< Cassell's Illustrated History of England
​

Entry of Anne Boleyn Into London.

 
​

Cassell's Illustrated

 
 
 

HISTORY OF ENGLAND.

 
 
 
 
 

New and Revised Edition.


CONTINUED TO THE END OF 1873.

 
 
 
 


VOL. II.


FROM THE REIGN OF EDWARD THE FOURTH TO THE DEATH OF QUEEN ELIZABETH.

 
 
 
 

Cassell Petter & Galpin:


London, Paris & New York.

 

​






 
​

PREFACE.

N the present Volume we have stepped out of feudalism into the first day-spring of modern history. We have left the race of barons, grown too powerful for both Crown and country, and a divided Royal house which consumed the energies and the intellect of the nation in bloody conflicts for the possession of the throne. The predominating space which the Tudor dynasty occupies in the present pages is worthy of all attention. With Henry VII. a new blood and spirit entered the palace, and stirred within the golden circle of the Crown. The grandson of a Welsh yeoman of the guard became the monarch, and a vigour which had dwindled in the ancient race, from the days of Henry V., re-appeared, but linked inseparably with an absolute self-will, which, whilst appearing to resist the onward progress of the nation, really gave to it accelerated momentum and spirit. The old impediments of religion and of aristocracy were swept away, to give unopposed scope to Royal license; but this only cleared the ground for popular action. The nation had so far advanced that its impulses became the unmistakable law of tendency. From the remains of the ancient hierarchy arose the undaunted soul of religious freedom. With religious freedom, civil freedom was a necessity; and on the ruins of the ancient aristocracy arose a new race of landed proprietors, whose interests were more allied to the interest of the people. Before the close of the Tudor dynasty in Elizabeth, we behold unequivocal manifestations of a new order of things, of the limitation of the power of the Crown, and the establishment of the power of Parliament. We shall find in the opening of our next Volume the efforts of an unwise dynasty—that of the Stuarts—to resist this popular development, but only to its own destruction.

In our tracing of these events we have taken an impartial view of the character and conduct of Queen Elizabeth. Perhaps with no other monarch is it so necessary to discriminate between fond traditions and the cold facts of history. Elizabeth was a woman of a masculine and penetrating mind; no ruler ever knew more ably how to select capable ministers, and surround herself with the splendour of statesmanlike talent, bravery, and genius. With a stout heart, and assisted by the counsels and the gallant deeds of those men, she carried the country through an arduous crisis proudly, and bore down and broke to atoms every foreign influence and the Armada which was directed against the Protestant ascendancy of England. All honour to her and to them on that account. But when we penetrate through the splendour of such glories, and through the extravagant adulations of the Elizabethan courtiers, we come to some deeds and characteristics which demand just reprehension.

We must remind our readers that we are not writing romance, in which we can at will colour, turn, and dispose of things as we please; but our object and bounden duty is historic truth. We are tied up to that standard inexorably by harsh and unbendable official documents, which, like the rocks about our coast, may not be shaken in their place or changed in their hard outline. The modern ​researches in the archives of the Tower and the State Paper Office, and the publication of many of the documents there remaining, the journals of the Lords and Commons, the rolls of Parliament and the patent rolls, and the mass of original letters collected by Howell, Ellis, Nicolas, &c., enable us and compel us to draw a somewhat different picture from that which was presented to the last generation. In our portraiture of "good Queen Bess" we have used the facts left under the very hands of herself and her ministers, and from these there can be no appeal. On the other hand, it should be remembered by those who are startled into too severe a judgment of this queen, that the Elizabethan age, though the bright dawn of happier times, lies far behind our own in moral strength and purity; that the darkness of the Middle Ages was not yet quite banished, and threw still its shadow even upon high places; and that consequently our verdict upon this great and imperious monarch must have its just relation to those precedents and traditions which no longer attach to the throne.

Again, some readers may be ready to accuse us of placing the Roman Catholics of those times in too favourable a light. We can only reply that the same undoubted authorities have guided our pen. We will yield to no man in our attachment to Protestant principles, nor in our estimation of their paramount truth and value. We regard the liberation of mind effected by the Reformation as the source of all our present blessings, and our national preeminence. We believe that our firm stand by the truths of the Bible, and the spirit of liberty and law which is their direct result, is the reason why the Almighty has seen fit to place us at the head of nations, and to give to the language, the institutions, the dominion, and the glory of England a pre-eminence and an expanse such as no nation ever before enjoyed; that this is the secret of our invincible arms in all quarters of the globe, of our being chosen as the founders of the new and vast people of North America, of India, South Africa, and Australia, who form the links of a chain of British life, enlightenment, manliness, and religious reverence which encircles the globe as with an imperial zone. But as we hold and must hold the right of every man to maintain the independence of his creed and conscience, we are bound as citizens and subjects to deal out justice and impartiality to Roman Catholics as to Protestants; and were we to sketch and colour the religious partisans of the periods over which we have passed in this Volume, not by the undoubted documents which those times furnish, but by the colours in which the opponents on each side arrayed them to themselves, we should commit a gross and unpardonable violation of the truth of history, and be unworthy to hold the high and responsible position of the narrators of the veritable past in its many-sided completeness.

In our next Volume we shall be called on to detail the progress of still greater events and changes, the conflict of the monarchical and the national will, the overthrow of thrones and intolerance, and to hail the rising of the British Constitution as it now exists out of the waters of this agitated sea of antagonistic principles. ​

ILLUSTRATIONS TO THE SECOND VOLUME.

  1. PAGE
  2. Frontispiece—Entry of Anne Boleyn into London.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
  3. Louis XI. and the Herald
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		1
  4. Edward, Prince of Wales, son of Henry VI., and Edward IV.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		6
  5. Queen Elizabeth Wydville, with her children, taking Sanctuary at Westminster
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		7
  6. Edward V.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		13
  7. The Death of Clarence
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		15
  8. Parting of Queen Elizabeth Wydville and her son, the Duke of York
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		18
  9. The Penance of Jane Shore
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		19
  10. Great Seal of Edward V.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		22
  11. Richard III.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		25
  12. Great Seal of Richard III.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		27
  13. The Murder of the Princes in the Tower
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		30
  14. Battle of Bosworth Field. Lord Stanley bringing the Crown of Richard to Richmond
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		31
  15. "Jockey of Norfolk," killed at Bosworth
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		36
  16. House of the 15th Century, in which Richard is said to have slept on the night before the Battle of Bosworth
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		37
  17. Tournament, Harl. MS., 4,379
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		42
  18. Criminals conducted to Execution, 15th Century. Harl. MS., 4,374
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		43
  19. Execution of a Criminal, from a MS. of Froissart's Chronicles, 15th Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		43
  20. Friar preaching from a movable Pulpit, Royal MS., 14 E. 3
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		45
  21. Isabel Hervey, Abbess of Elstow, from a Brass
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		45
  22. Pilgrim buying a Glass Mirror. From a MS. of Lydgate's Poem of "The Pilgrim"
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		47
  23. Parish Priest in Ordinary Costume, and attired for the Altar, 15th Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		47
  24. Earl Rivers presenting William Caxton to Edward VI. From a MS. in the library of Lambeth Palace
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		49
  25. Fac-simile from the Bible printed at Mayence in 1450, by Gutenberg
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		49
  26. Fragment Fac-simile of the 98th page of the Psalter, printed at Mayence in 1457
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		50
  27. Fac-simile of Caxton's Printing in the "Dictates and Sayings of Philosophers," printed in 1477
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		50
  28. Copyist at Work
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		51
  29. Physician bleeding a Patient, Harl MS., 4,425
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		51
  30. Abbot Whetbamstede of St. Albans, from the register book of the Abbey
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		52
  31. Richard III. and his Queen, engraved from the Warwick roll
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		52
  32. Mason and Carpenter of the 15th Century, MS. Reg. 15 E. 11
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		53
  33. Gatehouse of the Priory at Montacute, Somersetshire
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		54
  34. Gatehouse at Helmingham, Suffolk
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		54
  35. Red Mount Chapel, at Lynn, Norfolk
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		55
  36. Window of Crosby Hall, London
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		56
  37. Buttress of Beauchamp Chapel
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		57
  38. Staircase at Charlton House, Kent
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		58
  39. Fireplace at Charlton House, Kent
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		58
  40. Bay Window at Speke Hall
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		58
  41. Smithell's Hall, Lancashire
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		59
  42. Staircase leading to the Chapel, Smithell's Hall
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		59
  43. Amusements of People of Rank, 15th Century, Harl. MS., 4,425
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		61
  44. Organ of the 14th Century, MS. 175, Imp. Lib. of Paris
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		61
  45. Cannon of the 15th Century, MS. Reg. 15 E. iv.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		61
  46. Hand-gun, reign of Edward IV., MS. Reg., 15 E. iv.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		62
  47. Cannon, end of 15th Century. From an engraving by J. Van Mechlin
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		62
  48. Soldier in a Floating Battery, with Hand-gun fitted on Stock. Printed at Verona in 1472
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		62
  49. Ship of War and Galley of the 15th Century, Harl. MS. 4,374-9
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		63
  50. Groat of Richard III.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		65
  51. Penny of Richard III.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		65
  52. Half-groat of Henry V.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		65
  53. Angel of Edward IV.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		65
  54. Half-groat of Edward IV.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		65
  55. Bedstead of the 15th Century. From a MS. romance of the Comte d'Artois
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		66
  56. Bedroom Furniture, time of Henry VI. Harl. MS., 2,278
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		66
  57. Kitchen of the 15th Century. Harl. MS., 4,375
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		66
  58. The Knight's Return from the War. MS. in the British Museum.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		67
  59. Costume of the Middle Classes in the 15th Century. Cotton MSS., Nero, D. 7
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		68
  60. Costume of Gentlemen, A.D. 1460. From a MS. History of Thebes
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		68
  61. Male Costume of Henry IV.'s reign. Harl. MS., 2,332
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		68
  62. Ladies' Head-dresses
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		69
  63. Costume of the Reign of Henry V. Royal MSS., 15 D 3
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		69
  64. Lady Margaret Pennebrygg
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		69
  65. Robert Skerne and Joan his wife. From a Brass
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		69
  66. Female Costume. Royal MS. 16. G. 5
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		69
  67. Male Costume. From various MSS.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		70
  68. —Reign of Edward IV.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		70
  69. Hats and Caps. Harl MSS., 4,379-80
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		70
  70. Ladies' Head-dresses. Harl. MS., 2,278
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		70
  71. —From a MS. of Froissart's Chronicles
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		70
  72. Female Costume. From a MS. History of Thebes
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		71
  73. Couvrechef or Kerchief
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		71
  74. Seals, Kings, and portions of Chains
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		71
  75. From a Brass of Sir John Drayton
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		71
  76. Knight in complete Armour, A.D. 1461-80
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		72
  77. Mace, Hand-cannon, Hand-gun, and Battle-axe
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		72
  78. Effigy of Richard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, A.D. 1442-65
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		72
  79. The Standards taken at Bosworth laid on the Altar of St. Paul's Cathedral
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		73
  80. Great Seal of Henry VII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		75
  81. Henry VII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		78
  82. Simnel presented to the Earl of Kildare
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		79
  83. Elizabeth, Queen of Henry VII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		85
  84. Remains of Bermondsey Abbey, in which Queen Elizabeth Wydville was confined
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		90
  85. An Old English Merrymaking, 15th Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		91
  86. London in the 15th Century. From Royal MS. 16, F. 2
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		97
  87. Knight in complete Armour. Harl. MSS., 4,379-80
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		98
  88. Bowmen of the 14th and 15th Centuries
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		100
  89. Beaulieu Abbey, where Perkin Warbeck took Sanctuary
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		103
  90. Henry VII. at the Dispatch of Business
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		103
  91. The White Rose of Scotland
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		106
  92. Thomas Stanley, first Earl of Derby
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		109
  93. The Port of Weymouth
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		114
  94. Interior of Henry VII.'s Chapel in Westminster Abbey
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		115
  95. Great Seal of Henry VIII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		120
  96. Curious Antique Clock, belonging to Henry VIII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		120
  97. Henry VIII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		121
  98. Death of Gaston de Foix, at Ravenna
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		126
  99. The Battle of Spurs
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		127
  100. Costume of an English Gentleman in the time of Henry VIII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		130
  101. —Lady in the time of Henry VIII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		130
  102. Great Ship of King Henry VIII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		132
  103. The Shrine of Prince Arthur, brother of Henry VIII., in Worcester Cathedral
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		133
  104. The Lord Cardinal Thomas Wolsey
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		138
  105. The Scottish Peers demanding the Children of Queen Margaret
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		139
  106. Henry VIII., Catherine of Arragon, and Thomas Wolsey
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		144
  107. King Henry VIII. retiring from Council
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		145
  108. Meeting of Henry VIII. and Francis I on the Field of the Cloth of Gold
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		150
  109. The Field of the Cloth of Gold. From a Bas-relief on the Hotel dn Bourtheroulde, at Rouen
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		151
  110. Execution of the Duke of Buckingham
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		154
  111. The City of Bruges—Palace of the Franks
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		156
  112. Queen Catherine of Arragon
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		157
  113. Hampton Court Palace, the Residence of Cardinal Wolsey
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		159
  114. Erasmus and Sir Thomas More
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		162
  115. Windsor Castle
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		163
  116. Old Greenwich Palace, as it appeared in the Reign of Henry VIII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		168
  117. King Henry VIII. and his Council. From Hall's Chronicle
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		168
  118. Francis I., King of France, taken Prisoner at the Battle of Pavia
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		169
  119. Louise reading of the Capture of the King
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		174
  120. Bird's-eye View of Rhodes in the 16th Century. From an ancient Manuscript
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		175
  121. Boudoir of Anne Boleyn, in the Gateway of Hever Castle
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		178
  122. Hever Castle, Kent. Residence of Anne Boleyn
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		180
  123. Entrance to Wolsey's College, Ipswich
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		181
  124. Queen Anne Boleyn
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		186
  125. Ball at old Greenwich Palace. Henry VIII. dancing with Anne Boleyn
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		187
  126. Ante-chamber in Hever Castle, Kent: Residence of Anne Boleyn
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		192
  127. Trial of Queen Catherine
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		193
  128. The Dismissal of Cardinal Wolsey
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		198
  129. Wolsey at Leicester
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		199
  130. Ruins of Leicester Abbey, the Scene of the Death of Cardinal Wolsey
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		203
  131. Thomas Cranmer
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		204
  132. Private Marriage of Anne Boleyn to Henry VIII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		205
  133. Cardinal Pole
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		210
  134. Place of Execution within the Tower of London
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		211
  135. Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		216
  136. Margaret Roper taking leave of her Father, Sir Thomas More, on the Tower Wharf
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		217
  137. Tomb of Catherine of Arragon in Peterborough Cathedral
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		222
  138. Arrest of Anne Boleyn
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		223
  139. Chapel on the Tower Green, where Anne Boleyn was buried
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		228
  140. Henry VIII. at the Royal Hunt in Epping Forest, on the morning of the Execution of Anne Boleyn
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		229
  141. Jane Seymour
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		231
  142. The Pilgrimage of Grace
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		235
  143. Miles Coverdale
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		240
  144. Henry VIII. delivering the translated Bible to his Lords
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		241
  145. Anne of Cleves
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		246
  146. Henry VIII. granting the Charter to the Worshipful Company of Barber-Surgeons
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		247
  147. City Watchmen of the time of Henry VIII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		252
  148. The Block and Axe in the Tower of London
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		252
  149. Old Richmond Palace
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		253
  150. Queen Catherine Howard
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		258
  151. King Henry and his Parliament. From an Engraving of the period
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		259
  152. Henry VIII. delivering the Translated Bible to the Lords. From Cranmer's Bible
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		263
  153. Chained Bibles set up in the Churches, by the order of Henry VIII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		264
  154. Instruments of Torture used in the reign of Henry VIII., and still preserved in the Tower of London
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		264
  155. Domestic Architecture in the reign of Henry VIII. Old Houses at Shrewsbury
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		265
    156. ​
  156. PAGE
  157. Catherine Parr
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		270
  158. Marriage of Henry VIII. and Catherine Parr
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		271
  159. View of Portsmouth Harbour, as it appears at the present time
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		277
  160. The Palace of Nonsuch, on London Bridge, erected in the reign of Henry VIII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		282
  161. Death of Cardinal Beaton
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		283
  162. Conduit in London Streets, with Stocks, Pillory, and Whipping Post
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		288
  163. Henry VIII. and Catherine Parr
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		289
  164. Edward VI.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		291
  165. Edward VI. entering London
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		295
  166. Great Seal of Edward VI.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		300
  167. Rearing the Fire Cross for the Assembly of the Highland Clans, before the battle of Pinkie
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		301
  168. The Duke of Somerset
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		306
  169. The Herald delivering a Challenge to single combat from Lord Huntly to the Duke of Somerset
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		307
  170. Latimer preaching before Edward VI.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		312
  171. Pillory at the Gateway of old London Bridge
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		313
  172. Traitors' heads over the Gateway of London Bridge
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		313
  173. Old Somerset House, the Residence of the Protector during the reign of Edward VI.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		318
  174. An assembly in Ket's Camp
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		319
  175. St. James's Palace, Westminster Abbey, and ancient Conduit, in the reign of Edward VI.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		324
  176. Edward VI. presenting the Warrant for the Execution of Joan Bocher to Archbishop Cranmer
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		325
  177. Dulley, Duke of Northumberland
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		330
  178. Edward VI. granting the Charter to Bridewell
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		331
  179. Lady Jane Grey
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		336
  180. King Edward's last Physician
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		337
  181. Edward VI. in Council. From an old Engraving
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		339
  182. Queen Mary I
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		342
  183. The Crown of England offered to Lady Jane Grey
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		343
  184. Lady Jane Grey and Roger Aschau
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		343
  185. Execution of the Duke of Northumberland on Tower Hill
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		349
  186. Philip of Spain
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		354
  187. Allington Castle, the Residence of Sir Thomas Wyatt
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		355
  188. Great Seal of Queen Mary
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		358
  189. Autograph of Queen Mary
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		358
  190. Queen Mary in her Private Oratory
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		360
  191. Wyatt on his way to Execution, solemnly exonerating the Princess Elizabeth and Courtenay from participation in his Rebellion
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		361
  192. Lady Jane Grey watching the Execution of her Husband
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		363
  193. Carving ascribed to John Dudley, in the Beauchamp Tower
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		365
  194. Inscription cut by the husband of Lady Jane Grey on the Walls of his Prison
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		365
  195. The Princess Elizabeth at Traitor's Gate
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		365
  196. Reception of the first Russian Embassy in England
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		367
  197. Room in which Lord Guildford Dudley was imprisoned in the Beauchamp Tower
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		373
  198. Burning of Archbishop Cranmer
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		378
  199. Recantation of Archbishop Cranmer, in St. Mary's Church, Oxford
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		379
  200. Place of Execution, Smithfield
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		384
  201. Martyr's Stone at Hadleigh
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		384
  202. Siege of Calais. Departure of the Citizens
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		385
  203. Queen Elizabeth
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		390
  204. Queen Elizabeth acknowledged by the Bishops
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		391
  205. Queen Elizabeth entering London
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		397
  206. John Knox
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		402
  207. Destruction of the Carthusian Monastery, Perth, by Rioters
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		403
  208. Great Seal of Queen Elizabeth
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		408
  209. Mary Queen of Scots landing at Leith
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		409
  210. Mary Queen of Scots
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		414
  211. State Progress of Queen Elizabeth
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		415
  212. Queen Elizabeth and her Suitors
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		421
  213. The Earl of Murray
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		426
  214. The Dismission of the Earl of Murray and the Abbot of Kilwinning by Queen Elizabeth
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		427
  215. Murder of Rizzio
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		432
  216. Holyrood House
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		433
  217. Lord Darnley
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		438
  218. Queen Elizabeth and her Parliament
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		439
  219. Surrender of Mary Queen of Scots at Carberry Hill
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		445
  220. Mary Stuart about to sign her Resignation at Lochleven Castle
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		450
  221. Mary Queen of Scots in Imprisonment
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		451
  222. Queen Mary protesting against the Commissioners appointed to inquire into her Conduct
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		457
  223. Memento Mori Watch of Mary Queen of Scots
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		459
  224. Assassination of the Regent Murray
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		462
  225. Queen Elizabeth's Kitchen
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		463
  226. Place of Imprisonment in the Tower
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		468
  227. A London Street on a Rainy Day, in the time of Queen Elizabeth
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		469
  228. The first Royal Exchange, erected by Sir Thomas Gresham
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		474
  229. Trial of the Duke of Norfolk
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		475
  230. House of Sir Thomas Gresham, in Bishops-gate Street
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		480
  231. John Fox, the Martyrologist
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		481
  232. Bear Baiting, as practised in the time of Queen Elizabeth
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		486
  233. Reception of Queen Elizabeth at Kenilworth Castle
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		487
  234. The French Ambassador at the Court of Queen Elizabeth, after the Massacre of St. Bartholomew
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		492
  235. Edmund Spenser
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		493
  236. William Cecil, Lord Burleigh
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		498
  237. Execution of Two Brownists
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		499
  238. Court of Henry III of France. Ball at the Palace
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		504
  239. Queen Elizabeth knighting Francis Drake
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		505
  240. Sir Philip Sydney
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		510
  241. Death of Sir Philip Sidney at the Battle of Zutphen
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		511
  242. Sir Francis Walsingbam
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		516
  243. Dudley, Earl of Leicester
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		517
  244. Sir Francis Drake
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		522
  245. Mary Queen of Scots taking Leave of her Attendants
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		523
  246. The Custom House in the reign of Queen Elizabeth
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		528
  247. Earl of Essex
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		529
  248. Wreck of one of the Armada Vessels on the Irish Coast
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		534
  249. Queen Elizabeth at Tilbury
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		535
  250. Tilbury Fort, on the Thames
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		538
  251. Destruction of the Spanish Armada
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		540
  252. Sir Walter Raleigh
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		541
  253. Essex House, in the Strand
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		546
  254. Henry of Navarre (afterwards Henry IV. of France)
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		547
  255. A Barber's Shop in the reign of Queen Elizabeth
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		552
  256. James VI. of Scotland
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		553
  257. The Reconciliation between Queen Elizabeth and the Earl of Essex
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		558
  258. Confession of the Countess of Nottingham
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		559
  259. An Irish Trooper. From an old Manuscript
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		564
  260. The Death of Queen Elizabeth
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		565
  261. Autograph of Queen Elizabeth
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		566
  262. Tomb of Queen Elizabeth in Westminster Abbey
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		570
  263. A Trial for High Treason, in Westminster Hall, during the Tudor period
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		571
  264. The Star Chamber
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		576
  265. William Tyndale
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		577
  266. Branding Iron
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		578
  267. Permanent Pillory
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		578
  268. A Friar
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		579
  269. Sanctuary, Westminster
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		579
  270. Pulpit Hour-glass, time of Edward VI.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		580
  271. Bishop of the Reformed Church
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		580
  272. Luther Denouncing the Romish Ritual
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		582
  273. Destruction of the Cross in Cheapside
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		583
  274. Punishment of the Pillory
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		583
  275. Punishment of the Stocks
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		583
  276. Doing Penance in a Church
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		585
  277. Cathedral of Geneva
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		585
  278. Arms of Geneva
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		586
  279. Christ's Hospital. Founded by Edward VI.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		588
  280. Shakespeare's Birthplace, at Stratford-on-Avon
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		589
  281. William Shakespeare
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		594
  282. Representing Shakespeare's Plays in the Hall of the Middle Temple
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		595
  283. Globe Theatre, Bankside
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		600
  284. Music Book and Musical Instrument belonging to Queen Elizabeth
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		601
  285. Andley Gate. Tudor period
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		601
  286. Gateway of Speke Hall. Tudor period
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		601
  287. Helmingham Hall, Suffolk. Tudor period
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		603
  288. Gate house, Westwood House. Tudor period
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		603
  289. Entrance from the Courtyard of Burghley House
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		606
  290. Couch used by Mary Queen of Scots during her Imprisonment
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		606
  291. Arras in Knowle House
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		607
  292. Fire Dogs
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		607
  293. Nursery Chair of James VI. of Scotland
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		607
  294. Armour of the Reign of Henry VII., from the Effigy of Sir Thomas Peyton
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		609
  295. Armour of the Reign of Henry VIII., from the Effigy of Richard Gyll
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		609
  296. Foot Soldier in the Reign of Henry VIII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		609
  297. Helmets and Headpieces
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		609
  298. Guards of the Reign of Henry VIII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		609
  299. Group of Weapons, &c., preserved in the Tower
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		610
  300. Artillery of the Tudor period
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		610
  301. Group of Arms of the Tudor period
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		610
  302. Dandies of the time of Henry VIII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		611
  303. Dress of the Commonalty in the time of Edward VI.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		611
  304. A Gentleman of Fashion in the time of Henry VIII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		612
  305. Lady and Countrywoman of the days of Elizabeth
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		612
  306. A Beggar of the time of Henry VIII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		612
  307. Ladies' Head-dress of the time of Henry VII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		612
  308. Ladies' Head-dress of the time of Henry VIII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		612
  309. Ordinary Costume of the Days of Queen Mary
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		613
  310. Beards of the 16th Century: 1. The Spade. 2. The Stiletto. 3. Double Stiletto. 4. Round Beard
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		613
  311. Beards of the 16th Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		613
  312. Head-dresses of the 16th Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		613
  313. Female Costume, 1600
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		613
  314. Ladies' Head-dresses, 16th Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		613
  315. Dress of a Lady, 1485
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		613
  316. Ordinary Costume, time of Henry VIII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		613
  317. A Courtier of Queen Bess's time
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		615
  318. Gentlemen of the Queen's Chapel, in the time of Queen Elizabeth
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		615
  319. Sovereign of Henry VII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		616
  320. Gold Real of Mary
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		616
  321. Milled Sixpence of Elizabeth
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		616
  322. Crown of Edward VI.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		616
  323. George Noble of Henry VIII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		617
  324. The Ships of Columbus
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		617
  325. A Ship of the 16th Century
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		617
  326. Sir Thomas Gresham, Founder of the Royal Exchange
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		618
  327. State Coach of Queen Elizabeth
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		619
  328. Side Saddle of Queen Elizabeth
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		619
  329. Charing Cross and the Strand in the days of Queen Elizabeth
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		619
  330. Pack Horses of the Tudor period
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		621
  331. A Statute Fir in the days of Henry VIII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		621
  332. Sections showing the Increase of London since the latter part of the reign of Henry VIII.
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		622
  333. Outline Plan, showing the Extent of London in the Reigns of King Henry VIII. and Queen Victoria
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		622
  334. Hunting the Hare in St. Giles's Fields, in the days of Queen Mary
    ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    		623

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