16, 1898, and Nov. 21, 1899. 172 pp. Washington, Territory of, Eeport of the Superintendent of the Hospital for the Insane, from August 15, 1876, to August 15, 1877. 8vo. 16 pp. Eeport of the Territorial Treasurer, 1881. 42 pp. State of. Geological Survey. Vol. I. Annual Eeport for 1901, in Six Parts. >Part IV. 66 pp. Illus. and Plates. Yakima County, Auditor's Annual Exhibit of the Finances of, from July 1, 1904, to June 30, 1905. 8vo, narrow. 22 pp. Initiative and Eeferendum, Form of Petition for, Act to take effect on May 21, 1903. 8vo. 6 pp. (Two copies.) ACCESSIONS. 421 Initiative Petition for a Bill Proposing a Direct Primary Nomina- tions Law, prepared and Circulated by the Direct Primary Nomina- tions League of Oregon. - Bill Proposing Local Option, voted on June 6, 1904. 14 pp. Bill Proposing Direct Primary Elections Law, voted on June 6, 1904. 43 pp. Bill Proposing Equal Suffrage. Arguments for and Against, by the Oregon Equal Suffrage Association and the Oregon State Asso- ciation Opposed to the Extension of Suffrage to Women. 8vo. 23 pp. Resources of Oregon, Collated and prepared by the State Board of Agriculture by Direction of the Legislative Assembly, 1888. Quarto. 100 pp. Third Revised Edition. 1898. 203 pp. Oregon: Facts Regarding its Climate, Soil, Mineral and Agricul- tural Resources, Means of Communication, Commerce aiiJ Industry, Laws, Etc., for the Use of Immigrants. Boston, Mass., 1875. 8vo. 44 pp. Maps. Swamp Lands, The. Methods by which the Lands have been acquired by Speculators Frauds both upon the State and the General Government. Examination of the Subject by Hon. T. W. Davenport, Senator from Marion County. Silverton, Feb. 20, 1886. 8vo. 48 pp. American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions in Oregon, Work of, commencing in 1836. Prepared by H. H. Spalding and filed with the Interior Department Jan. 28, 1871. Published as Ex. Doc. No. 37, 41st Congress, Third Session. 8vo. 81 pp. Oregon State Grange, Proceedings of 4th Annual Session, Salem, May 22, 1877. 8vo. 54 pp. Salem: E. M. Waite, Printer, 1877. Tariff Hand-Book. For Speakers, Writers and Students. Pub- lished by The American Protective Tariff League, New York, 1905. 8vo. 6 pp. Native Trees, Shrubs and Plants along the Trail and in Macleay Park, Portland. March, 1905. 8vo. 8 pp. General Convention of the Episcopal Church, San Francisco, Oct. 2-5, 1901. Routing announcement thither over the Union Pacific R. R. 8vo. 20 pp. Illus. University of Oregon. Catalogue of, 1896-97. 8vo. 106 pp. Statutes and Rules of the U. S. Patent Office relating to the Regis- tration of Trade-Marks and Labels. July 1, 1881. 8vo. 18 pp. 422 ACCESSIONS. Good Roads. An Illustrated Monthly Magazine devoted to the Improvement of Roads and Public Streets. Dec., 1893, Feb. 1894. State Librarian, Report of, to the Legislative Assembly of the State of Oregon. Ninth Session, 1876. Salem, Oregon: Mart. V. Brown, State Printer, 1876. 8vo. 80 pp. United States Circuit Court, District of Oregon, Rules of. Port- land, Oregon: George H. Himes, Printer, 1883. 8vo. 40 pp. United States District Court, District of Oregon, Rules of. Port- land, Oregon: George H. Himes, Printer, 1883. 8vo. 16 pp. Statutes at Large, The, and Treaties of the United States of Amer- ica, passed at the Third Session of the Thirty-Seventh Congress, 1862- 63. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1863. 8vo. 360 pp. United States of America, Acts and Resolutions of, passed at the Second Session of the Fortieth Congress, Dec. 2, 1867-Nov. 10, 1868. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1868. 8vo. 353 pp. East Portland, Charter and Ordinances of the City of; also Rules of Order, for the Government of the Board of Trustees; Table of Established Grades, and Amendments to the City Charter, approved Oct. 29, 1877. East Portland, Oregon: A. G. Walling, Printer, 1878. 8vo. 78 pp. Oregon and Her Resources, from Personal Observation and Investi- gation. By Hugh Small. San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft & Co., 1872. 8vo. 130 pp. Portland, Charter of the City of, as Amended, and General Ordi- nances adopted since June 1, 1872. Portland, Oregon: George H. Himes, -Printer, 1875. 8vo. 136 pp. Catholic Family Almanac for the United States for the Year 1875. New York: The Catholic Publication Society. 8vo. 142 pp. Illus. Oregon Weather Bureau, Biennial Report of the, for 1890. Salem: Frank C. Baker, State Printer, 1891. 8vo. 78 pp. Special Bulletin on Oregon Crops, 1890. 31 pp. - Third Biennial Report of the, 1895. 480 pp. - Monthly Report, September, 1894. - Monthly Report, June, 1895. Oregon State Insane Asylum, Seventh Biennial Report, for 1895- 96. 8vo. 82 pp. Salem: W. H. Leeds, State Printer, 1897. ACCESSIONS. 423 - Ninth Biennial Report, for 1899-1900. W. H. Leeds, State Printer, 1901. State Engineer, Supplement to First Biennial Eeport of, to the Governor of Oregon, for the years 1905-1906. Salem: J. E. Whitney, State Printer, 1906. 8vo. 103 pp. Dairy and Food Commissioner, Biennial Eeport of, from Feb. 16, 1899, to Jan. 1, 1901. Salem: W. H. Leeds, State Printer, 1900. 8vo. 49 pp. Sept. 30, 1902, to Sept. 30, 1904. 36 pp. Sept. 30, 1904, to Sept. 30, 1906. 48 pp. Oregon Dairymen's Association, Eeport of Twelfth Annual Meeting, Corvallis, Oregon, Dec. 15-16, 1903. Portland: Mann & Beach, Print- ers, 1904. 8vo. 106 pp. Insurance Commissioner, Annual Eeport of, to the Governor. By F. I. Dunbar, Secretary of State and Ex-Officio Insurance Commis- sioner, April 1, 1901. Salem. W. H. Leeds, State Printer, 1901. 8vo. 19 pp. Eeport of, April 1, 1902. 19 pp. Board of Public Building Commissioners, Eeport of, 1903-19U*. Salem: J. E. Whitney, State Printer, 1904. 8vo. 13 pp. Eeport of, 1905-1906. 7 pp. Pilot Commissioners, Eeport of State Board of, 1893-1894. Salem: Frank C. Baker, State Printer, 1894. 8vo. 30 pp. State Land Board, Biennial Eeport of, Oct. 1, 1902, to Sept. 30, 1904. Salem: J. E. Whitney, State Printer, 1904. 8vo. Biennial Eeport of. Jan. 1, 1895, to Dec. 31, 1896. Salem: W. H. Leeds, State Printer, 1897. 194 pp. State Land Agent, Biennial Eeport of, 1903 and 1904. Salem: J. E. Whitney, State Printer, 1904. 39 pp. Eeport of Legislative Committee Appointed to Investigate, Feb. 17, 1905. Salem: J. E. Whitney, State Printer, 1905. 40 pp. Indemnity School Lands, Instructions How to Apply for, and Copy of Eegulations Governing Selection. 1906. Eailroad Commissioners, Fourth Biennial Eeport of, 1895. 386 pp. State Biologist, First Biennial Eeport of the, 1901. 92 pp. Ulus. Second Biennial Eeport of the, 1905. 44 pp. Ulus. 424 ACCESSIONS. Third Biennial EepOrt of the, 1907. 16 pp. Illus. Oregon Institute for the Blind, Biennial Beport of, 1901. 24 pp. Illus. - Tenth Biennial Beport of, 1897. 35 pp.