​ THE OREGON HISTORICAL SOCIETY Organized December 17, 1898 FREDERICK V. HOLMAN - - - JpJ - President 1 CHARLES B. MOORES - - - - - | Vice-President F.G.YOUNG - • l^tSg' - .«>' " Secretary LADD & TILTON BANK Jf. . - r fl| Treasurer M GEORGE H. HIMES, Curator DIRECTORS THE GOVERNOR OF OREGON, ex-officio THE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, ex-officio Term Expires at Animal Meeting in Oetober, 1924 -

MRS. HARRIET K. McARTHUR, RODNEY L. GLISAN Term Expires at Annual Meeting in October, 1925 CHARLES H. CAREY, B. B. BEEKMAN Term Expires at Annual Meeting in October, 1926 LESLIE M. SCOTT, JOHN GILL Term Expires at Annual Meeting in October, 1927 P. H. D'ARCY, T. C. ELLIOTT The Quarterly is sent free to all members of the Society. The annual dues are two dollars. The fee for life membership is twenty-five dollars. Contributions to The Quarterly and correspondence relative to historical ma- 9 terials, or pertaining to the affairs of this Society, should be addressed to F. G . YOUNG, Secretary, Eugene, Oregon Subscriptions for The Quarterly, or for other publications of the Society, should be sent to lllllll GEORGE H. HIMES, Curator. Public Auditorium, Third St., between Clay and Market Sts., Portland, Oregon ​THE QUARTERLY of the Oregon Historical Society VOLUME XXV DECEMBER, 1924 NUMBER 4 Copyright, 1923, by the Oregon Historical Society The Quarterly disavows responsibility for the positions taken by contributors to its pages. CONTENTS Pages FRED S. PERRINE—Early Days on the Willamette - ~l|~ _ 295-312 BINGER HERMANN—Address at Port Orford Homecoming and Reunion ^&g^

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-JR - - ^§; 313-329 JOHN TILSON GANOE—The History of the Oregon and California Railroad—II ".'".' 330 " 352 FRED LOCKLEY—The McNemees and Tetherows with the Migra- tion of 1845—with Documents I '^^^BBS^Sg^E 1 353-377 NEWS AND COMMENT -Jf - - " 378-382 GEORGE H. HIMES—Necrology of Oregon Pioneers - <fSf'

383-395

W, .»i, ​ ​

With the departure of the exploring expedition of Lewis and Clark, sponsored by President Thomas Jefferson, from Wood River or River Dubois on Monday, May 14, 1804, a new era began for that part of the United States northwest of the Mississippi River.

Prior to this time few white men had penetrated into this practically unknown land. A few trappers and fur traders had wandered into the country, but this was the first organized effort to explore the hitherto inaccessible territory west of the Rocky Mountains. From the members of this expedition we have our first record of the Multnomah or Willamette River. Both Capts. Lewis and Clark kept journals of this trip, and records were kept beside their official diaries.

Sergeant Charles Floyd kept a record of the trip from the start until Aug. 18, 1804, two days before his death which occurred Aug. 20, 1804, near the present Sioux City, Iowa.

Sergeant Patrick Gass's was the first record of the trip printed and was published in 1807, and it was not until seven years later that the Biddle edition of Lewis and Clark came out.

Sergeant John Ordway also kept a journal of the full ​trip, but it never came to light until the latter part of 1913, was then edited by M. M. Quaife and published by the Wisconsin Historical Society in 1916.

Sergeant Nathaniel Pryor's record of the expedition has never been found.

Of the privates accompanying the expedition at least three are supposed to have kept a record of the trip, Robert Frazier, Joseph Whitehouse, and very likely George Shannon. The only one which has yet been discovered is that of Joseph Whitehouse, dating from May 14, 1804, to Nov. 6, 1805.

When the expedition made its way down the Columbia, they passed unknowingly the mouth of the Multnomah, as they later called it. On their return, however, they ascended the Columbia to the mouth of the Sandy River, where they stopped a few days to replenish their larder.

We will let them tell us in their own words and their own peculiar orthography about the Multnomah.

(Lewis) Wednesday, April 2, 1806:

​(Clark) Wed., April 2, 1806. * * * "about this time several canoes of the nativs arrived at our Camp among others two from below with Eight men of the Shah-ha-la Nation those men informed us that they reside on the opposit side of the Columbia near some pine trees which they pointed to in the bottom South of the Dimond Island, they singled out two young men whome they informed us lived at the Falls of a large river which discharges itself into the Columbia on its south side some miles below us. we readily prevailed on them to give us a sketch of this river which they drew on a Mat with a coal, it appeared that this river which they call Mult-no-mah discharged itself behind the Island we call the image canoe island, and as we had left this island to the south in decending & assending the river we had never seen it. they informed us that it was a large river and runs a considerable distance to the south between the Mountains. I deturmined to take a small party and return to this river and examine its size and collect as much information of the nativs on it or near its enterance into the Columbia of its extent, the country which it waters and the nativs who inhabit its banks, &c. I took with me six men, Thompson J. Potts, Peter Crusat, P. Wiser, T. P . Howard, Jos. Whitehouse & my man York in a large Canoe, with an Indian whome I hired for a Sun glass to accompany me as a pilot, at half past 11 AM I set out * * * *and at the place I had supposed was the lower point of the image canoe island, I entered this river which the nativs had informed us of, called Multnomah River so called by the nativs from a nation who reside on Wappato Island a little below the enterance of this river. Multnomah discharges itself in the Columbia on the S. E. and may be justly said to be % the size of that noble river. * * from the enterance of this river, I can plainly see Mt. Jefferson which is high and covered with snow S. E. Mt. Hood East, Mt. St. Helians (and) a high humped mountain (Mt. Adams) to the East of Mt. St. Helians.

​ 298 FRED S. PERRINE S. 30° W. 2 miles to the upper point of a small island in the middle of Moltnomar river, thence S. 10° W. 3 miles to a sluce 80 yards wide which de- vides Wappato Island from the main star* 1 side shore passing a willow point on the Lard. side. S. 60° E. 3 miles to a large Indian house on the Lard side below some high pine land, high bold shore on the Starboard side, thence S. 30° E. 2 miles to a bend under the high lands on the Star 1 Side passing a Larboard 10 point. thence the river bends to the East of S East as far as I could see. at this place I think the width of the river may be stated at 500 yards and sufficiently deep for a Man of war or ship of any burthen." (Clark) Thursday, April 3rd, 1806: "The water had fallen in the course of last night five inches. I set out and proceeded up a short distance and attempted a second time with my cord of five fathom but could find no bottom, the mist was so thick that I could see but a short distance up this river. When I left it, it was bending to the East of S. E. being perfectly satis- fyed of the size and magnitude of this great river which must water that vast tract of Country between the west- ern range of mountains and those on the sea coast and as far S. as the Waters of California about Lat/ 37. North. I deturmined to return. ***** j provailed on an old man to draw me a sketch of the Multnomar River and give me the names of the nations resideing on it which he readily done, and gave me the names of 4 nations who reside on this river two of them very noumer- ous. The first is Clark-a-mus nation reside on a small river which takes its rise in Mt. Jefferson and falls into the Multnomar about 40 miles up. this nation is noum- erous and inhabit 11 towns, the 2nd is the Cush-hooks who reside on the N. E. side below the falls, the 3rd is the Char-cowah who reside above the Falls on the S. W . side neither of those two are noumerous. The fourth Nation is the Cal-lar-po-e-wah which is very noumerous ​& inhabit the country on each side of the Multnomar from its falls as far up as the knowledge of those people extend."

This map made by the old Indian and reproduced in Thwaite's edition of Lewis and Clark, shows the mouth of the Clackamas forty miles above the mouth of the Willamette, and the falls of the Willamette twenty miles above the mouth of the Clackamas.

(Ordway's Journal) Wednesday, 2nd of April, 1806:

* * * the natives informed our officers that their is a large River comes in on the South Side Some distance below quick sand River which we had not Seen So Capt. Clark & 6 men Set out with a canoe to go and examine the s^d River, took an Indian along for a guide.

Thursday 3rd of April, 1806:

* * * in the evening Capt Clark & party return^d to Camp and informed us that they had been and took a view of the River which the Indians informed us of and that it is a verry large River & is 500 y^d wide and is supposed to head with the waters of the California, they went 7 miles up s^d River, their guide informed them that a large nation lived up the fork of this River by the name of Clackamus Nation of 30 towns, and that another Nation lives along distance up this River where it gits small by the name of Callap-no-wah Nation who are verry numerous."

From the Journal of Patrick Gass we glean the following:

"Friday April 4, 1806. * * * * Captain Clarke got information that a large river came in on the south side of the Columbia, about 40 miles below this place, opposite a large island, which had concealed it from our view; and went down with six men to view it. He found it to be a very large river, 500 yards wide, with several nations of Indians living on it; and its source supposed to be near the headwaters of some of the rivers which fall into the gulph of California." ​It has been a popular tale that Lewis and Clark dis- covered the Falls of the Multnomah, but their records as above, disprove this fallacy.

With the passing of Lewis and Clark, the name of the river changed from Multnomah to Willamette, for the next authorities, Gabriel Franchere 1 , Alexander Ross 2 and Ross Cox 3 , call it the Willamette.

In his "Narrative," published at Montreal in 1820, Franchere gives us the best and earliest record of the activities of the Pacific Fur Company on the Willamette. Ross Cox follows with his "Adventures on the Columbia River" in 1831, while Alexander Ross' "Adventures of the First Settlers on the Oregon or Columbia River" was not published until 1849.

From Franchere we glean more facts than from either of the others. The first record regarding the Willamette

Gabriel Franchere, born Montreal, Nov. 3, 1786. Signed on as Clerk for five years with Pacific Fur Co., May 24, 1810 - Left Montreal with Alex. McKay in canoe for New York, via Lake Champlain, July 26, 1810, arrived N. Y . Aug. 3, 1810. Sailed in Tonquin, Sept. 6, 1810, ar- rived Columbia River Bar March 22, 1811. Left Fort George April 4, 1814. Married early sweetheart in Canada in 1815. Reentered Astor's employ as Montreal agent in 1815. Few years later moved to Sault Ste. Marie, lived here for several years. Entered employ of Pierre Choteau, St. Louis, after liquidation of American Fur Co. Later removed to N. Y. Establshed a fur trading firm under his own name. Invited to Washing- ton on Oregon question by Thomas H. Benton, in 1846. Died St. Paul, Minn., in 1863.

2 Alexander Ross, born Scotland 1783. Left for Canada 1804. First man to join Astor's Pacific Fur Co., in May, 1810. Sailed in Tonquin, Sept. 6, 1810, arrived Columbia River, March 22, 1811. Served with Astor's Co., N. W . Co., and H. B . Co., west of Rocky Mountains till 1825, when he left for Red River where he located and where he died in 1856.

3 Ross Cox, "the little Irishman," sailed on Beaver, Oct. 10, 1811, arrived Columbia River, May 10, 1812. Entered N. W . Co. service after sale of Pacific Fur Co. Left Ft George April 16, 1817, arrived Rocky Mountain House June 6, 1817, Ft. William Aug. 16, 1817. On Sept. 17, 1817, met his old Astorian friend, Donald McGillis, on the Ottawa River, and on the 19th met Francis Benj. Pillett, another Astorian at Lake of Two Mountains. Arrived at Montreal Sept. 19 . 1817. ​EARLY DAYS ON THE WILLAMETTE 301 states that on May 2, 1811, a party consisting of Alex- ander McKay 4 and Robert Stuart 5 , partners, and Ovide de Montigny 6 and Gabriel Franchere, clerks, together with a Clatsop chief, Coalpo, set out for a trip up the Columbia. On May 6, 1811, they passed for the first time the mouth of the Willamette. Coalpo informed them that about a day's journey up this river there was a consider- able fall, beyond which the country abounded in deer, elk, bear, beaver and otter. No further record regarding the Willamette occurs until after a lapse of six months, when on Nov. 10, 1811, three of the Canadian boatmen deserted and were cap- tured by the chief of a tribe of Indians on the Willamette. They were not located until Nov. 18th, when a ransom was paid for them and they were taken back to Astoria, where the party arrived the 24th. No doubt the Willamette country had been discussed pro and con, for on Dec. 5,1811, Robert Stuart, (partner), 4 Alexander McKay, partner in Pacific Fur Co., was Sir Alexander McKenzie's lieutenant on his voyage to the Pacific in 1793. Became part- ner in N. W . Co. in 1804, joined Astor's Pacific Fur Co. in 1810- Com- mander of the party which left Montreal July 26, 1810, traversing Lake Champlain and arriving in N. Y ., August 3, 1810. Sailed on Tonquin Sept 6, 1810, arrived at Columbia Bar March 22, 1811. Sailed on Ton- quin for the North, and was killed in the Tonquin massacre at Newitty. 5 Robert Stuart, partner in Pacific Fur Co., born in Scotland in 1784, educated in Paris, landed in Montreal in 1806, and entered the service of the N. W . Co. Joined Pacific Fur Co., sailed in Tonquin Sept. 6, 1810, arrived Columbia River March 22, 1811. Up the Willamette with Pillet and McGillis December 5, 1811. Returned overland in 1812 with des- patches for Astor. Partner with Astor in Am. Fur Co., and was manager at Mackinac in 1819. Moved to Detroit in 1834. Served one term as State Treasurer, in 1840-41. Was thereafter Indian Agent for four years. Died in Chicago in 1848. 6 Ovide de Montigny, joined Alex. McKay at Whitehall, N. Y. , Aug. 3, 1810. Sailed on Tonquin Sept. 6. 1810 , arrived at Columbia River March 22, 1811. Was selected by Alex. McKay to go North with him on the Tonquin, but begged off on account seasickness, thus escaping the massacre. On the Okanogan in 1811. Made trip to north branch of Fraser River with David Stuart in 1812. Was seen at Okanogan by Franchere in 1814. No further record. ​m 302 FRED S. PERRINE Francis Benj. Pillett 7 , and Donald McGillis 8 , clerks, and a few of the men, accompanied by a guide, set out for the Willamette, which the Indians had told them abounded in beaver. On this trip they were accompanied by Mr. Regis Brugiere 9 , who had arrived overland from Canada, and who expected to follow his vocation of trapping. How long this party remained up the Willamette we cannot tell, as there is no mention of their coming back, or of the results of their trip. All we know, however, is that Robert Stuart and McGillis were back in Astoria prior to March 30, 1812. They evidently had a suc- cessful trip, and made reports that warranted a further exploration of the Willamette, for on April 1,1812, Donald 7 Francis Benjamin Pillet, a clerk, sailed on Tonquin Sept. 6, 1810, arrived at Columbia River March 22, 1811. Left Astoria with David Stuart for the interior July 23, 1811. Returned to Astoria October 5, 1811. Up the Willamette with Robert Stuart Dec. 5, 1811. Left Astoria June 29 or 30, 1812, with John Clarke's party to found Spokane House. Sent to Kootenai region with six men to oppose Nicholas Montour of the N. W . Co., with whom he fought a bloodless duel. Returned to Spokane House in May, 1813, and to Fort George January 7, 1814. Was at Oak Point on the Columbia in February, 1814. Again to the Willamette on April 4, 1814. Was settled at Lake of the Two Mountains, Ottawa River, Canada, in 1817. Was still living in Canada in 1854. 8 Donald McGillis, clerk, a Canadian, sailed on the Tonquin Sept 6, 1810, arrived at Columbia River March 22, 1811. Left for the Willamette with Robert Stuart December 5, 1811- Left Astoria March 30, 1812, with Russell Farnham and party for the cache of the overland Astorians on the Snake River. Left for the interior with David Stuart on June 29 or 30, 1812. Returned to Fort George January 7, 1814. Left for the Wil- lamette January 27, 1814. Returned March 25, 1814. Left Fort George April 4, 1814. Was settled on the Ottawa River below the Long Sault in 1817. 9 Regis Brugiere, Canadian freeman, trapper and trader. Brought up in the service of the N. W. Co. Arrived Astoria Oct 5, 1811. Franchere knew him in Canada as a respectable country merchant. Had been a trader on the Saskatchewan, where he had lost his outfit. Turned trapper and had come into this region for beaver. Went up the Willamette wiA McKay and McGillis December 5, 1811. Was not listed by Alexander Henry as leaving' for the interior on April 4, 1814, or listed as among those remaining at Fort George. ​EARLY DAYS ON THE WILLAMETTE 303 McKenzie 10 started with William W. Matthews 11 and five or six men as hunters, to make an excursion up the Wil- lamette. How long this party remained is only a matter of conjecture, as we have no record of the trip, its dura- tion, or the amount of territory covered. We only know that McKenzie went up the Willamette till he reached its East fork, which is now called the McKenzie River. He returned, however, before June 29 or 30, 1812, for on one of these dates he set out for the Snake River, where he established a post near the mouth of the Payette, which was later called Fort Boise. 10 Donald McKenzie, partner, was in the N. W . Co. service until 1810, when he joined the Pacific Fur Co. Recruited men for this company in Montreal and Mackinac in July, 1810. Left Mackinac August 12, 1810, arriving St Louis Sept. 3, 1810. Left St. Louis Oct. 21, 1810, arriving at mouth of the Nodawa Nov. 16, 1810, and at Astoria January 18, 1812. Left for Willamette April 1, 1812. Left Astoria June 29 or 30, 1812, for Snake River, where he founded a post later known as Fort Boise, near the mouth of Payette River. Returned to Astoria January 15, 1813. Left for post on Snake River March 31, 1813. Returned to Astoria either June 11, 12 or 14, authorities differ. Left for interior Oct. 2, 1813, and re- turned on the 7th accompanied by J. G. McTavish and Angus Bethune of the N. W- Co. Left Fort George April 4, 1814. Reached Rocky Moun- tain House May 17, 1814, Pembina River June 1, 1814, and Fort William in July, 1814. Again at Fort William in 1816, at Fort George Sept. 30r 1816, and at Spokane House February 12, 1817; back at Fort George, and was ascending the Columbia and Snake Rivers in April and May, 1817. On the Columbia again 1819, on the Snake Sept. 10, 1819. in the Snake country again July 10, 1821. Established Chesterfield House on the Bow River in 1822. Was Chief Factor at Fort Garry on Red River in 1823, and was Governor of Assiniboia about eight years. Went to Mayville, N. Y., on Chautauqua Lake in 1833, and died there in 1851. 11 William W. Matthews, clerk, was a New Yorker. Sailed on the Tonquin Sept. 6, 1810, arrived at Columbia River March 22, 1811. Left Astoria with Donald McKenzie for the Willamette April 1, 1812, with David Stuart on June 29 or 30, 1812, for the Okanogan, and with Alex- ander Henry for the Willamette January 22, 1814. Engaged with N. W . Co. as head foreman for two years at £125 per annum, on January 31, 1814. Took for wife daughter of Clatsop Chief Coboway, and their daughter Ellen, born in 1815, is the first recorded white child in Oregon. On February 26, 1814, examined Tongue Point as to its suitability for a post, and reported favorably on the same. On February 28, 1814, was sent with a party to clear awav the under-brush at Tongue Point, prepara- tory to building a new post. Later returned to New York, where he died. His daughter was educated in the East, and married a wealthy citizen of Montreal. 1(0 ​j. Ill 11 Mini I i 304 FRED S. PERRINE By the end of the year 1812, provisions were begin- ning to get low at Astoria, and as the valley of the Wil- lamette was a veritable hunter's paradise, a party headed by William Wallace 12 and J. C. Halsey 13 started for there on November 23, 1812. This party consisted of the two clerks mentioned above and fourteen men, and was sent for the express purpose of establishing a trading post on the Willamette. On the 15th of January, 1813, McKenzie, who had abandoned his establishment on the Payette, arrived at Astoria, and brought the news that war had been declared between the United States and Great Britain. This caused no end of excitement at Astoria, and led the Astorians to believe that the supply ship which they were expecting, would not arrive. The supply of provisions was very short, and now their numbers had been augmented by 12 William Wallace, clerk, Canadian, sailed on the Tonquin Sept 6, 1810, arrived at Columbia River March 22, 1811 . Left for Willamette with Halsey November 23, 1812 . Explored the Willamette for approxi- mately 500 miles, according to Ross Cox. Built the first house on the Willamette on this trip, which was situated not over 25 miles above Newberg, Ore., on the Willamette. Returned to Astoria May 25, 1813. Early in Sept., 1813, off with McKenzie for the interior. Left Fort George April 4, 1814. Nearly drowned May 25, 1814. Early in June, 1814, was at Moose Lake, Canada. 13 J. C. Halsey, clerk, sailed on the Beaver October 10, 1811, arrived at Astoria May 10, 1812. Left for the Willamette with Wallace Nov- 23, 1812, returned to Astoria May 25, 1813. Left on the Pedlar April 2, 1814, and was left by Hunt at Sitka, Alaska. No further record of J. C. Halsey, but on June 24, 1837, a Mr. J. Halsey arrived at Fort Union orf the Steamboat Saint Peter, and was a victim of the smallpox. A Jacob Halsey, clerk and partner in the U. M. O ., (Upper Missouri Outfit) served mainly at Forts Pierre and Union. While he was a hard drinker, he was a valuable man. When he arrived at Fort Union in 1837 he was sick with the smallpox, the only case on the boat when it arrived at Fort Union. In order to prevent the spread of the disease, some of the virus from the body of Mr. Halsey was used to vaccinate about 30 squaws and a few white men, but as Halsey was not in good physical condition, the innoculation proved fatal to most of those who had been vaccinated. During the summer of 1842, while on a visit near Liberty, Mo., and while intoxicated, he was killed by being knocked from his horse while riding through the woods. His head struck one of the trees and he was instantly killed. There is every reason to suppose that this Jacob Halsey, and J. C . Halsey were one and the same person. ​EARLY DAYS ON THE WILLAMETTE 305 the arrival of McKenzie and his men. They were com- pelled to reduce the ration of each man to four ounces of flour and half a pound of dried fish per day, and it was even thought best to send some of the men to pass the rest of the winter with Wallace and Halsey on the Willamette, where game was plentiful. By this time Wallace and Halsey's party had spent some months on the Willamette, and had penetrated, according to Alex- ander Ross, "to the sources of that river, a distance of nearly 500 miles." Accordingly, this additional party, headed by John Reed 14 and Alfred Seton 15 started for the Willamette the latter part of January, 1813, to spend the rest of the winter. Reed and Seton returned to Astoria on the 20th of March, 1813, bringing with them a quantity of dried venison, and they described in glowing terms the wonders of the Willamette valley, and told of the abundance there of beaver, elk and deer. They also brought the news that Wallace and Halsey had built a dwelling and trading house on a great prairie, situated, according to Franchere, "about 150 miles above the mouth of the Willamette." 14 John Reed, clerk, Irishman, Overland Astorian, left St. Louis Oct 21, 1810, arrived Astoria January 18, 1812. Left Astoria March 30, 1812, with despatches for Astor. Was wounded in fight with the Indians, taken to Okanogan and returned to Astoria May 11, 1812. Led party to the Willamette latter part of January, 1813, and returned to Astoria March 20, 1813 . Brought the first news of the building of a post on the Wil- lamette by Wallace and Halsey. Went to Snake River in summer of 1813, and was there killed by the Indians sometime during that year. 15 Alfred Seton, clerk, sailed on the Beaver Oct. 10, 1811, arrived at Astoria May 10, 1812. With McKenzie to Snake River June 29 or 30, 1812. Returned to Astoria on January 15, 1813. Left for the Willamette latter part of January, 1813. Returned March 20, 1813, with news of the Wallace and Halsey Post. Left early in September, 1813, for the interior. Was on 'the Willamette with William Henry in January, 1814. Left on the Pedlar April 2, 1814. Captured by Spanish corvette "Santa Barbara" and was held prisoner for two months- Went to the Isthmus of Darien, where he was detained several months by sickness, finally reaching Carthagena. Reduced to poverty, he told his story to Capt Bentham of the British squadron who gave him a passage to Jamaica, from which place he managed to get to New York. Was in 1854 vice president of the Sun Mutual Insurance Co. He was the principal backer of Captain Bonneville's expedition. ft! „ygr ​m 306 FRED S. PERRINE This very evidently was a mistake on the part of Fran- chere, who intended to write "Columbia" instead of "Wil- lamette," as we shall presently see. On May 25, 1813, Wallace and Halsey and their party returned from the Willamette bringing with them the first results of the Astoria venture, seventeen packs of furs and thirty-two bales of dried venison. On the 7th of October, 1813, the Astorians were greatly surprised at the return of Donald McKenzie, from up the Columbia, escorted by two canoes bearing the British flag, and carrying Mr. J. G . McTavish and Angus Bethune of the N. W . Co. These gentlemen were in small canoes and formed the vanguard to a flotilla of eight canoes loaded with furs. This party consisted of seventy-five men in all, and among these was undoubtedly William Henry 16 of whom we shall hear later. We hear nothing more regarding the Willamette post until after the Pacific Fur Company was taken over by the N. W. Co. With the abandonment of Astoria by the Pacific Fur Co., and the coming of the Northwest Company, who named the place Fort George, we must look to another contemporary who gives the only detailed account of the happenings there until his death May 22, 1814. Alexander Henry the Younger, nephew of Alexander Henry the Elder, was a partner in the N. W . Co. He l 16 William Henry, clerk, cousin of Alexander Henry, the Younger. Was at lower fort on Swan River, near Lake Winnepegoosis on October 29, 1801, summered at Bird Mountain Fort in 1802, wintered 1802-3 -4 at Fort Alexandria, and summered there in 1804. Wintered on Red River in 1806. Was at Cumberland House July 4, 1810, and on Athabasca River winter of 1810-11. Undoubtedly arrived at Astoria in the party of J. G . McTavish and Angus Bethune on October 7, 1813. On November 17, 1813, was in charge of the post on the Willamette. Temporarily aban- doned this post March 21, 1814. The last note of him in Alex. Henry's journal was under date of May 18, 1814, when "there was a quarrel be- tween Mr. D . McTavish and Mr. William Henry." ​EARLY DAYS ON THE WILLAMETTE 307 arrived at Fort George November 18, 1813. His cousin, William Henry, was already in charge of the post on the Willamette on this date. Up until this time we have had no inkling of the lo- cation of this Willamette post, with the exception of the statement of Franchere that it was about 150 miles above the mouth of the Willamette. There cannot be the slight- est doubt but that he meant "Columbia" instead of "Wil- lamette," as we shall show later from the account which Henry gives of his trip up the river on a visit to this post. Two days after Alexander Henry's arrival at Fort George, a canoe arrived from the Willamette post with letters and seven elk, and on the following day a re- inforcement of ten men led by William Wallace set out for that place. From the time this post had been founded by Wallace and Halsey late in 1812 or early in 1813 it had furnished a large portion of the fresh meat and dried meat for the party at Fort George. At intervals canoes arrived from the Willamette with deer, elk, goat, bear, and wild fowl. On January 22, 1814, Alexander Henry set out for the Willamette post, and from him we get a very good description of its location and of his trip. It may possibly be best to let him tell his own story. "On January 22, 1814, I set out with Wm. Matthews and eight men,

• * * started up the Willamette.

At four o'clock ran our canoe on a rock and tore a piece out of her bottom. * * * The channel then contracted, being bound in by high rocks and we had trouble in ascending some strong rapids. 17 It was dark before we saw the village on the S., near a small but rapid river on our left, called the Clukemus. 18 Shortly after passing this river we came abreast of this village, in hearing of the falls, 19 and saw six lights, which we supposed issued r These are now called the Clackamas rapids. s The Clackamas River. i Willamette Falls. is ​

• M

n 308 FRED S. PERRINE from the same number of doors, the houses running ap- parently with the river. These Indians called Clowe- wallas are numerous. We put ashore on a steep, slippery bank of grass, where we could find no wood fit to make a fire, all of it being wet and green. Mr. Matthews crossed over to purchase dogs * * * Sunday, Jan. 23, 1814.Atdawnwewentuptothefalls, * * * didnot set out till 7 A. M ., unloaded on the right hand side and carried 600 paces over a rugged portage, hemmed in by a range of steep rocks, so close to the river as in some places scarcely to leave a passage, especially near the upper end where the men found it difficult to get the canoe through. * * * A little above the portage, on the spot where formerly a village stood, remains of the dead are still seen; this place is bounded by a high range of perpendicular rocks, over which now rushes a consider- able fall of water after the late heavy rains." "About a mile above the portage, on the right, a small but rapid stream comes in. 20 "About five miles above the falls we passed the last rocky islands and shores we saw on the river; one mile higher we passed a low willow island, 21 where the current became more slack and smooth. "At eleven A. M . we passed a small stream on the left, called by our people Pudding River. 22 "At 2 PM. noticed some wooden canoes on the left hand side, at the foot of a bank about 30 feet high, up which was a winding path. We, of course, supposed our people to have built somewhere near this place, though none of us knew exactly where they were. Ascending the hill and passing through a wood for 300 paces, I came to a delightful prairie, on which I saw a house about 150 paces off. This plain is about two miles long' and quarter of a mile broad; along the middle runs a rising ground from E. to W., on which the house is situated. Here I found Mr. Wm. Henry in charge. "Jan. 24, 1814. At twelve I crossed the river in com- pany with Wm. Henry, Stuart and Matthews to look for a proper place to build, about two miles further up the river, as the present situation is overflowed at high water, 20 Tualitin River. 21 Opposite New Era. 22 This is the Molalla River into which Pudding River flows. ​EARLY DAYS ON THE WILLAMETTE 309 although its level above low water is between 30 and 40 feet. We debarked, passed the range of wood adjoining the river, and came to the open country beyond. * * * The country is pleasant, thinly shaded with oak, pine, hard, alder, soft maple, ash, hazel, etc. At a short distance are ranges of grassy hills where not a stick of wood grows.

• * * * This place is commodiously situated on a

bank about 100 feet above the river, where level country, thinly shaded by large oaks, extends to the foot of barren hills about three miles distant. On the one side runs a small stream, which would be about 200 yards from the fort; on the other stands a thicket of tall pine, very proper for building. * * * Here the Willamette bends to the S. W ., and Yellow River, whose course is visible, runs N. W . High lands and blue hills are seen in both these directions. We returned by an old Indian path through the woods along the river. * * * In three- quarters of an hour's hard walking we reached our canoe and crossed over. * * * This afternoon three Ameri- can freemen arrived from Mr. Wallace's house of last winter, which they left about nine o'clock this morning by land. From this record we get the location of the second post, and the approximate location of the first house or trading post built by the whites on the Willamette. In locating these two posts we must begin at the end of Alexander Henry's record of his trip, and work back. We will take his entry of Jan. 24, 1814, when he crosses the river to look for a proper place to build the third post: It was two miles up the river from Wm. Henry's house, and on the opposite side. It was on the bank of the river and about 100 feet above it. On one side a small stream 23 200 yards from the fort. The Willamette here bends to the Southwest, and Yellow River 24 , whose course is visible, runs Northwest. 28 Hess Creek, on U. S . G . S. map, Hess Branch. 24 Chehalem River.

• m* ​FRED S. PERRINE

When Alexander Henry described this spot, he was de- scribing the site of the present saw-mill in the city of Newberg, Oregon. He returned by an old Indian trail which ran along the Willamette, and which was between it and Hess Creek, to where he had left the canoe, and crossed to William Henry's house. We now have the location of this house, the second built on the Willamette, about two miles below Newberg on the opposite side of the river, in Township 3 S., Range 2 West, Section 33. We can now return to the latter part of Henry's entry of Jan. 25,1814, as follows: "This afternoon three Ameri- can freemen arrived at Mr. Wallace's house of last winter, which they had left about nine o'clock in the morning by land." This first house was up • the Willamette from Wm. Henry's house. We will assume that it took these men from six to seven hours to make the distance between the two posts, and that they made about three miles an hour, which would be good traveling in a country where there were no roads, and very few trails of any kind. Under this assumption this would place the Wallace house about twenty miles up the east bank of the Willamette, somewhere near the present city of Salem. It is fair to assume that the first post built by Wallace and Halsey was only a temporary affair, and that on the arrival of the party headed by John Reed and Alfred Seton, who left Astoria the latter part of January, 1813, the second house was built. How long the post which Alexander Henry visited, and which was in charge of William Henry, was used by the N. W . Co., is problematical. There is no record or tradition that the third house was built on the present site of Newberg. ​EARLY DAYS ON THE WILLAMETTE 311 In 1816-17-18 the Indians were very troublesome and several battles with them occurred along the Willamette. Alexander Ross in "The Fur Hunters of the Far West," states that in 1816, "by the disasters of this trip every avenue was for the present shut up against our hunters in the Wallamitte" In time Peter Skene Ogden arrived on the Willamette and was one of the principal factors in pacifying the Indians. In 1821 the N. W. Co. merged with the Hudson's Bay Co., and the headquarters of the fur trade was later moved to Fort Vancouver. NOTE—In locating these, the first two posts built by the whites, the writer made several trips through this section in verifying the locations. On the 27th of May, 1924, went to Newberg, and interviewed Mr. Frank A. Morris, City Recorder, who located there when there was only one house in the place. After a long conversation and inspection of maps and records, we came to the conclusion that the place Alexander Henry and party decided on for the trading post was the site of the present saw mill on the Rogers D. L. C, just south of the west end of the bridge over the Willamette. The small creek mentioned by Henry is locally called Hess Creek, but shows on the U. S . G . S. map as Hess Branch. The old Indian trail followed this creek down to its junction with the WiHamette. Upon the advice of Mr. Morris, I drove across the river to a place about two and one-half miles north of Newberg, on the road to Champoeg. Here I called upon Mr. Frank Osborne, who has lived in this immediate vicinity since 1861. Mr. Osborne stated that in 1875, he assisted Mr. J. G . Eberhard in burning what was then left of the old post. What did not burn was thrown into the well which had been dug by the builders of the post Only the corners of the log house were then remaining and these logs were burned in order to clear the place for cultivation. The well was gradually filled up and at the present time only a depression about eight feet in diameter and three feet deep remains. Mr. Osborn states that a great many arrowheads and pieces of pottery have been ploughed up in mis field. He further said that the old Indian trail from the river to the old St Paul Mission passed within a few hundred feet of the old post, and that several years ago while ploughing, he turned up an old brass pistol, which he later gave to William Pratt of Oregon City. When he ploughed up this pistol it was as bright as if it had been polished, and he thought at first that he had found a piece of gold. This land on which the old post was located, was bought in the early days by J. G . Eberhard of one Despard, a Frenchman, who lived on it with his squaw. This whole prairie, with the ridge running from east to west, is still subject to overflow from exceptionally high water. It was overflowed in* 1861 and again in 1890. FRED S. PERRINE . ​312 FRED S. PERRINE BIBLIOGRAPHY History of the Expedition Under the Command of Captains Levois & Clark, Edited by Paul Allen. 1814. History of the Expedition Under the Command of Captains Levois & Clark, Edited by Elliott Coues. 1893 . History of the Expedition Under the Command of Captains Levois fif Clark, Edited by J. K. Hosner. 1902 . Original Journals of Levois & Clark. Edited by R. G. Thwaites. 1904. The Trail of Levois & Clark, by O- D. Wheeler, 1904. Henry-Thompson Journals. Edited by Elliott Coues. 1897. Forty Years a Fur Trader. Edited by Elliott Coues. 1898. History of the Northwest Coast 1 B H H Bancroft> i884.1886 . History of Oregon y J ^ Astoria, by Washington Irving, Var. Eds. Adventures on the Columbia River, by Ross Cox, 1831. Adventures of the First Settlers on the Columbia, by Alexander Ross, 1849. Fur Hunters of the Far West, by Alexander Ross, 1855. American Fur Trade of the Far West, by H. M . Chittenden, 1902. Journal of Patrick Gass, 1810. Ordvoay's Journal. Edited by M. M. Quaife, 1916. Narrative of a Voyage to the Northvoest Coast, bv Gabriel Franchere, 1854. Si

11 ​

We stand here today upon ground consecrated, not only in association of tenderest pioneer memories, but upon one of the most historic spots in our own great state, if not in the nation. The story of Port Orford goes back far beyond the discovery of the Columbia River by Captain Gray. It is blended with fiction, with romance and with all the stern realities of human life. Pioneer struggles in the settlement of new countries have seldom, if ever, been greater. To know what our ancestors endured in those trying times, and what they have transmitted to us in the Christian civilization we now enjoy, and the advantages we possess, should gratefully appeal to the remotest posterity. It has been well said that those who look forward to posterity will ever look backward to ancestry, and that to live in hearts we leave behind is not to die.

We fondly cherish the memory of the nation's early pioneers on Plymouth Rock in 1620, by the "Mayflower;" and long later in 1850, with no less affection we recall today those heroic men on Battle Rock by the "Sea Gull." They were both advance guards in Anglo-Saxon migration to conquer the wilderness and to build an empire, and the latter to found a further civilization here on the Western confines of the Pacific.

Indeed the history of Port Orford is like a play upon the stage in its many parts. It is all a drama in real life, but the pioneer actors who played the parts have nearly all gone. Of them only a few gray heads are here today. But the history of which they are a part will go down as a rich legacy for those they leave behind. ​

Port Orford comes down to us from almost time immemorial. It is a pioneer within itself. Its history was first brought to light over 300 years ago by Martin de Aguilar, an old Spanish explorer, who discovered the westerly headland near here and named it Cape Blanco. He was seeking for the world's prize in the mystic Straits of Anian, which as far back as 1500, Cortereal, another Spanish navigator, claimed to have discovered and passed through in his ship from one great ocean to another leading to India, and which he named as Anian.

Others later claimed to have followed him through the same water ways, even giving the latitude and longitude of their voyages, and describing fabled cities and populated places they passed through.

As Magellan had discovered the strait in the South, it was thought there must be one in the North, also uniting the two oceans. Aguilar proclaimed to the world, not only his discovery of Cape Blanco, but further, near there the real Anian Straits, and still more, he reported his finding of a river near Blanco, and close by here, which he named the Rio de Aguilar. From the productions which he describes at its entrance, we can almost identify a river not far from us here today. Illness of some of his crew, he states, prevented his exploration of the strait and the river.

Equally mysterious, he further reports near Port Orford and the Cape, by the latitude he gives of the north headland, an immense island which he represents on his chart as the Island of California. Appearing upon his charts, other explorers believed him, and the charts of mariners one hundred years after Aguilar's charts in 1602, still contained the legend of the mystic Straits of Anian; and for a time later even the existence of the Island of California, just north of Cape Blanco. Later, however, explorations of the Gulf of California proved ​otherwise, but the belief in the mysterious strait still continued, and various reputed entrances were platted on the charts of sailors as leading to it both from the Atlantic and Pacific sides, and these voyages were encouraged by the seafaring nations. England offered a reward of twenty thousand pounds to the successful navigator.

Captain George Vancouver as late as 1791 sailed the seas for the same search, and at the same time to grasp an English hold upon Spanish possessions far to the Northwest. He had sailed with Captain Cook on his two previous voyages. Vancouver, in his exploration, charted this Port Orford harbor, and named the cape nearby as Cape Orford in honor of his friend the Earl of Orford. For over 200 years the straits of Anian still continued to be a mystery. All above the 43rd degree of latitude of the Pacific Coast was an undiscovered country through the seventeenth and three-fourth of the eighteenth centuries. At last, through the more searching explorations of Cook and Vancouver, the Anian bubble burst and was no longer a mystery.

But this section of the Oregon coast, and indeed from Cape Mendocino to the Columbia River, for another sixty years remained largely unexplored until 1850, when another navigator, and he an American—sailing by, discovered this harbor, and in the Sea Gull on June 9, 1851, determined to acquire its possession, which his experienced eye could perceive would become valuable. This navigator was Captain William Tichenor. His ship reaching Portland in her regular journeys from San Francisco, he at once made notification and entry in the Surveyor General's office at Oregon City for one section of land, embracing this site and naming it Port Orford—transferring and adopting Vancouver's name of "Orford" from the ​cape and restoring its former name. Congress the previous year had enacted the Donation Land Law, giving to heads of families 640 acres of land and to others less.

From now on events moved rapidly, and a new era began for all this region of Oregon. On that same journey to Portland, the Captain and his friends agreed upon a townsite for his new entry, and naming it Port Orford. And, more than this, they proposed to construct a pack trail communication over the Coast Range Mountains with the Northern California and Rogue River gold mines, as Port Orford was deemed to be the nearest and most accessible shipping point on the coast from these rapidly populating mining regions of the interior. To this end it was concluded to begin construction immediately.

The Sea Gull, on her return voyage to San Francisco, conveyed to Port Orford, on June 9,1851, a little company of brave westerners who were to be the road builders to the gold mines, with the promise also of an interest in the new townsite, with Captain J. M . Kirkpatrick as their experienced leader. They were all supplied with firearms, with ammunition and subsistence, and were safely landed at their destination, and temporarily located upon a high rocky islet, later to be known as Battle Rock. One side of this was sloping to the sea, and separated from the mainland at high tide and a small creek which flowed at its base. The road builders were to remain there until the steamer Sea Gull could return from San Francisco, in about fourteen days or sooner, with reinforcements to assist in the road work. Indians were numerous, and the settlers, to be better fortified, the ship parted with its single cannon and copper magazine, which were removed to the summit of the rock, and to be in readiness, should the Indians attack. Owing to delay it was not until July 14th before another ship could bring the promised recruits to the harbor. ​

Before their arrival, however, a tragic scene had occurred on the rock. On the 10th the Indians had made a combined attack upon the little band. At first a hundred or more assembled upon the beach, and from there with wild yells and a fusilade of drawn arrows toward the rock, then with a mad rush up the narrow defile the foremost began grappling in hand and knife conflicts with the defenders, and then, Kirkpatrick with flaming torch uplifted, lowered it to the cannon priming, and with lead and powder its explosion swept the advance crowd off the ridge with deadly effect and with thirteen killed outright, and then with four more killed with revolver and rifle shot, all the rest were in reckless flight and the entire rock was soon made free from every hostile.

In the beginning a singular feature was observed in the one first leading the attacking Indians in his red shirt and long brandishing knife, he seemingly being more experienced than the rest. When, by permission of the besieged, the dead were removed from the rock by two unarmed hostiles, they refused.to remove the red shirt leader found among the dead, and were observed to kick his body violently. The whites buried him, and when closer seen he was found to be a white man, once a Russian sailor, wrecked on the coast, and adopted by the Indians, and so stated by them.

Disguising their position by an apparent increase in strength, and observing 114 Indians left on guard to be retiring for further reinforcements, they resolved to steal away to the mainland, and late in the afternoon of the 10th they entered the dense forest nearby and rapidly escaped up the coast. Their perilous flight in the forest made after four days of tortuous travel ended, they reached the settlements on the Umpqua, and this would be another story of itself. And ere long may there be erected upon the summit of that historic rock a ​ment of stately granite as a memorial of the heroic men and the valorous defense they made there in the pioneer days of old Oregon.

The steamer's delayed arrival with recruits found the rock vacated, but with evidences of a deadly conflict all about. Kirkpatrick had left a written note of the attack and the fight, which was found, but no further explanation of the escape, and it was assumed that all had been massacred, and the next day it was so reported at Portland by the ship's captain.

The newcomers were all landed and housed in a temporary fortification on the townsite, while the steamer with Captain Tichenor continued on her way to Portland. Further road builders were there again procured under command of Colonel W. G . T'Vault, a well known Oregon pioneer and editor and publisher of the first American newspaper west of the Rocky Mountains. He had also guided the American regular army troops under Major Kearney to California in 1846, all of which rightly commended him to Captain Tichenor as a competent leader for the Port Orford road makers. This new corps were then brought and safely landed at Port Orford on September 3rd, together with a portion of U. S. troops found stationed at Astoria, which because of the Battle Rock siege and further expected hostilities was thought necessary by the military authorities. Port Orford now also became a military camp with other troops from California ordered forward.

Barely had these precautions been observed when another tragedy occurred at the mouth of the Coquille River, far more disastrous to the whites engaged than at Battle Rock. This was of the T'Vault road makers. Eighteen of these had proceeded on their way up the Rogue River, but in a few days became confused in their course, and then lost in the impenetrable forests and ​mountain gorges. One-half of the number turned back by retracing their course and reached Port Orford, while the others determined to work their way to the first large stream, and thence to some settlement or to the coast and back to Port Orford. Their situation became distressing from want of food, although in a game country, and from days of exposure and prostration. Their horses were all abandoned in the mountains, and they at last emerged upon the upper South Coquille River, descending which, friendly Indians were met who conveyed them in canoes down the stream, until when within two miles of the ocean on September 14, 1851, they were attacked by hostile Indians who were awaiting their approach. At once they were overcome by largely superior numbers and the massacre began. Five men were soon dead; two—Williams and Hedden—after killing several Indians, themselves escaped, with Williams almost fatally wounded and carried for four terrible days on Hedden's tired back, although praying for death and stoppage along the impassable mountain defiles and over the chilling streams, but Hedden refused and held on until the Umpqua settlements were reached.

T'Vault and Brush, the other two, leaped in the river, and both reached the banks, although Brush had been partly scalped by an Indian knife. For two days they traveled down the coast, at one point meeting Indians who robbed them of their clothes and their weapons, but allowed them to reach the fortifications at Port Orford in safety.

The military was now again called for. Troops from California with some from the local post, and Lieutenant Kautz with twenty U. S. Riflemen from Astoria, were soon in motion to the Indian country on the Coquille.

Under Colonel Silas Casey portions of three companies on October 31, 1851, were soon in pursuit of the enemy, ​who were found ready for action at the middle fork of the Coquille River on November 22, 1851, where, after a brief engagement, 15 Indians were killed and the rest forced to retreat through the forest, with no casualties among the troops. Soon these were on their return to Port Orford, and then back to California on December 1, 1851.

Another disaster in Port Orford history was the wreck of the ship Captain Lincoln with 40 regular army soldiers and the ship's crew, from San Francisco to Port Orford, on January 2, 1852, two miles north of Coos Bay. The ship had sprung a leak when eleven days out, and though with strenuous pumping was found unable to reach port; therefore, the crew took the desperate chance of steering for the open beach at flood tide, through the mountainous waves, and landed high upon the sandy shore.

Though with five feet of water in the hold, they managed to save most of their munitions and supplies, and soon had a tent village upon the sand hills with fresh water near at hand, and with friendly Indians soon there with abundance of oysters, elk, deer meat and fish to barter for ship's stores, discarded blue jackets and brass buttons.

Here they were encamped for four months, and were supposed to have been lost. Messages finally reached military headquarters at San Francisco, when a ship came to remove the equipment and stores, while the troops were marched along the beach and through impenetrable swamps, over wide rivers, and across rugged mountain heights facing the ocean, for four days to Port Orford. At last, almost exhausted, they reached their comrades, who had come on another ship.

The punishment inflicted upon the hostile Indians and the military preparations for further hostilities ​with a competent garrison now retained at Port Orford did much to overawe the warring Indian element, and peace for a period was the result all along the coast.

A new and better fate in 1853 now awaited the little settlement in the unexpected turn of fortune in its uncertain destiny. Gold was discovered in the beach sands and for thirty miles up and down the sea shore the glittering sands were worked out by excited throngs. Coming from California mines and new settlements on Coos Bay and interior Oregon, soon thousands of these hungry gold seekers were washing out from ten to twenty dollars per day by every kind of crude device and handmade structure.

Port Orford, like a fabled dream of Utopia, at once grew into city proportions in a few weeks time. Ships by steam and sail came into port with passengers, mail, stores and supplies to maintain the gathering hosts. By 1854 and 1855 there were 6 hotels, 9 retail stores with one wholesale firm, mechanical shops, 2 meat markets, 2 drug stores, with bakeries, bowling alleys, billiard parlors, saloons and places of amusement on different streets, and with tents spread out in every direction.

A. H . Thrift, of the Randolph mines, in careful estimates made, computed ten millions of dollars as taken from the beach sands along the coast, and one million alone from the Randolph deposits, during the course of the mining season. To these should be added the coarse gold mining in the coastal interior, such as Coquille River, Salmon Mountain, Johnson Diggings, and the Sixes mines, which largely influenced Port Orford prosperity.

This growth made building material necessary, and in the immense white cedar forests so near the town, sawmills were soon attracted. The first one of size was by ​the Neefus and H. B . Tichenor Company of San Francisco. The first schooner load of manufactured lumber was shipped in the spring of 1854 to San Francisco, and brought $125 per thousand there.

William S. Winson,of honored pioneer name, was the mechanical manager there, and was among those to prepare this first shipment to market. It went there under the name he gave it, as Port Orford Cedar, and by this name it is still known to the world.

A plank road was made to the mills, and saw dust covered over it, and the great teams of Percheron horses easily and smoothly drew the tremendous loads over such road and down to the ship wharves every few hours in the day.

Deep sea fisheries soon followed, and many Italians were constatntly seen plying their trade, with boat and seine, in the waters adjacent.

It seemed that an era of permanent prosperity had now come for Port Orford, but fate willed it otherwise; for, as the poet says:

Gold, which brought the newcomers in quest of fortune from mother earth and a tide of material prosperity, also brought war and cruel depredation and death from the hostile Indians. The white man crowded him aside, and without treaty or compensation occupied his domains. Even the white man's increasing and overpowering military could not repress him. When at the last Colonel Buchanan with his forces met the assembled hostiles at the ​PORT ORFORD HOMECOMING 323 mouth of the Illinois River to secure their surrender and their removal to the distant government reservations, it was Chief John who stepped forth into the council, and defiantly addressing the Colonel, said: "You are a great chief, so am I. This is my country. I was in it when these trees were very small, not higher than my head. My heart is sick with fighting, but I want to live in my country. * * * But I will not lay down my arms and go with you on the reserve. I will fight. Goodby." And this, as they spoke to us old pioneers, was the feeling of all. As they were overpowered in the country of the upper Rogue River valleys, they made a last stand on the coast. On the sadly remembered night of February 22, 1856, at Gold Beach, as the settlers were enjoying a dance at the close of ceremonies on Washington's natal day, massacres began of those at home, such as Ben Wright, the Indian Agent, and Captain Poland of the Vol- unteers, and most of the Geisel family; with attacks upon the company of volunteers waiting in anticipation of an uprising of the local tribes. SETTLERS MASSACRED The regular soldiery under Major Reynolds stationed at Port Orford were insufficient in number to leave the town without defense, and could not respond to the ap- peals of 130 settlers forted up near the mouth of the river, who remained there besieged by the surrounding hostiles for 31 days until volunteers and regular army forces came to the rescue; although in the meantime ineffectual efforts by Captain Tichenor and others from the sea with coasting schooners were of no avail, only ending in the death of several of the brave souls who attempted to reach the surrounded fort through the waves. The story, as the war continued and ended, is a long and sad one. That of the captivity and ransom of Mrs. Geisel, her infant and thirteen year old daughter, Mary, ransomed by a brave captor, after the massacre llll • ​if Hi 324 BINGER HERMANN ••;*[% urn of the husband and three sleeping children and the burn- ing of the dwelling and bodies on the fatal night of Feb- ruary 22nd, is most pathetic. INDIAN SURRENDER To Port Orford on July 2, 1856, came the last of the surrendered hostiles to the number of 1,300, with old Chief John in the rear; and he only surrendering on con- dition that his comrades should not suffer punishment for their war. They were conveyed to the Siletz and Hoskins Reserves, where a young lieutenant of the army was in charge—who later became the great Phil. Sheridan of Civil War fame. GREAT AMERICAN GENERALS Other officers experienced much of their service and early discipline in the Indian troubles just ended, and who at one time or another exercised their military authority in the fortifications here at Port Orford. Some afterwards became great generals in the Civil War for the Union, among whom may be named Generals John F. Reynolds, A. J. Smith, E. O. C. Ord, C. C. Augur, W. H. Buchanan, A. V. Kautz, and Silas Casey. Of these, it was General Reynolds whose corps led the vanguard of the Union armies at Gettysburg in the first day's fight of that terrible battle, and there met his death. ENOS HANGED A tragic remnant of the Indian wars here was upon Battle Rock in the hanging to death in 1857 of' the Canadian Indian Enos, once the trusted guide of the famous Colonel John C. Fremont, but whose betrayal of the friendship to the settlers at Gold Beach, near here, on that sad February night, was known to those who had escaped the massacre, and were witnesses against him. ​PORT ORFORD HOMECOMING 325 COUNTY CREATED When Curry County was created by the Legislature of December 18, 1855, "Orford" was first proposed as its name, and then many more members suggested and favored that of "Tichenor," but the Captain, who was then a member, declined the honor, and insisted on that of Curry, in response to the wish of many of his constit- uents in appreciation of territorial Governor Curry's prompt action in providing for the Volunteer Company defenders at the time of the sudden Indian outbreak. The bill was introduced by Captain William Tichenor. The county seat was located where Gold Beach now is, and named Ellensburg, after Ellen, the Captain's daughter. FIRST CHILD BORN The first white child born in Port Orford was Thomas Orford Langlois, the son of^William and Mary Langlois; and Laura E. Riley, the first white girl born there, the daughter of Michael Riley, the first sheriff of the county; and both were of the first old families there. The first family to settle here was that of Captain Tichenor in 1852, and their end was here, and in the little cemetery of the town the marble slabs point out their last resting place. THE TOWN DESTROYED But at last, when peace, prosperity and safety had come to Port Orford, and as if fortune and misfortune had not spent their forces, there came in October, 1868, in that ill-fated and unguarded moment, the terrible holocaust of fire and destruction, which, beginning in the forest vicinity, soon enveloped the entire town, and be- fore nightfall, but two dwellings—those of the Tichenor and Knapp families, remained. All the rest were in blackened waste, with the sawmills nearby and a large acreage of the valuable cedar timber either destroyed or greatly damaged. ​326 BINGER HERMANN It was a calamity that proves how true the saying that a "thousand years scarce serve to form a state, an hour may lay in dust." But that glorious pioneer spirit that once developed this continent and came early to this remote spot in the Republic to shed the light of civiliza- tion, could not be halted in its course, and, Phoenix-like, is here again pushing to the front. A HARBOR OF REFUGE The vast timber, coal, and gold bearing resources tributary to Port Orford, and now made accessible by transportation facilities, with greatly increased manu- facturing investments here and nearby, now more than ever justifies the local improvement of harbor shipping; while the old-time necessity for a safe port for sailing vessels to enter during a heavy southwest gale is more than ever called for by the increasing commerce on the high seas. ENGINEER'S REPORT Port Orford, the engineers report, is the best summer roadstead between Point Reyes and the Straits of Juan de Fuca. The point of land making out to the southwest is what protects the harbor from the west and northwest storms, but the gales most dreaded by mariners are from the southwest, and generally from November to April. The first official recognition for this improvement was by Act of Congress of June 10, 1872, pursuant to which the majority of the U. S . Engineers Corps by Major H. M. Roberts reported a plan and estimates for an immense project to extend 500 yards long and to cost $2,902,000. A later Act of Congress, that of September 19, 1890, provided for minimizing this and reducing the cost. This was reported by Captain Thomas W. Symonds of the Engineers Corps, and two great wharves, to cost $350,000, with extensions, were favored. By Act of Congress of June 3, 1896, over one-third of a million dollars was ap- propriated to begin the project, but the Secretary of ​PORT ORFORD HOMECOMING 327 War, under the discretion allowed him, held the improve- ment not worthy at that time—28 years ago. Let us insist the improvement is worthy now, and should com- mence at once. CAPTAIN WILLIAM TICHENOR But in my review of Port Orford's port, I should not close without reference to a few pioneer worthies, and especially in eulogy of the one who first brought it to historic light, and gave to it continuous and effective aid to the end of his life. He was a man of rare and diversi- fied talents, of indomitable energy, and a fighter to the last. In his day he was one of Oregon's most active and influential men. And this was Captain William Tichenor. DISCOVERED PORT ORFORD He was the first to discover Port Orford in his sailing voyage in 1850, and to select it as his site in 1851; and then to bring his family here in 1852. This was after its long obscurity, since the days of the great English navigator Captain George Vancouver in 1791. A SAILOR Captain Tichenor was born in Newark, New Jersey, June 13, 1813, and of American parentage. When but twelve years of age his restless spirit sought the life of seafaring, until in 1833, when he quit for a time, but returned to it after visiting the West. Then again he left the sea, and removed to Illinois, where he studied law and was elected by the people as State Senator. LAWYER AND SOLDIER Then the great Mexican War began, and he recruited two volunteer companies of soldiers for Colonel Edward D. Baker's regiment. In 1849 the same resolute energy directed him to the gold fields of California, where with pick and shovel he mined on the American River. Still not satisfied, the white sails of commerce again beckoned him to the high seas, and with his earnings he bought I#' ​BINGER HERMANN the schooner, the J. M . Ryerson—and sailed to explore the Gulf of California, and the more northern shores of the Pacific, where his penetrating judgment was attracted to the spacious bay 8 miles south of Cape Blanco in 1850 in December, and this was his first arrival in the Territory of Oregon. SEA CAPTAIN Then in command of the steamer Sea Gull on its regular voyages between San Francisco and Portland, Oregon, on June 9, 1851, he landed here and became a resident, and soon obtained a title to its site with the heroic defenders, as told in the tragic story of the siege of Battle Rock. LEGISLATIVE CAREER From that day on he became tireless in its advocacy, and was twice elected to the Territorial Legislature, and later to the State Senate from the counties of Coos, Curry and Umpqua in 1860. In that year we beheld the re- markable coincidence of his former old Illinois Colonel E. D. Baker, being the republican candidate for U. S. Senator from the State of Oregon. Although the Captain had been elected as a Douglas Democrat, he cast his vote for his old friend Baker, and also for his partizan friend, Col. James W. Nesmith, both of whom were elected as Oregon's Senators,that year. A LAST TRIBUTE As a last tribute of remembrance, the names of some of the old pioneers should not be omitted, whom I now recall, and knew here sixty-five years ago. In a vision I summon to view their once familiar faces and grasp them by the hand. Their strong lives early impressed us and made our own better by their remembrance. Each one was a char- acter noticeable for some special trait, different from the other, but all with courage of convictions, resource​PORT ORFORD HOMECOMING 329 fulness, energy, personal bravery, and to do and to dare for the right, and the defense of their fellowmen. They were faithful as good citizens to their country and their state. Let me now call the roll from my own memory that you may know them by closer contact. Captain William and Elizabeth Tichenor, Rachel Knapp, Peter Ruffner, William Winsor, Michael Riley, John Hamblock, Ned Fahy, Charles Hilburn, William Gauntlet, Andrew and John Nasburg, Joe Ney, Fred Uni- can, George Dart, Randolph Tichenor, George M. Dyer, Captain E. H . Meservey, William and Mary Langlois, M. M. Bates and Mrs. Fanny M. Bates, Asa Carman, J. B. Tichenor, Jake Summer, Mrs. John Geisel, Samuel Colt, F. A . Stewart, M. B . Gibson, Alvord, Getchell, Saxe and Dunbar, with Louis Knapp, senior, who in venerable old age still survives the rest and holds the fort at the same old place—the Last of the Mohegans. Such pioneer names are worthy of the honor you do them in this assemblage today, and may their memories be equally cherished by those who shall follow after. They come down to us as a good pioneer American ancestry and go down to a patriotic American posterity. flfcf ​THE HISTORY OF THE OREGON AND CALIFORNIA RAILROAD—II By JOHN TDLSON GANOE IV. EXTENSION UNDER HENRY VILLARD. A. Henry Villard. Gaston, writing on the "Genesis of the Oregon Rail- way System" says of Villard: "Henry Villard was born in 1835 of an honorable and influential family in Speyer, Kingdom of Bavaria, Germany. In the revolution of 1849 his father was a loyalist, and the presiding judge of an important court. Young Villard was at school at the Gymnasium, wore a red feather in his cap and re- fused to pray for the king. For this offense he was sus- pended and managed to get out of his youthful disloyalty by going to a school in France. Subsequently pardoned, he returned and completed his studies at the University of Munich. He came to the United States in 1853, tarried with relatives near Belleville, 111., for a year, then drifted into journalism, became a war correspondent in the Civil War, made friends with influential people, attracted attention by his ability and genial manners, made some money in speculations, went back to Germany on a visit and made financial friends at Frankfort, who afterwards employed him to look after their interests in investments in America, and put him on the highway to his great suc- cess. He was a man of most engaging and genial manners, with nothing of the hard selfishness or avaricious grasp of the typical rich man. No man was more considerate or generous in his praise and assistance to those who worked with or under him or whose work he had made use of. In the days of his prosperity his purse was open wide to all works of charity and benevolence, of which in Oregon was $50,000 to the State University for an irreducible fund, at least $400 of the interest from which to be used annually in the purchase of books for the University library. He gave a like sum to house the orphan children ​OREGON AND CALIFORNIA RAILROAD 331 at Portland. No act of littleness, meanness, oppression, injustice, or dishonor ever stained the escutcheon of his noble career; and he sleeps well on the banks of the Hudson." This is the man who was to be thrown against Ben Hol- laday; this is the man who was to reorganize the Oregon and California Company for the bondholders, who was to extend construction of the road and guide not only the affairs of the Oregon and California Company, but of several companies, and who was to bring Oregon rail- roads into an organized plan, related to the rest of the United States through a transcontinental railway. B. The Work of Villard. The Oregon and California Company by its failure to pay the interest due, became liable to assumption by the bondholders. This meant the bondholders would have to go through foreclosure proceedings, so rather than do this, it was agreed that a compromise should be made. A compromise contract was drawn whereby the bond- holders gained a right to elect three of the directors of the company. Although the directors were to manage the affairs of the company, all financial dealings must be accepted by a financial agent who was to be chosen later. Should the company fail to earn enough to pay the interest on the bonds, Holladay was to supplement with his own funds. No sooner had Villard left when Holladay began to try to break the contract. He had by the contract per- sonally obligated himself and could not make the pay- ments. Again the question of assuming the road came into prominence, but again the distance between the two parties and the cost of litigation brought compromise so it was agreed that by a small payment Holladay would surrender control of the Oregon and California Railroad and the other companies controlled by him. The bond- holders of the Oregon and California Railroad Company ​JOHN TELSON GANOE were to furnish whatever new steamers necessary for the steamship line, but in return they would become owners of the company as soon as the creditors of the steamship company were paid off; and towards this some had al- ready been paid. Likewise, they obtained an option on the claim of the creditors against the Oregon Central for which they were to pay twenty-five per cent of the amount of the creditors' claims. This not only gave the bondholders control over the three companies, but brought the companies under one ownership and management so they could be managed as a unit. Villard's plan was to attract immigration to Oregon and thus build up the railroad to a paying proposition. He had been struck with the wonderful prospects of the country. It was only his emphasis upon the possibilities of the country in his report to the bondholders that made the agreement acceptable to the bondholders. Villard, however, had overestimated the prospects the same as all others who had attempted an estimate be- fore him. Even his attempts to aid by immigration were of no avail. The following table compiled from Poor's Manual gives some indication of the operations of the company up to the time of reorganization. Operating Ratio Net Earnings including taxes $194,844.99 63.33% 237,665.35 72.59% 137,843.30 83,426.33 Earnings Expenditures 1876 1878 1879 1880 $576,791.42 648,116.38 503,053.02 405,219.54 $356,701.12 410,451.03 365,209.72 321,793.21 The bonds were supposed to bring seven per cent, but it will be seen that taking all the net earnings of the road they brought at no time more than three per cent, and in 1880 the net earnings amounted to less than one per cent. ​OREGON AND CALIFORNIA RAILROAD 333 The freight instead of increasing began to decrease The following table gives a view of distribution of earn- ings and shows the marked fall in the amount of freight carried. Year 1876 1878 1879 1880 Passenger Traffic $187,773.53 232,860.76 198,336.50 174,069.95 Freight Traffic $338,036.84 345,482.17 247,650.52 179,832.03 Mail and Exp. Service $29,385.01 30,414.60 31,746.72 26,959.04 Minor Sources $21,596.04 39,359.35 25,319.28 24,358.52 With a fall in the traffic and consequent fall in earn- ings the company thought to gain traffic by building on through to California. But they did not have the capital, so it was decided to reorganize and force Holladay out altogether, and then issue bonds and complete the road to the state line. The reorganization was made in May, 1881. By this reorganization all of the old Holladay stock was wiped out and the bonds converted into stocks. Common stock was issued to the amount of seven million dollars and preferred stock (7%) to twelve million. To build more road, six million dollars worth of bonds were issued. These bonds were first mortgage, six per cent, forty year gold bonds and were to be due July 1, 1921. On May 25,1883, the Oregon and California Company entered into a contract with the Oregon and Transcon- tinental Company under which the latter was to complete the line from Roseburg to the Southern boundary of the state and from Corvallis to Junction City. The Oregon and Transcontinental Company was a company organized by Mr. Villard to gain control of the Northern Pacific Railroad Company. Mr. Villard's suc- cess in the railroad business had led him to greater under- takings. He had asked his friends to loan him eight mil- lion dollars for an unnamed purpose. Within twenty-four hours he had the eight million. He then called a con- ference and laid before them his plans of a new company ill >​334 JOHN TILSON GANOE and asked for a subscription of twelve million more which was immediately forthcoming. Upon this subscrip- tion the Oregon and Transcontinental company was or- ganized with a capital stock of fifty million dollars. Thirty million dollars worth of this stock was given to those who had subscribed to the twenty million dollar fund. The Oregon and Transcontinental Company did gain control of the Northern Pacific and immediately pushed construction work for that company as rapidly as pos- sible. For the construction of the Oregon and California Railroad, the Oregon and Transcontinental Company were to receive $3,670,500, six per cent, first mortgage bonds, and $3,750,000 seven per cent, second mortgage bonds. The company had in October, 1880, obtained control of the Western Oregon Railroad, a road running from Al- bany to Lebanon. This combined with the company's own line and the Oregon Central West Side had boosted the mileage of the Oregon and California Railroad. It was estimated with the extensions the company would have five hundred and twelve miles of road in Oregon. The plan was to issue first mortgage bonds at six per cent to the extent of $20,000 per mile and second mort- gage bonds at six per cent to the extent of $10,000 per mile. Considering the road five hundred and twelve miles, this would make the funded debt $15,360,000. Under the contract for construction, the Oregon and Transcontinental Company built the road to about a hund- red miles north of Ashland. At the same time the Oregon and California Company made this contract with the Oregon and Transcontinental Company, another one was made with this same com- pany whereby the Transcontinental company leased the road for three years. The Transcontinental company was to pay all fixed charges and dividends at the rate of two and a half per cent. The Transcontinental company was granted an option for 999 years whereby they would pay m ​OREGON AND CALIFORNIA RADLROAD 335 a rental equal to thirty-five per cent of the gross earnings, and if there was a deficit they would pay all the expenses and, nevertheless, give a two per cent dividend. The com- pany was allowed six hundred thousand dollars worth of second mortgage bonds for a guarantee of interest. Villard, however, had overestimated his ability and underestimated the task before him. He had taken the estimates of the engineering department on the Northern Pacific contracts without a question. The report of the chief engineer revealed that the building estimates of the Oregon and Transcontinental Company had been under- estimated fourteen million dollars. Nevertheless, Villard was able to complete the Northern Pacific. Villard had expected that the earnings of the road would soon re- lieve the stringency, but instead of earnings came deficits and by December, 1883, he came to the realization that he was practically insolvent. The result was, he was de- posed from the presidency of the Oregon and Transcon- tinental Company, the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company and the Northern Pacific. The failure of the Oregon and Transcontinental Com- pany meant they could not fulfill the contracts with the Oregon and California Company. Hence, upon default of interest in 1884 the contracts were rescinded and the Oregon and California Company again began to operate the road itself June 20, 1884. The Transcontinental Com- pany waived all claims to $400,000 worth of first mort- gage bonds and $110,000 second mortgage which was due for construction of the last twenty miles of road. These bonds were used to provide for back interest. The com- pany agreed to pay all money due on construction and to turn over to the Oregon and California Company all the second mortgage bonds which it had received for $446,000. These bonds amounted to $2,200,000. Still the road was not completed. Villard still re- mained as president of the company. Little returns could be expected while the road was not completed, so Dec. 22, ii§!*** ​Year 1881 1882 1883 JOHN TILSON GANOE 1884, the stockholders authorized another bond issue. Be- sides this, they increased the stock of the company. The preferred stock was increased to $15,000,000 and the common stock to $10,000,000. Just how the company expected to finance the project is a mystery. Certainly they could not do it on their earn- ings. It is true, the earnings did show an increase, but still not enough to warrant raising the funded indebted- ness to over eleven million dollars. The earnings since 1881, the year of the reorganization of the company, are show in the table below. Operating Operating Earnings Expenditures Ratio Net Earnings $788,488.18 $473,902.12 60.1% $314,586.06 1,044,334.44 715,531.88 328,802.56 Under Oregon and Transcontinental Company. Gave no figures for publication. 1,014,427.47 762,832.68 75.20% 251,591.79 At the average rate of $300,000 per year for earnings, the company would only be paying about fifty per cent of the interest on the eleven millions dollars funded debt. It is true there was some income from land sales at this time, but on the whole this was almost a negligible item, although for one year the sale of land did bring in over $100,000. Inevitably another reorganization was due, and it was not long before the inevitable came. The company defaulted payment on the first mortgage bonds in 1885 and as a result of a suit of Lawrence Harrison, a bond- holder, the company was placed in the hands of the re- ceiver, and Richard Koehler, former vice-president and manager of the company, was appointed receiver. V. LAST PHASES OF THE COMPANY. 1885— It now remains only to show how the company was finally completed under lease to the Southern Pacific Company and to show the changed conditions after the assumption of management by the Southern Pacific. The ​OREGON AND CALIFORNIA RAILROAD 337 company up to this time, as we have seen, had been an independent road which had at no time been a paying proposition. After the assumption by the Southern Pacific Company, it became not only a paying proposition but an integral part of that system. Before this time the land grant of Congress had yielded little to the company but under the new management, the land policy of the com- pany was changed and changed in such a way that it became necessary for the government to start suit against the company because of violations of the grant to again bring the land into the government domain. It is to these things we now turn our attention. A. The Lease to the Southern Pacific. In May, 1885, a plan for the amalgamation of the Oregon and California Company and the Central Pacific Railroad Company was proposed. "It provided for an exchange of securities as follows: Bonds of new company, bearing three per cent for first two years and five per cent thereafter, in exchange of Oregon and California first mortgage bonds, in the proportion of $1000 of former for each $1000 of latter (new first mortgage bonds at rate of $30,000 per mile being issued in exchange for old firsts at $20,000 per mile and old seconds at $10,000 per mile); one share Central Pacific stock for each two shares Ore- gon and California preferred, of an assessment of $4.00 per share; and one share of Central Pacific stock for each four shares common stock, on payment of an assessment of $3.00 per share." 64 In June the following year, the Southern Pacific made a somewhat similar offer. Both these plans, however, were turned down. The reorganization after the appointing of Richard Koehler as receiver had not yet taken place, but by an agreement made in March, 1887, the first mortgage bonds 64 Poor's Manual, 1886. ​JOHN TDLSON GANOE of the company were exchanged "for 110 per cent in new 5 per cent 40 year gold bonds, bondholders receiving per $1000 bond," 65 and the second mortgage bonds were retired entirely. By the close of the year the reor- ganization was complete and the receiver was discharged June 15, 1888. 66 In the meantime an agreement had been made with the Southern Pacific Company (July 1, 1887). The earn- ings up to seven per cent on preferred stock and six per cent on common stock were to go to the Oregon and Cal- ifornia Company. Any surplus above this would go to the Southern Pacific Company. The Southern Pacific, of course, was to keep up the property and to make what- ever extensions they saw fit. When they did take con- trol, one of the first things they did was to complete the road from Ashland to the California line, a distance of about twenty-six miles. The years immediately following the assumption of control by the Southern Pacific did not show a great deal of gain in the earnings of the company, but the road be- came an integral part of the Southern Pacific system with which the Southern Pacific could not well dispense. B. The Oregon and California Land Grant Cases. We have noted the fact that prior to 1890 the railroad company had neither patented nor sold a great deal of land. There were during this time patented about 323,184. - 68 acres. The reason for the non-patenting of the land was very evident. The Department of the Interior had mis- interpreted the Act of June 25, 1866, granting land to the company and had withdrawn the land from the Public Domain. The land was not salable, so of what value would it be to the railroad company to patent this land and thereafter pay taxes upon it? As long as the land 65 Poor's Manual, 1887. 66 Poor's Manual, 18 ​OREGON AND CALIFORNIA RAILROAD 339 remained set aside for them they could get it any time they wished, hence the delay in patenting the land was to evade taxes. In regard to the sale of the land, the railroad consist- ently violated the terms of the grant. But since, as we have mentioned before, the land prior to 1890 was wanted mainly by settlers, they had little opportunity to make the wholesale violations that were made after that date when the government land had been sold and the forests of the middle west had disappeared. When the Southern Pacific took control, the first thing they did was to systematize the land department. Timber cruisers were sent out and estimates were made on the value of the land. The company changed the form of deed in 1891 from that of a "grant, bargain and sale" to a "quit claim" deed. In 1901 the Southern Pacific Company became merged into the Harriman lines and hence Harriman came into control of the land grant of the Oregon and California Company. The first thing he did was to withdraw all the land from sale under the pretense that the books of the company were in such shape that they must be examined and until this was done they would refuse to sell any of the land. The San Francisco fire aided them in this respect, for the company actually did lose in this fire many valuable records. But these at best were only pretenses, for Harriman, in a speech in 1907, admitted that this would be the permanent policy of the railroad. The people of Oregon were not unaware of what was taking place, for in Febraury, 1907, the Legislature of Oregon adopted a memorial urging upon Congress the necessity of passing such legislation as would force the railroad company to obey the terms of the grant. The issuance of patents was from that time on prohibited and the government began the investigation of the company's actions in regard to the land grant. For nearly a year the Department of Justice investigated and finally made a Iff 4' ​340 JOHN TDLSON GANOE u report to Congress revealing the flagrant violations of the Act, whereupon Congress passed an Act authorizing the Attorney General to commence suit against the com- pany to recover all of the unsold land remaining in the grant. The outcome of the case was that the land grant was forfeited by the railroad and returned to the United States. The case was a sensational one. Clearly the rail- road had violated the terms of the grant. They had neither limited the price of the land to $2.50 per acre nor sold it in small lots, yet for all that for eight years the case was in the courts. Never before has so much testimony been presented to any court as was presented to the Supreme Court in 1915—seventeen volumes of testimony! The grounds upon which the railroad sought to hold its rights were that Congress had not the right to enact the restrictive clause of April 10, 1869, which limited the sales price of the land to $2.50 per acre. In addition to this, they claimed that the government had known what was going on all the time and had even given its sanction to some of their dealings and that, admitting they had violated the terms of the grant and the government's right to legislate, the contracts were not enforceable. Both the Circuit Court and the Supreme Court, however, held that the contracts were enforceable. The question was finally settled by an Act of Congress passed June 9, 1916. By this Act the title of the unsold land reverted to Congress, but granted to the railroad company for the land thus appropriated $2.50 an acre, the sum allowed them in the Act of Congress, April 10, 1869. The Secretary of Interior was to determine the amount of land already patented by the company and that to which they would rightfully have claim and pay the company from the proceeds of the sales of the land the $2.50 per acre. Thus Congress fulfilled the wishes ​OREGON AND CALIFORNIA RAILROAD 341 of the preceding Congress that had passed the Act that the railroad should have $2.50 an acre for the land and $2.50 an acre only. CONCLUSION We have now followed the history of the company for more than a half century. We have watched it grow from the amoebaic state of the preliminary survey through all its stages, until its union with the more complete systems, becoming an indispensable part of their lines. But what next? Now has come the motor bus and the motor truck to compete for the carrying trade of this region. Pave- ment now extends over an extensive portion of the terri- tory traversed by the railroad. So effective has been the competition of the busses that the railroads have been forced to curtail the number of trains run. Does it mean that the railroad is soon to become a thing of the past, now that it has extended its arms in all directions ? This, time alone will tell. It may be that to the trucks will be given the short haul trade and to the railroads will go the long distance freight. But as to future developments, we can only guess; for occurrences as they actually happen, we must wait. APPENDIX A Bibliography This bibliography does not pretend to be a complete one. To give a complete descriptive bibliography, no less than fifty pages would be required. It is merely the purpose of this bibliography to point out the main sec- ondary works and the main source materials. Where the source material has an author the name is given. But much of this material consists of legislative acts and documents. The acts and documents run into the hund- reds. For the legislative acts we merely give a blanket reference. For convenience, these acts may be most con- veniently found in the transcript of evidence in the case 0.andC.R.R .vs. U . S . The documentary material such ​342 JOHN TDLSON GANOE as letters, contracts, mortgages, etc., is most all given there, so for any reference to these we refer to Vol. 17 of the transcript of evidence O. and C. R. R. vs. U. S. which is the index. This index is not a cross index but merely a topical index of the documents contained volume by volume. Other references are given below. Secondary: Bancroft—Oregon, Vol. II. Carey—History of Oregon. Donaldson—Public Domain—Short Sketch of History of the Railroad Land. Haney—A Congressional History of Railvoays in U. S . to 1850. A Congressional History of Railvoays in U. S. 1850-1887. Himes and Lang—History of the Willamette Valley* Lyman—History of Oregon, Vol. IV . pages 225-276. Oregonian's Handbook, 1894. Schafer—History of Pacific Northwest. Scott—History of Portland. Source Material: Barry, Col. A . C . — Report on Preliminary Survey. Clarke, S. A .— The Oregon Central Railroad, Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, v. 7 . Elliott, S. G . — Report of Preliminary Survey, Multnomah County Library. Fenton, W. D . — Political History of Oregon, 1865-1876- Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, v. 3, pp. 41. Gaston, Joseph—Oregon Central Railroad. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, v. 3, pp. 315-26 . Genesis of the Oregon Railvoay System. Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, v. 7, pp. 105-32 . —Portland, Its History and Builders. —Centennial History of Oregon. Inside History of the Oregon Central Railroad Company. Found in O.and C.R,R.vs. U.S., Vol.X. Holladay vs. Elliott— - Suit for Dissolution of Partnership. —Final Decision. Oregon Reports, Vol. 8. —Report of Referee. FoundinO.and C.R.R.vs. U.S. — Deposition of £• G. Elliott. J . C . Moreland, Referee. In Oregon Hist. Soc. Collection. —Documentary History of Oregon Central Railroad. Prepared as an exhibit in the case Holladay vs. Elliott by S. G . Elliott. Contains all documents in relation to the history of the Company. Mitchell—Letter to Judge Deady Asking Support. In Oregon Historical Society Collection. See Appendix. Newspapers—The newspapers of the period are a fruitful source of information. In them are found letters from the people, notices by the company, protests against ​OREGON AND CALIFORNIA RADLROAD 343 actions of the company, etc. It is possible by means of these to set the dates on certain occurrences that would otherwise be hard to place. The newspapers used for this have been: The Oregonian The Oregon Sentinel The Oregon Statesman The State Journal Law Suits—In the study of any railroad, lawsuits must needs be a great source of information. The courts are full of litigation by the company. The most important cases to be noted, however, are: Holladay vs. Elliott Newby vs. The Oregon Central. Oregon and California Railroad vs. the U. S . Just a word should be added as to the use of lawsuits. Decisions usually give the main points in the history of the case, but to stop with this would be to stop before the most prolific source has been reached. The trans- cript of evidence contains the statement of the witnesses and the exhibits are usually certified copies of the docu- ments. Thus the most of the documents concerning this company are found in the transcript of evidence of the case O. and C R. R. vs. U. S., and not the decisions. In this case eighteen volumes were necessary to print the evidence and the largest part of the material consists in documents. Oregon Legislature—Beginning with 1864 and going up to 1868, both the Laws and the Journals contain ma- terial upon the railroad. Unfortunately, the University library does not have all the Journals, but the missing onesmaybefoundinO.andC.R.R. vs. U.S. Oregon and California—Reports of Henry Villard to Stockholders. Miscellaneous documents may be found in the Oregon Historical Society Collection. O. and C. R. R. vs. U. S. This case contains practically every document relating to the history of the road. ​JOHN TILSON GANOE All the government acts relating to the history of the company, all the acts of the legislature of Oregon, the minutes of both the East and West Side companies and pamphlets that would otherwise be out of print are found here. In addition we have the testimony of some who were connected with the railroad, such as J. Gaston. Then finally, we have the contracts, deeds, mortgages, reprint of lawsuits and official letters, making in itself a com- plete documentary history of the company. Vol. 17 is the index to the set. - Poor's Manual of Railroads—This has been used ex- tensively year by year in compiling the statistics as to earnings. The manual contains material that is not other- wise available. Townsend, B. D.— Report to the Department of Jus- tice, February, 1908. Conveniently found in the Oregon- ian, Feb. 24, 1908. United States — Documents — Yearly, from 1864 to 1870, the Congressional Record contains references in relation to this road. All acts of Congress, however, will be conveniently found in O. and C. R. R. vs. U. S. The later acts and reports as to forfeiture will be found in the same place. Villard—Memoirs of Henry Villard, Vol. II . Report to Stockholders. Oregon Historical Society Collection. APPENDIX B Due to the fact that Gaston has written so volumin- ously upon the History of Oregon and especially upon railroads and has stated that the Elliott survey stopped at Jacksonville, and because Bancroft and other histor- ians writing upon the subject have followed Gaston's version, it is perhaps fitting that we should give some consideration to the reasons for holding the position that Elliott did complete his survey and for placing that sur- vey prior to the Barry survey. The report, however, contains no date. It was made to the California and Oregon Railroad Company. The report states that the company was organized Dec. 1, 1863, and incorporated June 29, 1865. Obviously, then, ​OREGON AND CALIFORNIA RAILROAD 345 it could not have been printed until after June 29, 1865. He refers to the act of the Oregon Legislature in 1864 granting aid as being last year, so we can establish the date of the survey as being 1865. The Barry survey, however, was made in 1864 and was printed for the session of Congress 1864-5, so the ques- tion immediately arises, did Elliott complete a survey to the Columbia river or did he merely make use of the Barry survey? Undoubtedly some of the facts which he utilizes for his report were taken from the pamphlet by Gaston on the Wealth and Resources of Oregon which was appended to the Barry survey. This would indicate that for the latter part of his report, Elliott did depend upon Barry's report. On the other hand, contemporary accounts show that he did not depend upon Barry for the survey itself. The Oregon Statesman for October 26, 1863, contained the following item: "The survey of the route for the pro- posed railroad is nearly completed. The operations of the surveying party have been under the superintendence of Mr. S . G . Ellott, an engineer competent to ascertain and detail all the conditions of the route as is sufficiently evidenced by the adoption of his survey of the Pacific Railroad route over the Sierra Nevada Mountains. He is, besides this, fully endorsed by the California press. It would not be necessary to state these facts, only that our people may be satisfied that Mr. Elliott is not a speculative adventurer. His statements we believe to be entitled to credence and the candid consideration of our people." Then follows in brief the estimates of the cost of construction as given in Elliott's report. On Jan. 30, 1864, in an editorial entitled "Jackson- ville and the Telegraph," in the Oregon Intelligencer we find the following: "A railroad line from Marysville to Portland has been surveyed and located through our town." Barry did not complete his survey until October, 1864, so this could not have been the Barry survey. ​346 JOHN TDLSON GANOE • m«1 «tt* 1 f|I

Then again, going directly to Barry's report, we find: "It is claimed by some of the citizens of Eugene City, that by surveying a line through the Applegate Pass, I have avoided their town and the whole of the upper end of the Willamette valley, all of which they claim resulted from getting into the wrong pass. Whatever may have been the effect of doing so, I certainly had no such object in view. It was neither my desire nor pur- pose to run to or avoid any particular town, but to dis- cover the nearest and best route for the projected road. Having last year surveyed the line through the Pass Creek Pass and down the Willamette through Eugene to Corvallis, and having all the field notes and maps of that survey in my possession, I could have no object in going over the same ground again, especially when the friends of a new route were clamoring for an examination of its claims." Again, further along, he says, "Mr. Elliott recom- mended the line passing through the Pass Creek Pass (and at that time he was unaware of the existence of the Applegate Pass) down the Willamette river, through Eugene City, crossing the Willamette at Corvallis, then in nearly a direct line through Albany, Salem, Oregon City and on to Portland." We see then that in October, 1863, Elliott had prac- tically completed his survey. By Jan. 30, 1864, the sur- vey had been completed to Portland. Barry did not com- plete his until October, 1864, so it must have been some one else. Barry recognized the fact in his survey that Elliott had advocated the line on the East side of the river and since during the intervening years between the time when Elliott withdrew from the party and the time he published his report to the California and Oregon Railroad Company, there is no record of Elliott making a survey, we can only conclude that the report of Elliott, published in 1865, is on the preliminary survey completed in 1863, and thus precedes the Barry survey. ​OREGON AND CALIFORNIA RAILROAD 347 APPENDIX C State of Oregon, Secretary's Office Salem, June 5, 1869. Dear Sir: I have no personal knowledge of filing of papers in this office by Mr. Gaston, on the sixth of Octo- ber, 1866, more than this: that about the date named (Mr. Gaston says it was the 6th) he presented me an envelope which he said contained articles of incorpora- tion of the Oregon Central Railroad Co., on which en- velope I marked the date in pencil, (Mr. Gaston says I marked the document instead of the envelope, but I have not seen the paper since, hence my impressions are that I marked the envelope). I did not examine the contents did not formally file the paper. Mr. Gaston wished to retain it in his possession for a short while, but for leg- islative purposes desired to say it had been presented for filing, to which I could see no objection. I had forgotten the foregoing circumstances altogether until about the middle of November 1866,Hon.J.S.Smith made application to see the articles of incorporation of the Oregon Central Railroad Co., and I turned to the usual depository for such documents, but not until after I had made a thorough search did it occur to me that the articles referred to were not in my possession.

Your obedient servant SAMUEL C. MAY Sec. of State. Hon. Addison C. Gibbs, Portland Oregon. State of Oregon Multnomah County I, B. L . Norden, County Clerk of said county and state do hereby certify upon the instrument endorsed "Articles of Incorporation of Oregon Central Railroad Company" filed November 23, 1866, by H. C . Coulson, clerk, and upon the reverse side of said filing there appears in pen- cil these words, "October 6, 1866" erased with ink, as nearly as possible like unto the pencil entry and ink erasure on the third line above this line. In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and official seal, this ninth day of January A. D. 1869. B. L . NORDEN, (L. S.) County Clerk, Multnomah Co., Oregon. ​348 JOHN TILSON GANOE 1 ^il HI iVk APPENDIX D Salem, Oregon. Oct. 10 -1868 My Dear Sir:- Can you in justice to yourself write a few lines con- fidentially to David Powell, urging upon him the pro- priety of his sustaining the East Side Company in the matter of the United States Land Grant? If you can— you will confer a lasting favor upon myself—and the Company I represent. As to the rightfulness of this course—by the present Legislature I do not see how there can be two opinions—the facts are simply these eight men on the twenty-sixth of September 1866 agree to asso- ciate themselves together and form a corporation under the name of "The Oregon Central Railroad Co." They drew up articles in triplicate and signed them and handed them to Mr. Gaston, who is a Notary—with the under- standing that he attach his certificate and seal and file them.— Mr. Gaston, instead of filing them, goes before the Legislature and its Railroad Committee, and repre- sents to them as did all the gentlemen named in the ar- ticles, that those gentlmen had formed a corporation under that name. The committee acting upon this made a report (see Journal of last sessions Page 256) wherein they stated that the gentlemen named in the articles had formed a corporation under the name and style of "The Oregon Central Railroad Co." the gentlemen named therein supposing all the while they were incorporated, the fact being however, that Gaston never attached his certificates or filed its papers until over a month after the Legisla- ture adjourned. The Legislature on the tenth of October, 1866 passed a joint resolution designating "The Oregon C. R. R. Co., as the Company that should take the Land Grant, supposing all the while that the eight gentlemen before named were duly Incorporated; After the Legisla- ture adjourned, Mr. Gaston, without the knowledge, or consent of the gentlemen who had signed the papers— obtained the signatures to the same articles as additional corporates the following names: M. M. Melvin, Geo. L . Woods, R. R. Thompson, J. C. Ainsworth, S. G. Reid, Jno. McCrachen, and C. H. Lewis and J. Gaston and on the sixteenth day of November he, Gaston, attaches his certificate and seal (This too after his commission as Notary had expired, and the twenty-first day of Novem- ber over four weeks after the adjournment of the Legis- WK ​OREGON AND CALDTORNIA RAILROAD 349 lature he filed the Articles with the Secretary of State— But not only so, before filing them, he enters into a secret agreement by which one of their number to wit: Gaston, is to subscribe $2,500,000 of the stock and for their special benefit this stock to be unassessable—On the seventeenth day of November, four days before the filing of these Articles which are the Articles under which the West Side Company claim their rights, three of the gentle- men who first signed the articles; that is J. S . Smith, E. N. Cooke, and I. R. Moores, ascertaining that Gaston had deceived them and had not filed the articles as originally intended, formed a new corporation and took the same name and duly filed them on that day, which of course was the first company incorporated under that name. At that date they did not know what had become of the original papers. On the twenty-second day of April, 1867, no stock having been subscribed, or directors elected, in either of the two companies before designated, a third company was formed and papers on that day duly filed. This corporation was composed principally of the men who first signed the original papers. They also assumed the same name. They had then discovered the frauds that had been practiced upon them and this was the reason they formed the new company—leaving out the names that had been obtained to the first papers after the adjourn- ment of the Legislature, and without their knowledge or consent, with the exception of Gov. Woods who was taken in;— The second corporation before referred to was abandoned because it and the Capital Stock was too small. The last Corporation Incorporated April 22, 1867, immed- iately had one-half its stock subscribed and on that day elected the Board of Directors, in May following Gast> on subscribing his $2,500,000 stocks in the first named Company and proceeds to elect Directors himself— Now the two companies present themselves to this Legislature and ask to be designated as the company to take the Grant—The West Side claims that they have rights by virtue of the Acts of the last Legislature, at least equitable rights that ought to be respected. The East Side Company denies this and insists that they both stand before the Legislature in the same situation, neither of them being in existence at the time of the acts of the last Legislature, that neither of them has ever been des- ignated, or if any equity exists in favor of any company, it exists in favor of that Company that is composed of ​350 JOHN TDLSON GANOE the men whom the Legislature supposed were Incorpor- ated at Last Session, and to whom, as a Company they intended to give the grant. But suppose it was claimed that although no company was in existence at the time the resolution was adopted that as a matter of law the grant would vest in the Company first Incorporated under the name designated—which was that of Nov. 17, 1866, which is not the West Side Company, and suppose that Company never proceeded to subscribe its stock or elect directors, but was permitted to lapse, and was aban- doned—the result most unquestionably would be even in that view, that the Land grant would revert into the hands of the Legislature and consequently the West Side Company has no claim to it. The truth of the business is no Company was in existence and consequently no com- pany could be designated in my judgment, and now the question before the Legislature should be:—Which of these two corporations are the most meritorious? Which one is pursuing the route indicated in the Act of Congress, making its grant? namely from Portland "Southeasterly through the Willamette, Umpqua, and Rogue River Val- leys" which is the most central road, and most nearly in accordance with the intentions of the Congress of the United States? Which is the most likely to go and build the road? Should it be given to the East Side Company to enable it to meet its contracts with capitalists with whom they have already contracted and who are already on the ground pushing forward its work? Or should it be given to the West Side and take all the chances of delay and of final failure in securing outside capital without which no road can be built ? Judge, I hope you will pardon me for consuming so much of your valuable time in this matter, and my,only excuse is a deep-seated conviction of my mind that every consideration of right and equity would call for action in favor of the East Side Company, and feeling as I do that any other course at this critical moment in the history of our State, would be damaging to her best interests in the highest degree—should you regard this matter in the same light that I do and should you feel at liberty to indi- cate your views in a letter written to Mr. Powell, or to myself, to be shown to him or to any others you might designate, I shall be much gratified. Should you decline to do so, of course it shall not disturb our present friendly relations and you will pardon the request.—The Senate ​OREGON AND CALIFORNIA RAILROAD 351 at present is at a deadlock eleven to eleven, but I am strongly of the opinion that the East Side will finally suc- ceed in getting a resolution through giving the grant to the road that first builds and stocks fifty miles. Yours confidentially, and with high regard J. H. MITCHELL Hon. M. P. Deady, Portland, Oregon. Office of Oregon Central Railroad Co. Salem, Oct. 16 —1868. Dear Sir :- Yours of the 13th inst received and contents noted, and for which I am sincerely grateful. I showed it to Mr. Powell with strict injunction that he was to consider it strictly a confidential communication and I think it had a good effect. Judge Stout has been a friend to our enter- prise from the first, as must be evident to all from the course he has taken in the senate. As to Nez., He has constantly stated that he was not in the fight. He has been over but twice since the Legislature has been in session and then only to remain a day. Mr. Holladay however understands him to be not unfriendly to East Side. Well tomorrow, (Saturday) the great fight will, I presume, take place in the Senate. Both armies of Lob- byists have been resting upon their arms for the past week, but so near to each other that the skirmishing of the picket guards could be occasionally seen by a close observer. Judge, I may possibly be mistaken as to the result, but if I was as sure of $10,000 as I am that we will beat them, I would feel safe on money matters for the next few months. I believe that we will succeed and that too in getting a square designation in favor of East Side. Still while this is the way I figure it, there is, it is true, frequently a 'slip between the cup and the lip' I believe we ought to succeed for I regard that organization on the West Side as one born in fraud, cradled in infamy, and one that ought in Justice as well, to all honest men in Multnomah, Washington and Yamhill Counties, as to the people of the whole State, be perpetually damned— Yours in haste J. H. MITCHELL ​352 JOHN TDLSON GANOE APPENDIX E Individual Vote on S. J. R. No. 16, 1868 SENATE FOR Names County Bayley Benton Brown ~ Marion Cochran _ Lane Crawford Linn Cyrus Linn Dribblesby Grant Ford Umatilla Hendershott Union Miller Marion Miller Jackson Powell Multnomah Stout Multnomah Thomp son CI ackamas Trevitt Wasco AGAINST Names County Adams Yamhill Cornelius ....Washington, Columbia, Clatsop and Tillamook. Herman Douglass, Coos & Curry Holtzclaw Josephine Huston Lane Ison Baker Pershbaker..Douglas, Coos & Curry Vote House, 1868, H. J. R. 866 FOR Alexander Linn Alexander Benton Bellinger Benton Beers Baker Bryant Linn Butler Wasco Cox Josephine Crooks Linn D avenport . Marion Denny Marion Garret Clackamas Gray Grant Gilfrey Lane White Jackson Johnson Linn Kirk Umatilla Louden Jackson Lichtenthaler Marion Minto _ Marion Powell Multnomah Rinehart „.._ . Union Smith Jackson Stites __ Linn Simpson Marion Trullinger Clackamas Tandy Lane Winston Speaker Whitaker. Lane AGAINST Applegate Douglas Benson Baker and Union Brown Yamhill Burnett Yamhill Davis Multnomah Chapman Multnomah Flook Douglas Gazley Douglas Grant Polk Horter Clatsop & Tillamook Jackson Washington Neal Grant Pendegast Coos and Curry Ryan Wasco Scoggins Multnomah Townsend Polk Taylor Washington Waymire Polk ​THE McNEMEES AND TETHEROWS WITH THE MIGRATION OF 1845 ORGANIZATION DOCUMENTS OF THAT MIGRATION By FRED LOCKLEY "When my father, Job McNemee, moved to Portland there were only three houses here," said Andrew Jackson McNemee, when I interviewed him recently at the home of his niece, Mrs. C. A. Morden, in East Portland. "My father built the fourth house in Portland, a good sized log cabin. I was born two years later, 76 years ago last spring." "I was born in a cabin made of shakes, located on the S. W . corner of Yamhill and Front streets, March 5, 1848. My people spent the winter of 1845 on Dick Richard's place at Linnton. Boiled wheat and salmon was their staple diet that winter. Next spring father bought a couple of lots of A. L . Lovejoy in his newly laid out town- site, Portland. Father put up a log cabin and brought the family from Linnton to Portland. He traded two thin oxen for a fat young steer, which he killed. With this meat he started the first butcher shop in Portland. People going from Vancouver to Oregon City usually tied up their canoes at the clearing on the river bank near our house. Father sold meat to these travelers, as well as to settlers in the vicinity of Portland. Father also started the first hotel in Portland. He called it the Ohio Hoilse after his native state. Father made the first pumps used in Portland. He bored a hole through the center of a log and fixed up a handle and plunger. Later he took the contract to make the pipes for Portland's first water system. Later my father worked for Leonard & Green, when they bought the City Water department. "When gold was discovered in California in 1848 every able bodied man in Portland went to the gold diggings. My father was among the first to go. My oldest brother,, ​354 FRED LOCKLEY Francis, who was not yet 12 years old, chopped wood for many of the women who were left husbandless here in Portland. I was a baby in arms at the time. Mother had no money to buy feed for our cow, so she took the straw from the ticks on our beds, mixed flour with it and fed it to our cow, so the cow could give milk for myself and the other children. "Father made big money in the mines but invested it in other claims, so he came back broke. Later he went into the stock business and became well-to-do, having at one time over a hundred Durham cattle. "My father, Job McNemee, was born near Columbus, Ohio, October 14, 1812. My mother, Hannah Cochrane McNemee, was born near Chillicothe, Ohio, January 29, 1815. Her father, David Cochrane, was born in Virginia, but went to Kentucky with Boone and Kenton and the other pioneers of Kentucky. He moved from Kentucky to Ohio. Father was 21 and mother 17 when they were married. They struck out for themselves, going first to Indiana and later to St. Joe, Missouri. Father bought 160 acres of land on the edge of St. Joe. When he took the Oregon fever he traded his quarter section for $400 in cash and eight horses. Today his farm is in the heart of the residence district of St. Joe. "Fred Waymire married my mother's sister. Fred's brother, George Waymire, was elected lieutenant of the wagon train when my people came across the plains in 1845. Col. W. G . T'Vault was captain of the wagon train. "Dr. Elijah White, who was on his way East met the wagon train of which my father was a member and told them of a more direct route. The T'Vault wagon train, with others, swung south to take this cutoff. Stephen Meek, a brother of Joe Meek, said he could guide the im- migrants to the Willamette valley by this cut-off. Moun- tain men and Hudson's Bay trappers, in former days, had crossed the Cascades by this cut-off and he was con- fident he could follow the old trail. He became confused m ​THE MCNEMEES AND TETHEROWS 355 and bore off too far to the south. They struck the desert country in Central Oregon, where the cattle suffered severely from lack of pasture and lack of water. In place of saving 200 miles as they had expected, and having an easier way, they suffered severe hardships, lost three weeks, and finally made their way to The Dalles. "Stephen Meek guided them by the old trail for some time, but when they got into the foot-hills of the Malheur Mountains all signs of the old trail had disappeared. The alkaline water was the cause of many of the immigrants becoming sick with mountain fever. My sister, Emaline, who was a babe in arms, died, and for three days they carried her body in the wagon until they could find a good place to bury her. "The cattle became restless and tried to take the back track. The wagon train would have to halt while the im- migrants hunted for the lost cattle. While Dave Herron was out looking for his lost cattle, he noticed in the bed of a small stream, a piece of metal that looked like copper or brass. He picked it up, put it in his pocket and took it with him to camp. Another member of the party also brought a lump of dull yellow metal to camp. They were unable to determine whether it was gold, copper, or brass. This was in 1845 before the discovery of gold in Cali- fornia. One of the gold nuggets was given to a member of the party, who hammered it flat with a hammer on his wagon tire. He threw it into his tool chest and paid no more attention to it. The immigrants were more inter- ested in finding the lost trail to the Willamette valley and securing water for their thirsty children than in discover- ing gold, so no attention was paid to the stream on which the nuggets had been found. The stream ran in a south- westerly direction, but whether it was a branch of the Malheur river or not the immigrants did not know. "A few years later, when gold was discovered in Cal- ifornia, the finding of these nuggets was recalled. When my brothers went to the Oro Fino mines in Idaho, my ​356 FRED LOCKLEY im ilH V father said he believed he could guide them to where the gold had been found, in what was called the Blue Bucket mines. One of the immigrants, when asked about finding the gold there, said he could have picked up his blue bucket full of nuggets if he had known it was gold. Sev- eral parties were later organized to find the Blue Bucket mines, but they were unable to locate the place. "While the immigrants were camped iii "Stinky Hol- low" many of the oxen lay down and refused to get up, for when an ox is all in he quits. An ox will stay with it as long as he can, but when he finally gives up it is al- most impossible to persuade him to get to his feet again. For three days, while the men were out hunting for the lost oxen, the party camped there, suffering from thirst. My father rode three horses till they were beat out looking for water. Upon his return to the camp he found three wagons had been placed facing each other in the form of a triangle, their tongues raised and tied to- gether at the top. The sullen and angry men of the party had put a rope around Steve Meek's neck and were about to hang him. My father, pointing his gun at the men, said, 'The first man that pulls on that rope will be a dead man. Steve Meek is the only man who has ever been in this part of the country before. If you hang him, we are all dead men. If you give him a little time he may be able to recognize some landmark here and find a way out.' The men agreed to give Meek three days. Meek left dur- ing the night and made his way to The Dalles, where ,he appealed to the Missionaries for help. The Missionaries there were either unwilling or unable to do anything, so Moses Harris, or the "Black Squire" as he was usually called, an old mountain man and a companion of Joe Meek, secured supplies from the Indians and started out to rescue the lost immigrants. "The party did not reach The Dalles until the middle of October. More than twenty of the immigrants had died from mountain fever while wandering about the head- IH ​THE MCNEMEES AND TETHEROWS waters of the Malheur and in the Malheur mountains in search of the cut-off. My father, having no money to hire a batteau, cut some trees near the river bank, made a log raft, on which he put the family and the household goods, and on this raft they floated down the Columbia river to Fort Vancouver. "At Fort Vancouver he bought a batteau and plied for the next few months on the river, transporting pas- sengers and freight from The Dalles to Fort Vancouver. Dr. John McLoughlin furnished wheat and salmon to father on credit on which they lived during the winter of 1845 while staying at Linnton. "In the spring of 1846, when my father built the fourth house in Portland, he learned that Lovejoy and Petttigrove had only a squatter's right to Portland. They had never surveyed the land. Father hired a surveyor and filed a claim on 640 acres. For years this case was in the courts and, finally, the Supreme Court of the United States, in 1858, decided against my father. Salmon P. Chase, Montgomery Blair and William Gardin- our were my father's lawyers. They were to receive one-third of the 640 acres if they won the case. Ben Stark, D. Lownsdale and W. W . Chapman were the ones contesting my father's claim to Portland. "In 1849, the year after I was born, Rev. J. H. Wilbur built the Taylor Street Methodist church. Settlers had very little money, but Rev. Wilbur would go into a saloon and make his appeal; and very frequently the men who were gambling would say 'you can have the next jackpot.' Frequently Rev. Wilbur would come out of a saloon with a double handful of money in his hat, and not all of it was silver by any means, for times were flush in '49, and there were lots of $5 and $10 Beaver gold pieces in circu- lation ,as well as fifty dollar gold slugs."

There are not many pioneers who crossed the plains to Oregon in 1845 left. Among the interesting survivors of this immigration is Sam Tetherow of Dallas, whose ​358 FRED LOCKLEY f father, Solomon Tetherow, was captain of one of the wagon trains that came to the Willamette valley in 1845. While in Dallas recently I decided to interview Mr. Tetherow. When I asked a fellow-townsman of Mr. Tetherow's at Dallas how to find Sam, he said: "Follow the road out toward the fair grounds till you come to a large house with a big walnut tree in front of it. That's Sam's place. Sam is apt to be there or thereabout. You will know Sam when you see him. You can tell a Tetherow as far as you can see him." I drove to the house with a wide- spreading black walnut tree in front of it, and found Sam piling his winter's wood in the woodshed. "I was just hoping some one would come and drag me away from the woodshed," said Sam. "Piling wood is too much like work on a day as pretty as this." We walked around to the front of his house and sat on the front porch. Sam's most visible and evident trait is good humor. "I have heard a lot from the old pioneers about your father, Sol Tetherow, and what a good man he was. Are you as good a man as your dad?" I asked. Sam gave a dry chuckle, and said, "That's a pretty hard question to start off with. Can't you lead off with a few easy ones and sort of work up to that one? It won't look well if I brag about what a good man I am, and, on the other hand, nobody likes to knock himself. As a matter of fact,, my dad was a pretty good man. He was capable as well as popular. They elected him captain of the wagon train when we came to Oregon in 1845. If you think it's any snap to run a wagon train of 66 wagons with every man in the train having a different idea of what is the best thing to do, all I can say is that some day you ought to try it and you'll change your opinion. Nearly 3,000 people came across the plains in 1845. Two wagon trains left from Independence. One of them was captained by Pres​THE MCNEMEES AND TETHEROWS 359 ley Welch. Joel Palmer and Sam A. Barlow were his assistants. Another, of about 40 wagons, was in charge of Samuel Hancock. Three good-sized wagon trains left St. Joe. One of them had A. Hackleman as captain. An- other, of something over 60 wagons, chose W. G . T'Vault as captain, with John Waymire and James Allen as as- sistants. My father had charge of the other wagon train that left St. Joe. Nearly 200 families of the emigration of 1845 left the main road at Hot Springs, near Fort Boise, and took what was said to be a cut-off for Oregon. Stephen Meek acted as their guide. They followed an old trail of a Hudson's Bay trapper, but they got off the trail in the Malheur country and had all sorts of grief. It was the members of this party, near the head of the Malheur river, who found gold known as the Blue Bucket diggings. - "Three of the 15 children in our family were born after we reached Oregon. We reached what is now Dallas on November 16, 1845. My father bought Sol Shelton's squatter's right to a section of land. He traded him a brindle oxen named Bright for a square mile of land. The city of Dallas is located on that claim, but it's worth a lot more than a brindle ox today. In 1847 father found a claim that he liked better than the Shelton claim. It was located where the two forks of the Luckiamute come together; so he took up 640 acres there as his donation claim. "I enlisted in Captain A. N. Armstrong's company. There were 104 men in our company and we were enrolled on October 15,1855. Two weeks later Captain Armstrong was elected Major and Ben Hayden became our Captain. Our lieutenants were Ira S. Townsend, Francis M. Goff and David Cosper. "While I was at The Dalles word came that two com- panies of volunteers were surrounded by Indians and were nearly out of ammunition. A detail of eleven men was selected to go from The Dalles to Walla Walla ​360 FRED LOCKLEY country with 600 pounds of ammunition. Captain Hem- bree, who was on his way to join his company, joined us, and a French Canadian, who was familiar with the country, served as guide. We pushed forward as hard as the horses could go. This was in November, 1855. Quite a number of men from the companies of Captains Cornelius, Bennett and Hembree had been discharged at The Dalles by Colonel Nesmith, as there were no horses for them and the men couldn't do anything as foot sol- diers. Major Chinn, with about 150 volunteers, had been sent to the mouth of the Touchet to protect the baggage and pack trains. Colonel Kelly, at the same time, with 250 men marched higher up on the Touchet, where Chief Peu-Peu-Mox-Mox, with several of his tribe, came in under a flag of truce. In the battle that took place a day or two later,this chief, with the other prisoners who had come in with the flag of truce, were killed while they were trying to escape. "In the four days' fight that took place I got two Indians. One of them was hidden in some brush and kept shooting at our men. My gun didn't carry very far, so I had to crawl out quite a distance to get into good range, and when he rose to shoot I got him. I crawled out and scalped him and brought his scalp in to prove to the boys that I had made a good Indian of him. The other Indian I killed was where I couldn't get his scalp without losing my own scalp, so I let him keep his. "In the fight near the LaRoque farm, a lot of us on the fastest horses had got ahead of the others. The In- dians barricaded themselves where they could shoot us and where we couldn't get at them. Several of our men had been killed and wounded. Captain Wilson, of Com- pany A, soon arrived, and a little later Captain Bennett with Company F came up. We drove the Indians away from where they were. They fell back and went into a farmhouse, from which they kept picking away at us. Captain Bennett came to the major and asked for per- n. mi ​THE MCNEMEES AND TETHEROWS 361 mission to charge the farm house and dislodge the In- dians. The major was aganist it, and told him it would only result in the needless loss of men; that we could sur- round the place and capture the Indians. Captain Bennett came back again and asked permission to charge the farmhouse. The major said, 'I am against it, but do as you please about it. If you think best, go ahead.' Captain Bennett was a brave officer, but hadn't been trained to fight Indians as the Indians fight, by taking advantage of every bit of cover. The volunteers had enlisted to kill Indians and not to salute officers and to be taught to act pretty with a gun. Captain Bennett was strong for drill in the manual of arms, and so he wasn't very popular with the volunteers. When he had obtained permission to charge the farmhouse, instead of scattering his men out he had them charge in company front, as if they were at drill. As they started forward toward the fence around the farmhouse one of the Indians in the farmhouse picked off Captain Bennett, and a private in Company A was also killed. The Indians had all the fighting they wanted at the 'Four Day Fight' there, and skedaddled. "The next spring, while we were out scouting after Indians, we went up into the Yakima country. On Canon creek, early in April, we ran across the Indians. Captain Hembree, with several of the volunteers, started for the top of the ridge to see if he could locate the Indians and find out how many there were. Not far from the camp they ran across some horses, and as they approached them the Indians, who had sp.en Captain Hembree and the vol- unteers coming, attacked them. From camp we could see everything that happened. Captain Hembree fought bravely and killed two of the Indians, but he himself was killed and scalped. Major Cornoyer followed the Indians, overtook them and killed six of them. They took the body of Captain Hembree to The Dalles and from there they shipped it to his home in LaFayette, where they held a big funeral. ​FRED LOCKLEY "In the spring of 1856 we were mustered out. You can make up your mind we were pretty glad to get home where we could get something fit to eat, for a good deal of the time when we were chasing Indians we lived oil horse meat straight, without salt, coffee or bread. "After I came back from Walla Walla I went to work on the farm. When I was 22 I married Henrietta Griffith, daughter of John W. Griffith, who came across the plains in 1842. We had four children, all boys. My oldest boy, Columbus M. Tetherow, has a farm on the Luckiamute. My next boy, King Solomon Tetherow, lives in Spokane. Kane Tetherow lives at Northport, to the northward of Spokane. My youngest boy, Sammy, is a farmer and lives about five miles east of Dallas. My first wife died in 1887. After her death I married a widow named Isoline Holman. "When I was younger, I used to do a good bit of run- ning around. I packed into the Caribou mines from Dallas. We weren't much on speed, be we were strong on distance. I traveled on horseback with a pack horse over 110 miles before I struck a claim that suited me, and at that I just about broke even on the trip. In 1862 I bought up a lot of bacon here in the valley at 10 cents a pound and packed it to the mines at Bannock City, where I sold it for 48 cents a pound. I also tried my luck at Canyon City and John Day. Some years later I took up a claim in Harney valley, about a mile and a half from Burns. I had to leave it for a little while to tome back to the valley, and while I was gone someone stole all my barb wire and tore down my cabin and carried off the lumber. That made me kind of peeved, so I sold my claim and decided to stay here in the Willamette valley. "I was 9 years old when we started for Oregon, so I remember our trip across the plains very clearly. One of my brothers, David Atcheson, a twin brother of Wil- liam Linn, died while we were crossing the plains. ​THE MCNEMEES AND TETHEROWS 363 "My father, Sol Tetherow, was born in Tennessee, March 25, 1800, so he was 45 years old when he headed westward with his prairie schooner for the Willamette valley. My mother's name before she married was Ibbie Baker. She was born September 15, 1806. They were married in 1823. They had 15 children and raised 10 of them, five boys and five girls. Yes, 15 children are quite a few, but in those days big families were the rule, not the exception. Now it's the other way around. A family of 15 gives you quite a chance to pick out names. My brother Amos was born on January 21, 1827. My sister Evaline, who was born March 27^ 1828, married Paul Hiltibrand, who crossed the plains with us in 1845. Lucinda, who was born August 1, 1830, married Bill Parker. Matilda was born October 30, 1832. My brother, Andrew Jackson Tetherow, was born June 20, 1834. I was next, and was born near Platte City, in Platte county, Missouri, March 6, 1836. Next after me came Thomas Benton Tetherow, born February 12, 1838; Emily, who was born January 21, 1840, married Harry Christian; David Atcheson and William Linn Tetherow, the twins, were born February 12, 1843; and they were followed by James K. Polk Tetherow, born on April 21, 1846. Martha was next. She was born May 25, 1848. After Martha came Cynthia Ann, born April 18, 1851. She married H. M . Johnson. "Sometime you must interview my niece, Mrs. L. O. Cottel, in Portland. She was born here in Polk county when Oregon had a provisional form of government. She has my father's Journal, kept while crossing the plains." Not long thereafter I visited Mrs. Cottel at her home in East Portland. In answer to my question she said: "My father, Paul Hiltibrand, came across the plains to Oregon in 1845. He was born in Ohio, June 7, 1823— 101 years ago. His father, John Hiltibrand, came to America in 1798, served in the war of 1812, and was ​364 FRED LOCKLEY wounded in the battle of New Orleans. My grandfather, John Hiltibrand, settled in Kentucky, but later moved to Ohio, where my father was born. When my father was eleven years old, his father went back to Kentucky, where they lived until 1842, when they moved to Mis- souri. In 1845, when father was 22, he started across the plains for Oregon, in company with Stephen and Isaac Statts. My father was one of ten children. When he came to Oregon he took up a donation land claim five miles south of Monmouth. On July 3, 1846, my father and mother were married at the home of my mother's parents, Mr. and Mrs. Sol Tetherow. My mother, whose maiden name was Evaline Tetherow, crossed the plains in 1845. Her father was captain of the wagon train. My uncle, Sam Tetherow, of Dallas, who is 88, is the last of the children now living. "I was their first child and was born March 26, 1847. I believe I was the first white girl baby born in Polk county, and I am the oldest native born daughter of Polk county now living. When I was nine months old my father sold his squatter's rights to the place he had taken up and paid $300 to Porter Lock for 640 acres a mile to the south of his first place on the Luckiamute. He later bought an adjoining piece of land consisting of 466 acres; so it gave him a good sized place. He raised stock and engaged in mixed farming. I attended Christian college at Monmouth. Later I attended Dallas Academy. "When I was 18 I married Professor John Py Out- house. We were married March 27, 1865, by Rev. H. M. Waller. My husband was born in Nova Scotia in 1828, so he was 19 years older than I when we were married. My husband was one of a family of twelve children, all of whom stayed in Nova Scotia or New Brunswick ex- cept himself. He went to California in 1849, when he was 21. From there he came up to Portland, and when the public school was organized here in Portland he was employed at $100 a month as the first teacher of the if-. ​THE MCNEMEES AND TETHEROWS 365 Portland public schools. He commenced teaching Decem- ber 15, 1851, and taught until the summer of 1853. He served as county school superintendent of Polk county and also of Union county. My husband weighed about 150 pounds. He was 5 feet 8 inches in height and had light hair and blue eyes. "After our marriage my husband taught school at Amity, Dallas, Union and La Grande. We went to La Grande in 1870. He taught there for the next five years, and then took a school at Union. "You said you wanted to copy my grandfather's Journal. Here it is. It has been used later as a receipt book and an account book, and a good many of the pages have been torn out; but the first part of the Journal is intact."

I took Captain Tetherow's Journal to my home and copied it and compared my copy with the original, so I can vouch for the accuracy of the following interesting records which add much to one's knowledge of the per- sonnel of the Sol Tetherow wagon train, and which also gives a vivid picture of the preparation made in the early Forties for the long and toilsome trip by ox team and prairie schooner across the plains to far-off Oregon. OREGON SOCIETY. CONSTITUTION, &c. At a meeting of a number of persons wishing to emi- grate to Oregon, held at Elizabethtown on the fifth day of April 1845, The Rev. Wm. Helm being called to the chair & the Rev. Lewis Thompson being elected secretary The following constitution was adopted The committee that had been previously appointed reported as follows:— Whereas—in order the better to prepare the way for & accomplish our journey to Oregon with greater har- mony it was deemed advisable to adopt certain rules & regulations resolved therefore— ​ 366 FRED LOCKLEY Art. 1st This Association shall be known by the name & style of the Savannah Oregon Emigrating Society. Art. 2nd Any male over the age of sixteen may be- come a member of the Company by subscribing the Con- stitution & paying into the Treasury the initiation fee of one dollar. Art. 3rd No Minors shall be received into this Com- pany without the consent of their legal Guardian. Art. 4th No person shall be admitted whose obvious intention is to avoid the payment of his honest debts. Art. 5th A majority of the members may expel any one for good cause. Art. 6th The Officers of this Company shall consist of a President, Commandant Captain, Lieutenant, Secre- tary, Treasurer, an Executive Council of 12, the com- mandant being Chairman of the Council exOfficio & such other inferior Military Officers as the Executive Council shall determine. Art. 7th The President shall be elected on the adop- tion of this Constitution & shall continue in Office until the Commandant Captain shall have been chosen, when his functions as presiding Officer shall cease. Art. 8th The Secretary shall be elected on the adop- tion of this Constitution & shall continue in office until the completion of the objects of this Company. He shall keep a record of the transactions of the Com- pany & perform such other duties as usually appertain to his office. Art. 9th The treasurer shall be elected on the adop- tion of this Constitution, shall collect, safely keep & at the direction of the Executive Council shall disburse all the monies in the Treasury. Art. 10th The Commandant Captain, Lieutenant, & such other Military Officers as the Council shall determine, ​THE MCNEMEES AND TETHEROWS 367 shall be elected when the Company shall have assembled at the place of Rendezvous preparatory to a final start, and they shall hold their offices until the completion of their journey & shall perform such duties as usually ap- pertain to Military Offices of their respective grades. Art. 11th The Executive Council shall be elected when the company shall be assembled at the place of Rendevouz. They shall have the general superintend- ance of the affairs of the company & shall perform all duties assigned them. Art. 12th After the company shall have been as- sembled at the place of Rendevouz, They shall appoint six persons to inspect the outfit of the Company, who being sworn shall faithfully perform their duties & report to the Executive council who shall determine upon their report. Art. 13th The Funds of the Company shall be faith- fully appropriated for contingent expenses in furthering the objects of the Association. Art. 14th The necessary outfit shall consist of 150 lbsofFlouror 100lbsofflour&75lbsofmealand50lbs of bacon for every person in the Company excepting infants. Art. 15th The Wagons shall be capable of bearing one fourth more than their load, and the Teams able to draw one fourth more than their load. Art. 16th The number of Loose Cattle shall never ex- ceed 33 to one driver. Art. 17th. No ardent spirits shall be taken or drank on the route except for medicinal purposes, & if smuggled in shall when discovered be destroyed under the control of the Commandant. Art. 18th Each male over the age of sixteen shall furnish himself with a good & sufficient gun and 1% of powder & 6 lbs of lead to be inspected & reported on as in other cases. ​368 FRED LOCKLEY 'J ..y Art. 19th All members of this Association shall as- semble at Wolf River between the 15th & 25th of April. Art. 20th This Constitution may be altered or amended at any time, by a vote of two thirds of the mem- bers present at any regular meeting of the Company or at any special meeting called by the Commandant. James Officer was elected president & Rev. William Helm Treasurer. Officer & Moreland were appointed a committee to procure a public tent & other necessaries for the Company. L. Thompson Secretary. The following persons paid their initiation fee of one dollar to the Treasurer. J . Officer, L. Thompson, Wm. Helm, Ab'm Patterson, Zechariah Moreland, Christopher Cooley, G. W . Helm, Franklin Pomeroy, John Kitchen, Eli C. Cooley, Jackson Cooley, Thomas Pollock, Dr. John- son. L. Thompson Secretary. MINUTES OF THE COMPANY Oregon Encampment, Missouri bottom, April 28, 1845. Company met, Daniel Dodge Bailey was called to the chair. The resolution to organize on Wolf River was re- considered. The Oregon Company agreed to organize here subject to revision at the Agency. James Officer was elected Capt. pro-tem. Zachariah Moreland, Lieu- tenant. An executive council was also chosen pro-tem consisting of the following persons. Daniel Dodge Bailey, John Loyd, Andrew Foster, Solomon Tetherow, Jesse Henderson, William Vaughan, William Helm, William Marcum, John Ridgeway, Charles Craft, Joseph Cun- ningham, Joseph Hughart. The following persons were appointed a committee of inspection. James Officer, Zachariah Moreland, Wil- liam Wilson, Christopher Cooley, William Kitchen, John Foster. The following persons were appointed a com. to draft laws & regulations for the journey. S. Tetherow, Wm. Helm, L Thompson, Z. Moreland, J. Officer. ii ​THE MCNEMEES AND TETHEROWS 369 PROCEEDINGS The Third Articles of the Constitution was rescinded. The Second Articles of the Constitution was so changed as to require the heads of families only to pay the one dollar initiation fee. It was resolved that the Treasurer be required to keep an account of all the monies received & expended & that his report be examined by the Ex-Council & reported on to the Company. The 18th article was so changed as to read a good & sufficient gun, instead of rifle. The Capt. & Lieutenant were requested to negotiate with Mr. Clark to procure his services as Pilot to the Inde- pendence Trace. The Treasurer was authorized to refund to the young men the dollar fee which had been paid previous to the alteration of the 2nd article of the Constitution. Lewis Thompson Secretary. Miss-Bottom, Oregon Encampment, April 29th, 1845. Executive Council met. The report of the Committee of Inspection was received. The Council determined that the Inspection so far be sustained that as it regards the wagons & provisions all except the Teams. The following report was ordered to be put on record. ​370 FRED LOCKLEY CENSUS OF THE O. EMIGRATION . Armed Meal Flour Bacon Powd . Men Persons Wag's, lbs. lbs. lbs. & Lead C. M . Johnson 5 10 3 300 1700 500 17&68 Zachariah Moreland 21023501000400617 Alford Marcum 38240010004221318 Daniel D. Bailey 512230014305001016 John Ridgeway 3721259503001230 Joseph Cunningham 291450900350920 Franklin Pomeroy 241200600300611 William Kitchen 151200600300611 James Officer 412440018006802545 Christopher Cooley _ 2924001000300620 William Wilson 272500800350728 John Loyd 311250017006001119 Andrew Foster 57230012003702525 Jacob Wooley 16 21000500300312 Lewis Thompson 4412006001501420 Abraham Patterson 131300350200712 H. M. Knighton 4822501400425612 William Wilson 272500800350720 William Dawson 251 506002001230 H. D . Martin 231 50 600 200 12 David Carson 3411006006001020 Adam Smith 3821501000500822 Robert W. Hamilton 18 1 700 300 2 4 John Martin 271 900350520 James E. Hall 515225011003501538 Jesse E. Henderson 39225012004251210 Joseph Hughart 3822501200425 10 Nicholas Ownbey 6124125010005001330 Woodford Holman 1612001200300 Solomon Tetherow 413330016001002750 Joseph Henderson 251125600180642 Charles Craft 2822001000400715 William Helm 392 1400 450 6 20 George Smith 28115012004004 8 David Tetherow 171150750300 Robert Miller 419430029007002532 100 293 66 10450 37280 13980 354 752 ​females over 14 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 4 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 2 2 1 2 3 2 3 1 1 1 5 63 THE MCNEMEES AND TETHEROWS CATTLE DRIVERS females males under und. Loose 14 16 Cattle Oxen 1 2 James W. Johnson 30 13 3 4 Francis M. Moreland 111 12 1 1 Joseph Watt 712 3 1 Daniel D. Bailey 612 3 Rodolphus Kent 19 8 4 2 Samuel Hancock 4 6 1 Samuel Hancock 6 1 3 Reason Foster 25 6 James Officer, John & 2 4 Eli Officer 20 22 4 2 James Cooley 410 1 3 Abner Loyd 24 18 1 James Foster 16 14 1 2 Edward Wooley 5 8 Lewis Thompson, P. Hil- terbrand, F. Kitchen 60 6 1 Lewis Thompson 15 8 John Moore, H. M. 2 Knighton 30 12 William Wilson 810 2 William Dawson 8 6 H. D. Martin 13 6 H. D . Martin 1 8 1 2 Adam Smith, Ezekiel 17 12 2 4 Adam Smith 1 4 2 William Martin 6 6 3 4 James Jackson 19 12 3 1 James O. Henderson 20 12 2 2 Wayman St. Clair 612 Thomas W. Glasgow, W. 2 3 A. Goulder, D. McKinny 80 22 Dillard Helm Goul- 1 1 der Impiry 13 8 1 5 Solomon Tetherow 22 30 1 Solomon Tetherow 16 6 2 1 William Craft 812 1 4 John W. Helm 18 12 2 3 George Smith 13 8 2 3 George Tetherow 3 2 Robert Miller R. E. 4 5 Miller 24 32 56 68 624 398 Mules & Horses 4 3 1 3 3 1 6 6 3 1 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 3 1 2 5 22 6 3 1 1 5 74 371 Guns & Pistols 10 3 7 8 5 }1 9 3 5 4 2 4 1 9 3 3 4 4 7 1 4 7 4 3 13 4 11 3 3 3 3 1 15 170 ​372 FRED LOCKLEY ill OREGON SOCIETY CONSTITUTION At a meeting of the emigrants intending to go to Oregon held at Wolf River on the 5th day of May 1845 William Held was called to the chair & Lewis Thomson Seer.—a nd a Committee of seven men elected to draw resolutions &c for the adoption of the company viz David Carson Solomon Tetherow James Officer William Wil- son Nicholas Ownbey William Dawson Robert Miller Committee. Art. 1st This society shall be known by the Oregon emigrating Company. Art. 2nd The majority in all cases shall rule. Art. 3rd The officers of this company shall consist of a Captain two lieutenants Secretary Treasurer & In- spector, an executive Council of 12 men the Captain shall be chairman, all other sub officers shall be determined by the Executive Council and the Executive Council shall have the general superintendence of the Company. Art. 4th The Officers & men shall come under the Military law of the United States. Art. 5th Any man going to sleep on duty or deserting his post without leave The executive Council shall deter- mine the fine or punishment. Art. 6th The Treasurer shall collect safely keep & disburse the money in the treasury at the discretion of the executive Council. Art. 7th The Executive Council shall lay on an ad- valorem tax on property for the purpose of defraying expenses—all private property exempted. Wm. Dawson Chairman Art. 8th Whenever repeated complaints shall be made to the Executive Council, of the inefficiency of any of the officers of the company it shall be their duty to cause him to resign.

• H ​THE MCNEMEES AND TETHEROWS

373 Constitution Oregon Encampment—Wolf River, April 5th, 1845. One O'Clock Company met. The committee reported the constitution on the previous page which was adopted. Solomon Tetherow was elected Capt. Hardin Martin 1st Lieutenant, William Thompson second Lieutenant. Wil- liam Helm Treasurer, Lewis Thompson Secretary, Jo- seph Cunningham Inspector. The following is a list of those who were elected to constitute the Executive Coun- cil : William Helm, David Carson, John Loyd, James Of- ficer, John Ridgeway, Nicholas Ownbey, H. M . Knighton, William Dawson, Lewis Thompson, Robert Miller, Zach- ariah Moreland, Andrew Foster. ROLL OF ARMED MEN Capt. Solomon Tetherow; 1st Lieut., Hardin Martin; 2nd Lieut., William Thompson; 1st Serg., Daniel Dodge Bailey; 2nd Serg., William Vaughan; 3rd Serg., Paul Hillerbrand; 4th Serg., Jesse Ownbey. Pri't.— Robert Miller, Jesse Walker, Joseph Charlton, Benjamin Allan, James N. T . Miller, David Tetherow, George Smith, Abraham Daviess, James E. Elkins, James Mallory, Nathaniel Bowman, William Kitchen, Franklin Pomeroy, Reason Foster, Ezekiel Burbage, Alford Mar- kum, Joseph Watt, Riley Bean, William Helm, George Waulor Helm, Charles Craft,William Pollard, Joseph Hen- derson, William Henderson, Woodford Holman, George D. Smith, Timothy Bailey, George W. Smith, Joseph Cunning- ham, Samuel Hancock, Mitchel Whitlock, Nicholas Ownbey, Thomas W. Glasgow, William A. Goulder, John Ownbey, Daniel McKinney, John Loyd, Sebastian Ritner, William Scott, Abner Loyd (Abner Lloyd), Andrew Foster, James Foster, Isaac Foster, Charles M. Johnson, James W. Johnson, John Foster, John' F. Johnson, Finess Walker, William Monroe, Joseph T. Hughart, Wayman St. Clair, Christopher Zumwalt, Jesse C. Henderson, Cy​374 FRED LOCKLEY rus Barnes, James O. Henderson, John Ridgeway, Isaac Sullivan, Rodolphus Kent, James E. Hall, James Jackson, Thomas Jackson. MUSTER ROLL Berry Hall, Benjamin F. Hall, John Martin, William Martin, Robert W. Hamilton, Adam Smith, James P, Smith, Paschal Smith, James Officer, Eli C. Cooley, Jack- son Cooley, John Ketchum, Zachariah Moreland, David Carson, John Fleming, Aldis A. Robinson, William Daw- son, Henry Baggas, H. M. Knighton, William Melvin, Felix Dorris, John Moore, Henry C. Marshal, Frederic Ketchum, Christopher Cooley, Thomas Pollock, William Wilson, Josiah W. Linkinfelter, John G. Johnston, Jacob Wooley, Abraham Patterson. ROLL OF CATTLE DRIVERS James W. Johnson, Francis M. Mooreland, Joseph Watt, Daniel D| Bailey, Rodolphus Kent, Samuel Han- cock, Reason Foster, James Officer, John Officer, Eli Officer, James Cooley, Abner Loyd, James Foster, Edward Wooley, Lewis Thompson, Paul Hilterbrand, Frederic Ketchum, John Moore, H. M. Knighton, William Wilson, William Dawson, H. D . Martin, Adam Smith, Ezekiel Smith, William Martin, James Jackson, James O. Hen- derson, Wayman St. Clair, Thomas W. Glasgow, W. A . Goulder, D. McKinney, Dillard Holman, Solomon Tethe- row, William Craft, John W. Helm, George Smith, George Tetherow, Robert Miller. May 6th Executive Council met. It was determined that the wagons should be numbered in 4 Platoons, so as to form a hollow Square every night. The following is a list of the names of those who vol- untary subscribed for a Pilot Mr. Clark to the Independ- ence Trace. r£ ​THE MCNEMEES AND TETHEROWS 375 William Dawson paid 25 H. D. Martin paid 25 Henry M. Knighton 2 wagons 50 David Carson 25 Solomon Tetherow 3 wagons 75 David Tetherow paid 25 George Smith paid 25 J. Ridgeway 2 wagons paid 50 Alfred Marcum 2 wagons paid 50 Zachariah Moreland paid 50 Robert Miller 2 wagons paid 50 C. M. Johnson 3 wag's paid 75 Joseph Hughart, 2 wgs 50 Lewis Thompson 1 wag paid 25 Nicholas Ownbey 4 wagons paid 1.00 John Loyd 2 wagons paid 50 Andrew Foster 2 wagons paid 50 William Helm 2 wagons paid 50 Jesse Walker 1 wagon paid 25 Joseph Charlton 1 wagon paid 25 James Officer 4 wagons 1.00 Christopher Cooley 2 wagons 50 Wolf River May 8th 1845 The Executive Council met and resolved that a driver be furnished for every 25 head of loose Cattle & that William Helm apportion the drivers according to that ratio. James E. Hall was elected Capt. of the Cattle Com- pany for two days & that James Officer after that time act in that capacity. Also resolved that we start at 8 o'clk in the morning & travel from ten to fifteen miles every day. Resolved that two separate rolls be made out by William Helm the one of the Teamsters the other of the drivers of loose cattle. Resolved that it is the duty of the Capt. Lieutenants to superintended the Sergeant of the Guard. Baggas & Christopher Cooley were appointed Corporals. Capt. Solomon Tetherow paid one dollar into the Treasury. Resolved that we go ahead tomorrow. Adjourned. Lewis Thompson Sec. ​376 FRED LOCKLEY May 13, 1845. The Executive Council met. The min- utes of the last meeting were read & approved. H. D. Martin was requested to see all the Emigrants & ask them to contribute 25c each wagon for defraying the expenses of a tent &c And also to ask each one to contribute something towards the pasturage of the In- dians. And likewise H. M. Knighton was appointed to collect for the Pilot. Joseph Hughart was appointed Assistant Capt. and instructed to organize the drivers & report delinquencies* Independence Trace, May 15th, 1845. The executive Council met. Resolved that the Pilot be paid according to agreement 25c on each wagon. Six- teen dollar were paid to John Clark for his services as Pilot to the Independence Trace. Two dollars & 62% cts were paid into the Treasury for three spades. Executive Council met. Resolved that the money in the hands of H. D. Martin collected for passage fee paid to James Officer for Settlement. And that the money one dollar paid by four Young men be handed to Mr. Officer. Resolved that those who leave shall be repaid the money for teams. Resolved that the Treasurer be authorized to refund the money paid into the Treasury under the old Consti- tution, to those about to leave. L. Thompson Sec. Christopher Cooley, Jackson & Eli Cooley were each repaid the dollar that was handed in the Treasury under the old Constitution, also John Ketchen & Thomas Pollock & James Officer, likewise Zachariah Moreland. Twenty five cts. be returned were & handed to Mr. Officer. Sev- enty five cts were paid to Nicholas Ownbey. 24th May 1845—At a meeting held the last clause of the Constitution Art. 3 —the council of 12 men was voted

• <". ​THE MCNEMEES AND TETHEROWS

377 down and the power the council had was voted to the com- pany and James Hale was elected 2nd Lieut instead of James Officer— May 20 David Carson paid a fine into the treasury of 50 cents for not standing guard. BY LAWS &c Murders— Anyone guilty of wilful murder shall be punished by death and shall not be forced into trial before three days. Anyone guilty of manslaughter shall be delivered to the authorities in Oregon. Any one guilty of Rape or attempt at it shall receive thirty nine lashes for three successive days— Any one guilty of open adultery, or fornication shall receive 39 lashes on their bare back. Any one guilty of Larceny shall be fined double the amount, and receive 39 lashes on his bare back. Any one guilty of indecent language shall be fined at the discretion of the Ex. Counsel. Every Dog found running about Camp at large shall be shot at the discretion of the Capt. — There shall be a driver of every 33 head of lose Cattle and every one shall drive in proportion to the lose cattle he may have. The Committee for the purpose of drafting the Con- stitution, have wrote out a few by-laws for the Consider- ation of the emigrants. Signed in the Name of Committee. Wm Dawson Chairman Weston, Mo. ​ NEWS AND COMMENT May 2,1924. The pioneers of Wasco county who were in the Oregon country prior to 1883, gathered at The Dalles to participate in the annual Wasco County Pio- neers' Association meeting. May 2, 1924. The eighty-first anniversary of the or- ganization of the first American civil government west of the Rocky Mountains was commemorated at Old Cham- poeg, thirty-three miles south of Portland, on the east bank of the Willamette river. A special steamer was char- tered to carry the pioneers to the celebration. Judge P. H. D'Arcy, ex-president of the Oregon Pioneer Association, was chairman of the day. June 9, 1924. The commencement exercises at Pa- cific University had as their principal feature, a pilgrim- age to the grave of Dr. Sidney Harper March, first presi- dnt of the institution, who died in 1879, and that of Pro- fessor Joseph W Marsh, prominent in the eary history of the University. Following the baccalaureate address in the morning, the pilgrimage proceeded to the little cemetery, where wreaths were placed upon the graves. Several ad- dresses were delivered during the afternoon. June 4, 1924. The twenty-ninth annual meeting of the Yamhill County Pioneer Association was held in con- junction with the Carlton Flower Show, at the city hall of Carlton. About two hundred and fifty pioneers from Yamhill and other counties were present. The annual address was given by Judge Thomas A. McBride, chief justice of the Oregon Supreme Court. Several other speakers, among them Mr. George H. Himes, curator of the Oregon Historical Society, spoke briefly upon different phases of pioneer life. July 4, 1924. Mrs. Sarah Helmich of Albany, who crossed the plains in 1845, celebrated her one hundred first birthday anniversary. ​NEWS AND COMMENT 379 July 4, 1924. The grave of David Lenox at Weston, Oregon, was marked by a memorial shaft, erected in his honor by two of his grandsons. Mr. Lenox was a pioneer of 1843 and rode at the head of the wagon train of that year, with Dr. Marcus Whitman. He died near Weston in the fall of 1873. Dr. S . B . L. Penrose, president of Whitman College, delivered the memorial address. July 4, 1924. Atkinson Memorial Park, which has been presented to Oregon City by the Buena Vista Im- provement Club of that city, was formally dedicated with a patriotic program, given under the direction of the club. August 14, 15, 16, 1924. Port Orford entertained as its honored guests at their Pioneer Reunion, the men and women who first settled in Curry county. The celebration opened on the beach near Battle Rock, Thursday after- noon, with the arrival of the grand old pioneer, Binger Hermann. He and Senator Charles Hall were the princi- pal speakers on the programme. Upon the last day of the reunion, the pioneers gathered around a big campfire that had been built upon the beach to exchange reminis- cences of early days. September 12, 1924. The Tillamook county fair held at Tillamook had as its first event an Old Timers' picnic and program. Mr. George H. Himes, curator of the Ore- gon Historical Society and secretary of the Oregon Pio- neer Association, gave an address. October 6, 1924. The Astoria Chapter of the Daught- ers of the American Revolution placed a bronze tablet memorial to mark the site of the first settlement at Astor- ia. The tablet was dedicated upon the one hundred and sixth anniversary of the actual restoration of Astoria to the United States, as provided in the terms of the Treaty of Ghent. It was unveiled by Mrs. A . S . Skyles, former regent of the Astoria Chapter; the principal address was given by Rev. J. Neilson Barry, of Portland. The tablet

is inscribed as follows: ​

"Erection of a fort was begun April 12, 1811, by the 33 members of the Astor party who sailed around Cape Horn in the ship Tonquin and established here the famous fur-trading post which was the first settlement west of the Rocky Mountains."

"Placed by the Astoria Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, October 6, 1924."

November 11, 1924. Armistice Day was observed at Salem by the unveiling of a soldiers' monument which was purchased with funds raised through a campaign conducted by the local branch of the American War Mothers. Chaplain W. S . Gilbert of the 162nd infantry was the principal speaker of the occasion.

November 11, 1924. Under the direction of the American Legion, a bronze tablet was dedicated to ex-service men, at the municipal auditorium of The Dalles on Armistice day. Harold J. Warner of Pendleton gave the dedicatory address.

A bronze tablet, memorial to Samuel K. Barlow, has been placed at Government Camp, on the Oregon Trail by the Sons and Daughters of the Pioneers. Mr. Barlow, in 1846, built and opened a road over the Cascade Mountains, on the south side of Mount Hood. The dedication services for this tablet will be held in conjunction with those for the new Mt. Hood Loop Highway, some time in the late summer, under the auspices of the Sons and Daughters of Pioneers. The land upon which the marker has been placed will soon be deeded to the state. Members of the committee in charge are: Mr. Harvey Starkweather, chairman; Mrs. D . P. Thompson, Mrs. Mary Barlow Wilkins, ex-officio; Mr. Leslie Scott, Mrs. W. B . Crane, Mr. George H. Himes.

For the fourth time in thirty-four years, the United States Geographic Board has ruled against changing the ​NEWS AND COMMENT 381 name of Mount Rainier to Mount Tacoma. This ruling was made public in the report of November 13, 1924. The name Rainier, the report declares, is of world acceptance and to change it would be unreasonable. Evi- dences pro and con are specifically and carefully stated and this formal decision has again been given. A bill introduced by Senator Dill, changing the name to Mount Tacoma, was passed by the senate at the last session of congress. It is now pending before the house public lands committee, which refused to hold hearings at the last session until a report had been received from the National Geographic Board. The "Family Association of Mark and Susan Sawyer," pioneers of 1847, first organized about a year ago, held its second meeting on August 24th at the home of Mrs. Eva Sawyer Smith, a short distance west of Wheatland, with sixty descendants present, besides a number of inti- mate friends and neighbors of the family. After a sump- tuous dinner in a grove near by, a business meeting was held and the officers chosen at the preliminary meeting were re-elected as follows: Ray L. Antrim, president; Nora Breidwell, vice-president; Ella M. Hendrick, secre- tary-treasurer. Then the entire company repaired to the site previously selected upon which has been placed a good sized boulder bearing a bronze tablet inscribed as follows: "In Memory of Mark and Susan Sawyer, Oregon Pioneers of 1847." This was located on the public high- way running west from Wheatland at the half section line dividing the donation land claim of Mr. and Mrs. Sawyer. The company was then called to order, "America" was sung, prayer offered by the Rev. Mr.Blodgett, and the tablet was unveiled by Versa and Vestra Antrim, twin daughters of Hugh Antrim, and great-great-grand- children of the pioneers to whom the tablet was thus dedicated. An appropriate reading by Miss Marian Hen- drick was then given, followed -with reminiscences by ​382 NEWS AND COMMENT Mrs. Mary Robinson Gilkey, of Dayton, the first girl child born in Yamhill county, Mrs. Laura L. Kirchem, president of the John Bird Clan of Clackamas county, descendants of pioneers of 1847, and a brief address by George H. Himes, secretary of the Oregon Pioneer Association and Curator of the Oregon Historical Society. Mark and Susan Sawyer left Lacon, 111., in the spring of 1847 and arrived by way of the plains at Oregon City in September of that year. Pursuant to a call by a descendant of Robert and Rachel Bird of Clackamas county, pioneers of 1847, one hundred descendants assembled at Gladstone Park on September 25, 1921, and organized the "Bird Clan." The object of the organization was to perpetuate the memories of the pioneers named, by marking their graves, and in addition to promote social intercourse among their child- ren and children's children. The fourth meeting of the clan was held at the park named on August 10th, with fifty-seven present. After the important function of "Feeding the Birds" had been disposed of social inter- course followed, and a "get-together" feeling stimulated. During the afternoon a brief historical address was given by George H. Himes relating to Clackamas county, and a photograph of the assembly taken. A very interesting biographical sketch of the family, beginning with John Bird, who came to America from London in 1700, and carried down to the present generation, prepared by Mrs. Laura L. Kirchem, of Oregon City, a great-great-grand- daughter, was distributed in typed form. ​NECROLOGY OF OREGON PIONEERS PART OF 1923 AND ALL TO NOV. 30, 1924 , AS FAR AS REPORTED Compiled by Geo. H . Himes, Secretary Oregon Pioneer Association Albee, Edwin; b. Mo. 1846; Ore. 1853; d. Helix, March 31, 1924. Alvord, Mrs. Ann Scrievener; b. Mo. 1854; Ore. 1856; d. Harrisburg, May 27, 1924. Armentrout, Mrs. Melissa Walker; b. Ore. 1850; d. Forest Grove, March 24, 1924. Armstrong, Mrs. Minerva Earl; b. Ore. 1853; d. Portland, Dec. 5, 1923. Avery, Mrs. Lois Tibbetts; b. 1849; Ore. 1852; d. Ala- meda, Cal., Jan. 30, 1924. Ayres, Mrs. Rachel; b. 1841; Ore. 1852; d. Crystal Creek, Curry county, Feb. 5, 1924. Barendrick, Mrs. Jemima Massey; b. Ore. 1856; d. Portland, Oct. 18, 1922. Beal, Josiah; b. Ind. 1837; Ore. 1847; d. Forest Grove, Sept. 17, 1924. Bevens, Mary Ellen; b. Jackson Co., Mo., Aug. 27, 1847; d. Pedee, Or., Aug. 27,1924. Bingham, Mrs. Willie Harris; b. Lafayette, Yamhill Co., Feb. 22, 1859; d. Portland, Nov. 13, 1924. Boise, Mrs. Wm.; b. Ore. 1857; d. Lewiston, Idaho, Aug. 9, 1824. Boothby, Geo. T.; b. Salem, Ore. 1852; d. Monmouth, Feb. 13, 1924. Boring, Mrs. Sarah Jane Hoagland; b. Ky . 1843; Ore. 1852; d. Beaverton, July 13, 1923. Brewster, Joseph P.; b. 1845; to Calif. 1845; to Hood River, 1875; d. Nov. 4, 1924. Brown, Mrs. Nancy House; b. —; Ore. 1850; d. Falls City, Oct. 16, 1924. ​GEORGE H. HIMES Bryant, Hubbard; b. Mo. 1848; Ore. 1852; d. La Grande, July 9, 1924. Burkhart, Hezekiah D.; b. near Albany, Ore., March 2, 1853 ;d. July 25,1924. Burnett, Mrs. Geo. H .; b. Salem, Ore. 1856; d. Salem, March 20, 1924. Burns, William Henry; b. 1844; Calif. 1856; Ore. 1865; d. Minto, Ore., Sept. 27, 1924. Bybee, James; b. Ky. 1827; Ore. 1850; d. Portland, April 2, 1924. Cannon, Mrs. John; b. SilvertOn, 1853; d. Silverton, Aug. 6, 1924. Card, Mrs. Ella Peters; b. Ore. 1857; d. Portland, Oct. 8, 1923. Carey, J. J.; b. Ore. 1845; d. Lafayette, Nov. 26, 1923. Catlin, Mrs. Adam; b. Ore. 1852; d. Portland, April 20, 1924. Chambers, Thomas M.; b. Ore. 1847; d. Olympia, Wn., July 3, 1923. Cleaver, Monroe; b. 111. 1842; Ore. 1848; d. Portland, Sept. 21, 1923. Coffman, Wm.; b. 1849; Ore. 1852; d. Pendleton, Nov. 6, 1923. Cole, Mrs. Emily Rhea; b. Tenn. 1839; Ore. 1852; d. Portland, April 20, 1924. Conyers, Enoch W.; b. Ky . 1828; Ore. 1852; d. Clats- kanie, Oct. 8, 1923. Cornelius, Mrs. Caroline Knott; b. Mo. 1845; Ore, 1845; d. Portland, March 7, 1924. Cosper, H. B .; b. Dallas, Ore. 1959; d. Dallas, Oct. 17, 1923. Crabtree, Mrs. Mary E. Powell; b. Ore. 1859; d. Mon- mouth, July 4, 1923. Crane, Mrs. Anna Molthrop; b. Conn. 1840; Ore. 1853; d. Portland, Nov. 29, 1923. Deady, Mrs. Lucy Ann Henderson; b. Mo. 1835; Ore. 1846; d. Portland, Aug. 29, 1923. ​NECROLOGY OF PIONEERS 385 Dickey, Raymond; b. Ore. 1848; d. Dickey Prairie, Nov. 25, 1923. Dodson, Mrs. G . W.; b. Brownsville, April 26. 1849; d. Prineville, June 27, 1924. Dosch, Mrs. Marie Fleurot; b. France 1850; Ore. 1857; d. Hillsdale, Sept. 29, 1923. Douthit, Mrs. Sophrona C. Wiley; b. 1848; Ore. 1852; d. Stevenson, Wn., May 16, 1924. Drummond, Wm. H .; b. Mich. 1854; Ore. 1859; d. Portland, Dec. 9, 1923. Duckworth, Thomas J.; b. Ore. 1859; d. Eugene, March 27, 1924. Duncan, John; b. 1845; Ore. 1853; d. Albany, July 11, 1923. Edwards, Joseph; b. Mo. 1837; Ore. 1852; d. Pedee, Polk Co., Nov. 27, 1923. Egan, William; b. Watertown, Wis., 1849; Ore. 1852; d. Hopmere, April 25, 1924. Ellerson, John H.; b. Ore. 1850; d. Portland, Jan. 11,1924. Esson, Mrs. Christine Stevens; b. Ind.; Ore. 1852; d. Oregon City, June 16,1923. Fanno, Augustus J.; b. Ore. 1855; d. Portland, Oct. 19, 1923. Fitzgerald, Mrs. Susan; Ore. 1852; d. Portland, June 16,1923. Flanery, Joel; b. Ore. Aug. 10. 1856; d. Willamina, Oct. 11, 1924. Foley, Mrs. Lillie Lines; b. Iowa 1852; Ore. 1853; d. Portland, March 30, 1924. Forest, Mrs. Margaret McQuinn; b. Ore. 1851; d. Portland, August, 1924. Forgey, Mrs. Martha; b. 1848; Ore. 1852; d. Albany, May 5, 1923. Forgey, George W.; b. Ind. 1840; Ore. 1852; d. Al- bany, April 1, 1924. Frakes, William; b. 1826; Ore. 1852; d. Pendleton, Sept. 9, 1923. ​386 GEORGE H. HIM;ES m Freeman, John Marcus; b. N. H. 1843; Ore. 1858; d. Portland, April 24, 1923. Frizzell, William; b. Mo. 1840; Ore. 1852; d. Cascade Locks, Aug. 23, 1924. Froman, Thomas; b. 111 . 1839; Ore. 1856; d. Albany, April 23, 1923. Gammill, Mrs. Sarah Mann; b. 111 . Sept. 17,1845; Ore. 1852; d. Portland, July 4. 1924. Gatton, William; b. 1831; Ore. 1852; d. Portland, March 25, 1924. Geer, Theodore T.; b. Ore. 1851; d. Portland, Feb. 21, 1924. Giannini, Mrs. Narissa; b. 111. 1842; Ore. 1853; d. Portland, June 10,1924. Gilliam, Lane C; b. Polk Co., Sept. 1856; to Walla Walla, W. T ., 1858; educated Whitman Academy; to Spokane, 18—; d. Pasadena, Calif., July 31, 1924. Grand- son of Cornelius Gilliam, pioneer of 1844. Glass, Marion Solomon; b. 111. 1849; Ore. 1849; d. near Oregon City, June 28, 1924. Goddard, Mrs. Mary J. Alexander; Ore. 1852; d. Vancouver, Wn., Oct. 4, 1923. Goltra, W. H.; b. N. J. 1834; Ore. 1852; d. Linn Co., Sept. 12, 1924. Gray, Mrs. W . P.; b. Cal. 1849; Ore. 1850; d. Pasco, Wn., April 28, 1924. Griffin, Mrs. Emily Catherine; b. Mo. 1833; Ore. 1850; d. El Centro, Cal., April 9, 1924. Gubser, Mrs. L . C; b. Ind. 1850; Ore. 1854; d. Port- land, Oct. 20, 1923. Guild, Mrs. J . O .; b. Cal. 1952; Ore. 1883; d. Raleigh, 1923. Haines, W. W.; b. 111. 1828; Ore. 1851; d. Seattle, Wn., June 21, 1921. Hall, Lafayette; b. 1847; Ore. 1847; d. Newberg, June 20, 1923. ​NECROLOGY OF PIONEERS 387 Harrell, James Edwin Ray; b. 1830; Ore. 1847; d. Portland, March 24, 1924. Harrison, Thomas; b. Ore. 1854; d. Brownsville, Aug. 25, 1923. Hawley, Mrs. Elizabeth Mulkey; b. Mo. 1840; Ore. 1847; d. Monmouth, May 6, 1924. Hayes, Henry Taylor; b. Ohio 1849; Ore. 1852; d. Woodburn, April 5, 1924. Hibbard, Geo. L.; b. Vt. 1835; Ore. 1859; d. Port- land, Jan. 27, 1924. Higgins, Mrs. Matilda Jane King; b. Forest Grove, Dec. 9, 1853; m. William Higgins Oct. 24, 1875; mother of eleven children; d. San Juan Co., Wn., July 5, 1924. Hill, Wm. Lair; b. Tenn. 1839; Ore. 1852; d. Oak- land, Cal., Feb. 24, 1924. Hirsch, Mrs. Josephine Mayer; b. La. 1852; Ore. 1858; d. Portland, March 28, 1924. Hooker, Mrs. Ann M. Lewis; b. 1844; Ore. 1846; d. Veneta, Lane Co., Jan. 23, 1924. Houston, Benjamin Franklin; b. 111. 1831; Ore. 1849; d. Alpine, July 31, 1924. Howard, Chas T.; b. 111 . 1841; Ore. 1846; d. Mulino, Oct. 14, 1923. Howard, Capt. Wm.; b. Va. 1826; Ore. 1849; d. Port- land, Jan. 2, 1924. Howlett, Alfred C; b. Me. 1852; Calif. 1859; Ore. 1861; d. Eagle Point, May 21, 1924. Hughes, Robert F.; b. Mo. 1845; Ore. 1854; d. Ore- gon City, Oct. 11, 1923. Hunsaker, Rev. Andrew Jackson; b. Adams Co., 111., Jan 10, 1834; Ore. 1847; d. MvMinnville, Nov. 6, 1924. Baptist minister 53 years; chaplain of Oregon Pioneer Association many years, and president in 1919. Inman, Mrs. Margaret W.; b. Ind. 1834; Ore. 1852; d. Stevenson, Wn., July 28, 1924. Jenkins, Thomas O.; Ore. 1844; d. Goldendale, Wn., Jan. 1924. ​388 GEORGE H. HIMES Johnson, Hezekiah H.; b. Ore. 1849; d. Portland, Oct. 12, 1923. Johnson, Hull; b. Ore. 1846; d. Portland, Feb. 14,1924. Johnson, J. F.; b. 1838; Ore. 1847; d. La Grande, Nov. 22, 1923. Johnson William; b. Jackson Co., Mo., Nov. 25, 1839; Ore. 1850; d. near Payette, Idaho, April 24, 1924. Jolly, Mrs. Harriet E. Woodworth; b. Ore. 1856; d. Portland, Sept. 21, 1923. Jones, Mrs. Elizabeth Brown; b. Mo. 1840; Ore. 1852; d. Independence, March 9, 1924. Jory, Miss Phoebe A.; b. 1847; Ore. 1847; d. Salem, Jan. 15, 1924. Jory, William; b. England, 1828; Ore. 1847; d. Salem, April 11, 1924. Kelley, Mrs. Calista Eggman; b. Arkansas, 1845; Ore. 1848; d. Portland, Oct. 3, 1924. Kellogg, Capt. Orrin; b. Ohio, 1846; Ore. 1848; d. Sea- side, Oct. 9, 1924. Was engaged in steamboat business on Willamette and Columbia rivers many years. Kelly, Samuel Gilby; b. Ore. 1853; d. Portland, Jan. 1, 1924. Kime, W. J .; b. 1844; Ore. —; d, Toledo, Ore., Aug. 8, 1924. King, Mrs. Eva A. Wilson; b, Hawaii, S. I ., Aug. 9, 1845; Ore. 1847; d. May 4, 1921.( Not reported before). Kirk, James Allen; b. Mich. 1844; Ore. 1852; d. Dorena, Lane Co., Ore., Aug. 15, 1923. Kirk, Miss Jane; b. Ore. 1858; d. Brownsville, July 31, 1923. Kizer, Marion; b. Iowa 1838; Ore. 1853; d. Harris- burg, June 16, 1923. Knott, Mrs. Nellie Presley; b. Salem, June 5, 1849; d. Halsey, July 3, 1924. Lacky, William A.; b. Ore. 1855; d. Cottage Grove, Nov. 3, 1924. ​NECROLOGY OF PIONEERS 389 Latourette, Mrs. Ann E. Fisher; b. 1835; Ore. 1845; d. Portland, Feb. 11, 1924. Lawler, Mrs. Isaac; b. Ore. 1853; d. Portland, July 6,1923. Leonard, Mrs. Fred; b. Ore. 1859; d. Vancouver, Wn., June 5, 1924. Lewis, Mrs. Sarah A. Riggs; b. 111 . 1845; Ore. 1853; d. Oak Grove, Aug. 4, 1923. Linn, Mrs. Susan Noyer; Ore. 1853; d. Portland, Nov. 12, 1923. Livermore, Lot; b. Ohio 1836; Ore. 1850; d. Pendle- ton, April 21, 1924. Lockwood, Mrs. Mary C; b. Ind.; Ore. 1852; d. March 5, 1924. Lott, Mrs. Lydia Sunderland; b. Iowa, Dec. 9, 1847; Ore. 1852; d. Portland, Oct. 18, 1924. Love, Rev. Green C; b. Mo. 1849; Ore. 1849; d. Los Angeles, Calif., May 2, 1924. Lucier, Mrs. E . M.; b. Ore. 1836; d. Woodburn, Nov. 30, 1923. Luhrs, Mrs. Julia Inez Pomeroy; b. near Forest Grove, Oct. 16,1855; d. Enterprise, June 7,1924. Her father was a pioneer of 1842. Lyle, Mrs. Elizabeth Jane Walker Nolan; b. Ore. 1851; d. Forest Grove, Oct. 7, 1923. Marden, Mrs. Harriet Reed; b. 1846; Ore. 1850; mar- ried John M. Marden, 1869, d. The Dalles, Oct. 26, 1924. Marks, Mrs. Olivia G.; b. Oregon City, Dec. 6, 1846; d. Portland, Dec. 6, 1923. Marshall, John; b. 1836; Ore. 1852; d. Portland, May 3, 1924. Martin, Mrs. Lucinda Bilyeu Mack; b. Mo. 1846; Ore. 1852; m. William Mack, 1862; Samuel Martin, 188—; mother of twelve children. Mayben, Mrs. Virginia Ann; b. Mo. 1851; Ore. 1854; d. Cottage Grove, Aug. 1, 1924. ​390 GEORGE H. HIMES Mayhew, Mrs. Mary H.; b. 1838; Ore. 1859; located at Port Gamble; d. Bremerton, Oct. 3,1924. McBee, William H.; b. Mo. 1839; Ore. 1852; d. Cor- vallis, Jan. 31, 1924. McCormick, W. H.; b. Ind. 1840; Ore. 1859; d. Laurel, Washington Co., June 13, 1923. McCraken, James R.; b. Ore. 1857; d. Portland, May 1, 1924. McCully, Mrs. Violet Geer; b. Ore. 1853; d. Sher- wood, March 7, 1924. McFarland, James Henderson; b. Mo. 1845; Ore. 1852; d. Cottage Grove, March 6, 1924. McGee, Joshua; b. Mo. 1836; Ore. 1849; d. Cottage Grove, Aug. 1, 1923. Mcintosh, Mrs. Sarepta A.; b. Mo. 1851; Ore. 1852; d. Tacoma, Wn., April 28, 1924. McKechnie, Mrs. Mary E. Probst; b. 1841; Ore. 1852; d. Crabtree, Linn Co., April 27, 1924. McKee, Mrs. B. F .; b. Mo. 1840; Ore. 1850; d. Wood- burn, June 17, 1924. McKernan, John; b. Mass. 1850; Ore. 1854; d. Port- land, April 22. 1923. McLaren, Mrs. Anna V. Blair; b. Iowa, 1846; Ore. 1847; d. Eugene, June 3, 1923. Miller, John B.; b. Harrisonburg, Va., 1831; Ore. 1847; d. Silverton, Aug. 27, 1924. Montgomery, Mrs. Jeanette Griffin; b. Macon Co., Mo., May 28, 1844; Ore. 1849; d. near Medford, June 23, 1924. Morfitt, William; b. England, 1837; Ore. 1847; d. Baker, July 18, 1923. Morgan, Erastus Newton; b. 111. 1837; Ore. 1852; d. Portland, Nov. 5, 1923. Morrison, Mrs. May Almeda Baker; b. Ore. 1857; d. Salem, Ore., Nov. 10, 1923. Morrison, W. E.; b. 1837; Ore. 1847; d. Farmington, April, 1924. ​NECROLOGY OF PIONEERS 391 Newton, Mrs. Susan Wood; b. Iowa, 1840; Ore. 1853; d. Corvallis, Feb. 17, 1924. Otey, Elijah; b. Ore. 1851; d. Portland, March 15, 1923. Paquet, Joseph; b. Mo. 1841; Ore. 1852; d. Portland, Sept. 30, 1924. Patton, Benj. Robert; b. Ore. 1858; d. Raleigh, March 20, 1924. Pattison, Mrs. Jane; b. Scotland, 1828; Ore. 1847; d. Olympia, Wn., Oct. 12, 1923. Payne, Morgan E.; b. 1840; Ore. 1851; d. Lakeport, Cal., July 16, 1923. Perham, Mrs. Martha Geary; b. 1840; Ore. 1851; d. Portland, Nov. 10, 1924. Daughter Rev. Edward R. Geary, D. D. Philpot, James Monroe; b. 1848; Ore. 1851; d. near Harrisburg, Oct., 1924. Pierce, D. H.; Ore. 1852; d. Albany, Oct. 15, 1924. Plinnnell, Mrs. Mary E. Way; b. Mo. 1848; Ore. 1849; d. Bandon, August, 1923. Plomondon, Frank N.; b. Ore. 1851; d. Vancouver, Wn., April 15, 1924. Porter, Sr. Macauley; b. Ky. 1829; Ore. 1848; d. Cor- vallis, Oct. 4, 1923. Pope, Thomas A.; b. N. Y. 1842; Ore. via Cape Horn, 1851; d. Portland, Nov. 22, 1924. Nephew of George Abernathy, pioneer of 1840, and provisional governor of Oregon 1845-1849 . Powell, Henry Clay; b. 111. 1840; Ore. 1851; d. Albany, Oct. 10, 1923. Prettyman, Henry W.; b. Delaware, 1839; Ore. 1847; d. Red Bluff, Cal., Jan. 16, 1924. Proebstel, Julius C; b. Ore. 1854; d. Portland, June 8, 1923. Purcell, Mrs. Polly Jane; b. 1846; Ore. 1846; d. Free- water, Oct. 13, 1923. ​392 GEORGE H. HIMES Quivey, Mrs. Mildred Bennett; b. Ore. 1849; d. Port- land, April, 1924. Raymond, Perry H.; b. Ind. Feb. 1, 1847; Ore. 1853 postmaster Albany several years; bailiff Supreme Court of Oregon 16 years; d. San Francisco, Calif., Oct 18, 1924, Redpath, Dr. Nathan J.; b. near present site of Kelso, 1859; d. Olympia, Wn., April 21, 1924. Ribelin, Mrs. Sarah Finley; b. Mo. 1843; Ore. 1846 d. Halsey, Nov. 10, 1923. Riggs, Green Berry; b. Mo. 1836; Ore. 1846; d. Mead- owview, Aug. 5, 1923. Ritchey, Adam; b. Iowa, 1850; Ore. 1853; d. Eugene, Sept 1. 1924. Robinson, James L.; b. Tenn. 1842; Ore. 1853; d. Walla Walla, Wn., May 11,1924. Roberts, Mrs. George; b. Old Oregon Trail, near Che- halis, Wn., 1853; d. Newaukum Prairie, June 17, 1924. Robertson, Mrs. Louise Elizabeth; b. Lane Co., 1857; d. Eugene, July 5, 1924. Roe, Mrs. Harry A. Ostrander; b. Mo. 1841; Ore. 1852; d. Forest Grove, Feb. 6, 1924. Rohr, Mrs. Amelia Mary Miller; b. Ind. 1841; Ore. 1853; d. Portland, Oct. 23, 1923. Ruckle, Mrs. Mary Stevens; b. 1843; Ore. 1856; d. Roseburg, Oct. 26, 1924. Rush, Mrs | Sarah Cantral; b. Mo. Jan. 22, 1845; Ore. 1853; d. near Grants Pass, April 28, 1924. Scott, Jacob; b. Iowa, 1849; Ore. 1852; d. Sublimity, July 15, 1923. Sears, Mrs. Lydia Ball; b. Ore. 1858; d. Ballston, Sept. 22, 1923. Settle, Wm. Gore; b. Ore. 1854; d. Lebanon, March 28, 1924. Shofner, Mrs. Alice Jackson; b. Ore. 1851; d. Sonoma, Cal., July 27, 1923. Short, Rev. Wm. M.; b. 1849; Ore. 1852; d. Salem, Nov. 25, 1923. ​NECROLOGY OF PIONEERS 393 Smith, Donald H.; b. Ore. 1859; d. Seattle, Wash., Sept. 28, 1923. Smith, Mrs. Hannah Huntington; b. Ind. 184 —; Ore. 1852; d. Kelso, Wn., Aug. 29, 1924. Smith, Preston; b. Ore. 1853; d. Cottage Grove, Jan. 26, 1924. Sommerville, John; b. 111. 1841; Ore. 1853; d. Harris- burg, Aug. 13, 1923. Spooner, Mrs. Ella Ainsworth Jennings; b. Ore. 1853; d. Jennings Lodge, Dec. 14, 1923. Starmer, Mrs. Mary Geer; b. Ore. 1851; d. Silverton, March 6, 1924. Sprague, Mark G.; b. Ore. 1855; d. Oregon City, Nov. 15, 1924. Stewart, Lafayette; b. Ore. 1857; d. Corvallis, May 31, 1924. Stoughton, John A.; b. Westfield, Mass., Sept. 23, 1830; Ore. 1843; d. Spangle, Wn., July 1, 1924. Stratton, Mrs. Helen L. Williams; b. Ohio, 1848; Ore. 1851; d. San Francisco, Cal., Aug. 15 ,1924. Swartz, Richard L.; b. 1842; Ore. 1852; d. Salem, Ore., Aug. 13, 1923. Switzler, John D.; b. 1837; Ore. 184 —; d. Umatilla, Oct. 6, 1924. Taylor, Miss Nannie E.; b. Portland, Oct. 6, 1854; d. Sept. 10, 1923. Taylor, Wm. J .; b. Sublimity, 1853; d. Ellensburg, Wash., May 1, 1924. Tharp, Joseph; b. 1844; Ore. 1845; d. Willamina, Jan. 22, 1924. Thomas, Mrs. Ann Maria; b. Mo. 1840; Ore. 1857; d. Central Point, Aug. 29, 1924. Thornbury, Mrs. Sarah E. Rothrock; Ore. 1848; d. Gervais, April 16, 1924. Tilley, Joseph A.; b. Ore. 1854; d. Portland, Oct. 14, 1923. ​394 GEORGE H. HIMES Tompkins, Rodney; b. Ohio, 1845; Ore. 1847; d. Port- land, Sept 8,1924. Toney, William L., b. Mo. 1827; Ore. 1847; d. Mc- Minnvillee, Aug. 18, 1924. Verbeck, Mrs. Mary Ellen Todd Applegate; b. Clay Co., 111., 1843; Ore. 1852; d. Weiser, Idaho, Oct. 16, 1924. Walker, Clarence D.; b. Ore. 1857; d. Stevenson, Wn., Aug. 1924. Walker, Mrs. Adelia Zumwalt; b. Mo. 1836; Ore. 1851; d. Coburg, Nov. 19, 1923. Wallace Lindley Murray; b. 111. 1839; Ore. 1854; d. Sheridan, Jan. 18, 1924. Wallace, Wm. D .; b. Iowa, 1845; Ore. 1852; d. Jasper, Feb. 21, 1924. Warren, William H.; b. Ore. 1852; d. Oregon City, Aug. 31, 1924. Waters, John B.; b. 1840; Ore. 1853; d. Falls City, June 17, 1924. Watson, Mrs. W . Patton; b. 1835; Ore. 1847; d. Long Beach, Calif., Oct. 7, 1924. Watson, Sanford; b. Springfield, 111., Dec. 31, 1845; Ore. 1849; d. Salem, Nov. 22, 1924. Watt, J. W .; b. Ore. 1854; d. June, 1923. Watts, Mrs. Mary; b. Ohio, 1849; Ore. 1853; d. Port- land, Jan. 2, 1924. White, William Oscar; b. Ark. Oct. 7, 1850; Ore. 1857; d. Cooks, Wn., June 11, 1924. Whitney, James; b. Ind. 1838; Ore. 1847; d. Wood- burn, Oct. 17, 1923. Wiles, Mrs. Martha Ellen; b. Ill; d. Mt. Vernon, Wn., Sept. 21, 1924. Wilkins, Amos; b. Ore. 1853; d. Coburg, Mar. 12,1924. Willis, Mrs. Irene Stratton; b. Ind. 1847; Ore. 1854; d. Portland, Nov. 13, 1923. Witham, Oliver; b. Ore. 1849; d. Corvallis, Feb. 28, 1924. ​Wood, Andrew J.; b. Benton Co., 1853; d. Eugene, May 4, 1924.

Wood, Benj.; b. Cal. 1857; Ore. 1878; d. Portland, Feb. 16, 1924.

Woods, Mrs. Louisa A. MeBride; b. Mo. 1835; Ore. 1846; d. Seaview, Wn., Oct. 2, 1924.

Woods, Mrs. Lucy Saunders Chamness; b. Ore. 1855; d. Salem, April 12, 1924.

Woods, Mrs. Mary D.; b. 1839; Ore. 1851; d. Bandon, Nov. 20, 1928.

Wooden, Robert Martin; b. Ky. 1836; Ore. 1852; d. Jewell, Jan. 21, 1924.

Worsham, Mrs. R. W.; b. Mo. 1842; Ore. 1853; d. Willow Creek, July 12, 1923.

Zell, Abraham; b. Ind. 1833; Ore. 1853; d. Prineville, Nov. 12, 1923.

Zell, Mrs. Abraham; b. Iowa, 1843; Ore. 1852; d. The Dalles, March 16, 1923. ​ ​INDEX TO VOLUME XXV Ainsworth, J C, president of the Oregon Steam Navigation Company, 211-26. American Pioneer, The, 93-100,the Ore- gon pioneer missionaries had the im- pulse of the Pilgrim Fathers but faced perils for others, 93; the incidents that kindled the missionary flame, 93-4; the circuit rider aids in most practical ways and endures much, 95-6; salient incidents in the founding of the com- monwealth in which missionaries have leading roles, 96-8; Robert Booth and his son are representative of the pio- neer missionary, 98-9; life and work of circuit rider envisaged, 100. Argonaut, The, in command of James Colnett, 40-52. Astoria, Fort, meeting to commemorate raising of American flag over in 1818, 294. B Bailey, Joseph, early Oregon experience and as superintendent of the Oregon portage, 171, 218; contracts pneu monia from exposure and exhausting labor fighting forest fires, 1868, and dies, 210-20 . Barry, Colonel Charles, begins survey for California and Columbia River Rail- road, 240; report of his survey, 243-8 . Bethune, Angus, of N. W . Co., arrives at Astoria in Oct. 1813 with McTavish with stock of furs, 306. Booth, R A., appreciation of his memor- ial to the early circuit rider in the equestrian statue, "The Circuit Rider," presented to the state, 80-100 . Brazee, John W., makes survey and plans Oregon Portage Railroad, 186; begins survey for improved railway, 230; reports sliding roadbed, 235. Bridger, Jim, met by Colonel Henry Erns,t Dosch in 1861, 56. Brugiere, Reges, biographical sketch of, and account of visit to Willamette country, 300. California and Columbia River Railroad, incorporated, 240; ceased activity, 250. California and Oregon Trail, The, 1849- 1860, 1 -35; changing traffic and routes of, 1-2; number of people following it in different years, 2 -4; outfitting and organization and experience of migra- tions, 4-20; with cholera, 8-9; with buffaloes, 9; in storms, 9-11; with stampedes, 11; with dust, 11-13; with mosquitoes, 13; fuel, fodder and water, 13-15; dead cattle and abandoned property, 15-17; Indians, 17-18; need of relief, 18-20; mail, pony express and freight traffic, 20-35; first mail service, 20; stage coaches and mail stations, 22-4; different routes, 24-7; pony express, 27-9; beginning of tele- graph line, 29; troubles with the Mor- mons, 29-31; freighting business for army posts, 31-5 . Canal at Cascade Locks, construction of, 233-4 . Cascade Canal and Lock Co., The, incor- porated with plan for a steamboat pas- sage at the portage, 226. Cascade and Portage Railway Co., in- corporated in connection with plans for permanent railroad at portage, 229. Chapman, W W., and others attempt to gain right of passage over the Ore- gon portage and become competitors of the Oregon Steam Navigation Com- pany, 221-6 . Christian Minister and The State, The, 84-93; his work somewhat overlooked by the historian, 84-5; performs very vital functions on the frontier, 85; his fervor a necessary reinforcement of morality, 86; the minister leads in the settlement of America, 86-7; scholarly interests of, 87-8; some min- isters of national note, 88-9; at the head of educational activities, 89-90; individuals who wrought on the Ore- gon frontier, 91-2; a representative tribute to Amzi Smith, 92-3 . " The Circuit Rider," Exercises on the Occasion of the Dedication and Unveil- ing of the Equestrian Statue, 79-100 . Clark, William, excerpts from journey of, giving narrative of exploration of the Willamtete, 272-9 . Colnett, James, and the Princess Royal, 36-52; the seizure of the English and their release in the Nootka affair, 36-7; errors in statements of Green- how,. Bancroft, and Manning concrning the movements of the Princess Royal and her restoration to Colnett, 37-8; movements of Colnett from the time of his release to the time of his meeting with the Princess Royal during same period, 43-7; happenings attending and following the meeting of Colnett with the Argonaut and Quimper with the Princess Royal, 47-52. Columbia River Improvement Co., se- cures condemnation of land for loca- tion of proposed canal at Cascades, 227-8. Columbia River Portage Railroad Co., incorporated to compete with O. S. N . Co., 226. Dosch, Colonel Henry Ernst, Reminis- cences, of, 53-71; his people in Ger- many and their experiences in the Revolution of 1848, 53; his educa​tion, 54; affairs in Missouri during the early part of the Civil War, 54-5; trip from Omaha to Salt Lake City, 55-6; experiences at Virginia City and acquaintance with Samuel Clemens, 56-8; his job on the pony express, 57- 8; experiences at San Francisco, 58- 60; comes to Portland and The Dalles, 61; conditions at The Dalles, a trading center, in the early sixties, 62-4; in business at Canyon City, 64-5; his mercantile activities in Portland,65-6; becomes farmer making a specialty of horticulture, especially walnut culture, 66-75; in service of state at different international expositions, 67-70; dec- orated by Japanese government in appreciation of service to Japan, 69- 70; distinguished sons, 70-1. Educational Activities of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Oregon, the His- tory of the, 101-35; traditions of Episcopal church reveal jealous con- cern for education, 101; this dispo- sition shown in the early history of the American colonies, 101; disbelief in co-education, 102; periods in the history of Episcopal education in Ore- gon, 102-3; the Richmonds establish the first Episcopal school in Yamhill county, 103, committee reports in 1853 proposing seminary, 103 -4; Bishop Thomas F. Scott advocates founding of school and committee ap- pointed to receive locations, 104; MO- waukie site offered but better adapted Oswego property bought, 105; Trinity school opened in 1856, 105; school continued until 1865, Mr. Bernard Cornelius the first principal and re- turns to be the last, 105-6; difficulties in financing, 106 -7; Spencer Hall, a girls' school at Milwaukie, 107-8; Bishop Morris and the Misses Rodney arrive and create new interest in ed- ucation, 108-9; St. Helens Hall in old and new locations, in charge of Miss Rodney, 1870-72, 109-13; Bishop Scott Grammar and Divinity School for boys, 1870-85, suffers reverses due to changes of Head Masters, 115-16; Dr. Joseph W. Hill becomes Head Master in 1878 and continues until 1901, 116-25; Diocesan schools at Walla Walla and at Cove, 120-1; par- ochial schools attempted in leading towns outside of Portland, 121; school finances, 122-3; death of Miss Rodney causes change of administration of St. Helens Hall, 123-4; administration of Bishop Scott Academy by A. C . Newill, 125-7; more recent affairs of St. Helens Hall, 127-30; the Bishop Scad- ding Grammar School on the Yamhill farm, 130-3; conclusion and statistics, 133-5 . Elliott* Simon G., gains reputation through use of his route over the Sierra Nevada Mountains by the Central Pacific Rail- road, 239; surveys railroad through Northern California and Oregon, 239- 45; instigates formation of East Side Company, 251; puts through scheme for financing, and enters into agree- ment with Ben Holladay, 265-7 . Engine, " Oregon Pony, " 197-202 . Franchere, Gabriel, biographical sketch of, 300; his "narrative" gives most facts about early days on the Wil- lamette, 300. Gaston, Joseph, an incorporator of the California and Columbia River Rail- road Company, 240, 243; secures in- corporation of company designated by legislature as company to receive land grant, 250; encounters opposition of East Side Company and loses grant but secures another for his West Side Company, 250-9; appeals to people for financial aid, 263; attempts con- struction of West Side road, but fails and it is merged with Holladay inter- ests, 269-73; wins in retaining "Ore- gon Central" as the name for his road, 273-4. H Halsey, A. Jacob, biographical sketch of and probability of bis being the per- son also known as J. C . Halsey, 304. Halsey, J C, biographical sketch of and account of activities on the Willamette, 304-6 . Harney, General, issues order opening upper country to settlement, Oct. 31, 1858, 187-8 . Hawaiians» introduction of, into the Pacific Northwest, 72-5 . Henry, Alexander, the younger's account of his Willamette trip, 306-9 . Hermann, Binger, Address at Port Orford Homecoming and Pioneer Reunion, 313-29; post at Port Orford most his- toric and its history dramatic, 313-14; Aguilar on his visit to the vicinity re- ported location of river, Strait of Anian and Island of California, 314; Vancouver charts the harbor and gives name to cape, 315; William Tichenor rediscovers in 1850 and files on land, 315-16; settlement, 317; Indian at- tack and abandonment of the post, 317-18; a second occupation by re- cruits, 318; a company of road makers under T'Vault massacred, 318-19; the military have battle with Coquille Indians, 319-20; wreck of the Captain Lincoln with narrow escape of its company of soldiers, 320; gold dis- covered on the beach sands and con- sequent rapid growth of city, 321; wealth in cedar, 321-2; Indians re- sent encroachment and massacre of settlers follows, 322-4; military leaders who participate later attain fame, 324; fire^ destroys town and timber, 325; engineers recommend harbor for ​INDEX improvement, 326; the career of Wil- liam Tichenor, 327-9; the roll of honor, 329. Holladay, Ben, is entrusted with the East Side Company, 253 -9; his meth- ods, 272; gets the West Side Com- pany, 273; gets control of the East Side Company and reorganizes it as the Oregon and California, secures loan and completes road as far as Roseburg, 274-83. Hudson's Bay Company, contract for Hawaiian labor, 72 . Idealism, its role in Oregon history, 79-80. 84-5. Keisel, Fred, comes west to Salt Lake City with Colonel Henry Ernst Dosch in 1861, 55-6 . Lewis and Clark Expedition, records, 295-6. Locomotive, "Oregon Pony," 197-202; transferred to The Dalles, 218; sold to David Hewes of San Francisco, 218 -9 . M McCartney, H. M ., engineer in charge of construction activities on the O. S . N . railroad at the Oregon Portage, 232-3 . McGillis, Donald, biographical sketch of and account of his visit to the Willam- ette country, 302. McKay, Alexander, biographical sketch of and notice of visit to Willamette, 301. McKenzie, Donald, biographical sketch of and account of his visit to Wil- lamette country, 303; the east fork is now named for him, 303. McNemees and Tetherows, The, With the Migration of 1S45, 353-77; the fourth house and first butcher in Portland, 353; the first hotel, 353; pipes for Portland's first water system, 353;* conditions in Portland after the ex- odus of 1848, 353-4; the McNemees and connections, 354; experiences on the Meek cutoff, 354-6; the Blue Bucket Mine, 355-6; claim to site of Portland contested, 357; Rev. J . H . Wilbur solicits funds for building the Taylor Street Methodist Church, 357; Sam Tetherow of Dallas, 358; Sol Tetherow and other officers of emigra- tion trains of 1845, 358-9; Sam Teth- erow's experiences in the Indian war of 1855-6 , 359-62; packs supplies to mines, 362; the Tetherow tribe, 363; the Hiltibrand people, 363-4; the Cap- tain Tetherow journal, including con- stitution and other documents of Ore- gon emigration, 365 -77 . McTavish, J. G., of N. W. Co., arrives at Astoria, Oct. 1813 , with company and catch of furs, 306. Matthews, William W. , biographical sketch of and account of visit to Wil- lamette country, 303 . N Necrology of Oregon Pioneers, 383 -95. News and Comment, 294; 378-82 . Northern Pacific Railroad gains control of the Oregon Steam Navigation Com- pany, 223-5; makes proposals for pur- chasing right of way through the Ore- gon portage, 228-9 . Ordway's Journal, excerpts from refer- ring to exploration of the Willamette, 299. Oregon and California Railroad, The His- tory of the, 236-83; 330-52; to con- serve the unity of the vast nation after 1846 a transcontinental railroad was required, 236-7; impetus for Ore- gon railroad building supplied from California, 237; railroads prior to 1863, 237-8; the Elliott and Barry surveys begun, 239-40; California and Oregon Railroad Company organized, 240; the Elliott survey, 241 -3; the Barry survey, 243-8; Oregon and Cal- ifornia Railroad Company incorporated, 248-9; the land grant struggle, 248-9; two Oregon Central railroad companies organized (the "East Side" and the " West Side") , 250-2; both companies begin construction, 253; Ben Holladay is entrusted with the East Side com- pany, 253 -4; struggle in the legisla- ture over the redesignation of com- pany to receive land grant from Con- gress, 258-9; aids to East Side com- pany, 260-2; aids to West Side com- pany, 262-4; financing of East Side company, 264 -9; financing West Side company, 269 -72; other railroad pro- jects, 272-4; West Side wins right to name, "Oregon Central Railroad Com- pany," 274-6; Holladay secures loan from German capitalists but conditions prevent completion of road to state line, 276-8; rate troubles and dis- appointing earnings, 278-80; where the proceeds of the loan went to, 281- 2; estimate of the work of Holladay, 282-3; Henry Villard's early career and character, 330-1; as agent for German bondholders attempts to con- serve their interests, 331-3; the road failing to increase traffic and net earn- ings, a reorganization was effected with the Holladay stock eliminated, 333; the Oregon and Transcontinental formed gains control of the Northern Pacific, becomes involved, so Oregon and California mileage extended but not completed and Villard fails, 333-6; Oregon and California goes into hands of receiver, 336; leased by Southern Pacific and merged and completed, 336-7; Southern Pacific violates terms of land ' grant, 337; land grant for- feited, 339 -41; railroads have new competition with carriers on paved [399] ​INDEX highways, 341; bibliography, 342-6; the Barry and Elliott surveys, 344-7; documents witness filing of articles of incorporation by Joseph Gaston, 347; J. H . Mitchell letter to M. P . Deady on the issue of the redesignation for land grant, 348-51; the votes on the designation resolutions, 352. Oregon's First Railway, 171-235; sources in newspapers of period and records of the Oregon Steam Navigation Com- pany, 171-2; also recollections of John Stevenson and his sister, Mrs. Barbara A. Bailey, 171-3; the first railways of Oregon, 172-3; the early transportation facilities and obstructions, 174; gold discoveries increase traffic, 174-5; Bradford and companies of the Colum- bia traffic incite competition, 175; Colonel Joseph S. Ruckel and his achievements as the genius of the Oregon Portage Railroad, 175-7; The Wasco and The Fashion with the newly established portage on the Oregon side first give through service between Portland and The Dalles, 1855, 177-8; Captain Kilborn's portage, 178-9; In- dian troubles and General Wool's order forbidding settlement in eastern Oregon, 179-80; improvements on the Washington side stimulate owners of the "Oregon Transportation line," 180- 1; the Olmstead, Ruckel, Tanner and Chipman land claims include the right of way for the portage, 181-3; com- petitors on the opposite sides of the river agree to a truce, 183-4; Ruckel and Harrison Olmstead, the prime movers, 185-6; surveys and detailed plans of Oregon Portage Railroad made by John W. Brazee, 186; the roadbed and structured, 185-7; General Har- ney's order opens the upper country to settlement, 187-8; flood of June, 1859, damages railroad, 188; the financing, 188-9; a combination in restraint of trade, 189-90; expanded it becomes the "Oregon Steam Navigation Com- pany," 190; the Washington and Ore- gon portage railroads not merged with the steamboat company, 191; volume of traffic statistics, 191-2; a tripartite agreement, 192-3; Colonel Ruckel's railroad coming into larger use, 194-7; the locomotive, "Oregon Pony," built, 197; its dimensions, 198-9; the paying for it, 200; its arrival before the rail- road was ready, 201-2; beginning of steam operation of the road, 203-7; Oregon Steam Navigation Company buys the Bradford & Co. portage road, 208; flood damage to road in June, 1862, 208-9; equipment and operation, 210; the situation as to the division of the portage earnings between Brad- ford & Co. (north side) and Ruckel and Olmstead (south side) lines,211- 12; Oregon Steam Navigation Com- pany buys the Oregon Portage prop- erty, 213-4; settlement of claims for division of portage earnings, 214-7; operation of Oregon Portage Railroad ceases, 218; locomotive removed to The Dalles portage and after three years sold to David Hewes of San Francisco, 218-9; the Peoples' Trans- portation Company attempts compe- tition with the O. S . N. Company, 220; the use of the Oregon portage dwindles, 219-20; contestants for rights across the Oregon portage, 220-8; the North- ern Pacific Railroad Company gains control of the 0. S. N . Co., 223-5; directors of the O. S. N. Co. take steps to build permanent railroad at portage, 229-30; O. S . N. Co. activi- ties halted because of bankruptcy of Jay Cooke & Co., 230; the O. S. N. Co. forced to activity through fear of seizure of Oregon portage by others, 230-1; slides halt construction, 231; work halts during 1879, 233; O. S . N . Co. combines with Willamette Trans- portation Co., and buys Walla Walla and Columbia River Railroad, 233; Henry Villard, with eastern capitalists, gets control of 0. S. N. Co., and builds standard gauge railroad along the Columbia—a new era, 233; first train from Portland, 233. Oregon History Writers and Their Ma- terials, 284-93; widely scattered ma- terials and diverse varieties of records contribute, 284; compiled lists used, 284; authors and types of works con- tributed, 285; Oregon history written by outside authors, 285; different aims followed by writers, 286; bibliographi- cal lists of Oregon materials, 287-8; original sources, 288-90; newspapers, legislative acts, governmental archives, ethnological collections, pioneer rec- ords, literature of boundary dispute, 290-2; monumental works, 293. "Oregon Pony," 233 . Oregon Portage Railroad Co., incorpor- ator to compete with O. S . N. Co., 226. Oregon Steam Navigation Company—see Oregon's First Railway. Pengra, B. J ., promotes Winnemucca branch of the Central Pacific, 272. Plains, Journal of a Trip Across the, 1851, 136-169; effort needed to get ready for the start, 136; river travel down the Ohio, up the Mississippi and the Missouri to St. Joseph, 137-7; in camp at St. Joseph and on search for cattle for trip, 137-8; windj cold and rain, 138-9; reach the Platte, 140; up the South Platte, 142; across to the North Platte at Ash Hollow, 142; up the North Platte, past Chimney Rock, Scott's Bluff, 143; Independ- ence Rock and Devil's Gate on the Sweetwater, 146; South Pass, 147; Fort Bridger, 148; Soda Springs on Bear River, 151; Fort Hall, 152; down the Snake, 153; Fort Boise, 159; camp in Oregon pine woods, 162; reach John Day River, 165; past Bar- low's gate and have worst road, 167; at Philip Foster's, 169. Pillet, Francis Benjamin, biographical sketch of and note of visit to Wil- lamette country, 302. ​INDEX Portland and The Dalles Wagon Road Co. , has road between The Dalles and a point one mile below the lower landing at the Cascades, 226. Princess Royal, movements of while in command of Quimper with orders to restore to James Colnett, 37-52 . Proctor, A. Phimister, designer of "The Circuit Rider," 99 . Quimper, Don Manuel, in command of the Princess Royal, 40-52 . Reed, John, biographical sketch of and account of visit to Willamette country, 305. Ross, Alexander, biographical sketch of, 300; his "Adventures on the Columbia River" gives facts concerning early days on the Willamette, 300. s Salt Cairn at Seaside, 294. " Sliding Mountain," 231,234. Stevens, Charles W. , designer of the first Oregon locomotive, 198 . Stuart, Robert, biographical sketch of and account of his visit to the Wil- lamette valley, 301 -2 . United States builds canal and locks at the Cascades, 233-4 . Van Bergen, Captain J. 0 ., early steam- boat operator on the Columbia and first to navigate steamboat between The Dalles and the Cascades with Oregon portage, 175, 177, 184-5 . Vancouver, Fort, commemoration of cen- tenary of founding planned, 294. Villard, Henry, 233, 330-352 . w Walla Walla and Columbia River Rail- road bought by the O. S. N. Co., 233. Wallace, William, biographical sketch of and account of his visit to the Wil- lamette country, 304-6 . Willamette, Early Days on the, 295-312; the different Lewis and CHark expe- dition records referring to the ex- ploration of the Willamette river, 295- 300; the Franchere "Narrative" ref- erences, 300-6; the Alexander Henry record, 306-9; the locations of the first house or trading post built by the whites on the Willamette, 309 -11 . Willamette River Transportation Co., combined with the O. S. N. Co., 233. ​ ​ ​THE OREGON HISTORICAL SOCIETY Organized December 17, 1898 FREDERICK V. HOLMAN - - - H- - .&» President CHARLES B. MOORES - >£ - - - Vice-President F. G. YOUNG - - ^ffipplll - - ^aSPf' Secretary LADD & TILTON BANK -Jg-I - £r& . "||| Treasurer GEORGE H. HIMES, Curator DIRECTORS THE GOVERNOR OF OREGON, ex-officio THE SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, ex-officio Term Expires at Annual Meeting in October, 1925 CHARLES H. CAREY, B. B. BEEKMAN Term Expires at Annual Meeting in October, 1926 LESLIE M. SCOTT, JOHN GILL Term Expires at Annual Meeting in October, 1927 P. H . D'ARCY, T. C. ELLIOTT Term Expires at Annual Meeting in October, 1928 LEWIS A, McARTHUR, FRED W . WILSON The Quarterly is sent free to all members of the Society. The annual dues are two dollars. The fee for life membership is twenty-five dollars. Contributions to The Quarterly and correspondence relative to historical ma- terials,- or pertaining to the affairs of this Society, should be addressed to F. G . YOUNG, Secretary, Eugene, Oregon Subscriptions for The Quarterly, or for other publications of the Society, should be sent to GEORGE H. HIMES, Curator. Public Auditorium, Third St., between Clay and Market Sts.,

Portland, Oregon ​ ​ ​ ​ ​