​MORPHY, PAUL CHARLES (1837-1884), American chess player, was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, on the 22nd of Tune 1837, the son of Alonzo Morphy (1798-18 56) and his wife, whose maiden name was Le Carpentier. The father, the son of a wellto-do Spanish immigrant, was a prominent jurist and legislator and, like his brother Ernest, passionately fond of chess. Learning the moves from his father at the age of ten, Paul gave evidence of such extraordinary precocity that in less than two years he was able to defeat all the amateurs of his native city. While still at school he competed successfully with such strong players as Eugene Rousseau and the Hungarian master ]. Liiwenthal. He attended the Jesuit college of St Joseph at Spring Hill, Alabama, and applied himself to the study of the law, being admitted to the bar of Louisiana in 1858. During the autumn of 1857 he took part in the first American chess congress at New York, winning the first prize from sixteen competitors, including the well-known L. Paulsen. Morphy went to Europe in the spring of 1858 and entered upon a series of triumphs, both in regular matches and in blindfold play, that proved him to be one of the best players of the time. The winter of 1858-1859 was passed in Paris, where he was destined to gain his greatest triumphs, practically winning the championship of the world by beating Adolf Anderssen, champion of Germany, by a score of 7-2, vidth two games drawn. Another feat was his simultaneous blindfold match against eight strong French players, six of whom he defeated. At this time he was in his twenty second year. Returning to the United States in 1859, he intended to establish himself in the practice of the law at New Orleans, but the outbreak of the Civil War frustrated these plans. His devotion to chess had already begun to affect his health. He spent the year 1863 in Paris, returning to New Orleans in 1864, but his health was now permanently impaired. He became insane, and at last he died in New Orleans in 1884. See Exploits and Triumphs of Paul Morphy, by F. M. Edge (New York, 1859); Morphy's Games, edited by ]. Lowenthal (New York, 1860); Paul Morphy, by Max Lange (Leipzig, 1881). MORRILL, JUSTIN SMITH (1810-1898), American political leader and hnancier, was born at Stratford, Vermont, on the 14th of April 1810. He was a clerk in a store at Stratford in 1825-1828, and at Portland, Maine, in 1828-1831, and was a merchant and then a farmer in his native town in 1831-1855. He was elected to the national house of representatives as an antislavery Whig in 1854, soon afterwards joining the new Republican party, and served in the house from 18 5 5 until 1867. From 1867 until his death in Washington on the 28th of December 1898 he represented Vermont in the Senate. In the house he was continuously a member of the ways and means committee (of which he was chairman in 186 5-1867), and in the Senate of the finance committee (of which he was chairman in 1877-1879, 1881-1893 and 1893-1898). Soon after entering Congress he became the acknowledged leader of the protectionists, and at the request of John Sherman, then chairman of the ways and means committee, he prepared a new tariff bill, which was introduced in the house in March ISOO. To this relatively conservative bill, which substituted in many instances ad vatorem for specific duties, and was intended by its author to be a revenue as well as a protective measure, were added many amendments which made the bill more strongly protectionist, and in some cases were vigorously opposed by Morrill. The bill was finally passed by the Senate on the 2oth of February 1861, and was signed by President Buchanan on the 2nd of March following. Morrill is probably best known as the author of the Land Grant Act of 1862, which led to the development of the highly important system of state educational institutions, aided by the Federal government. On the 14th of December 1857, Morrill introduced in the house a bill “ donating public lands to the several states and Territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts.” This bill passed both houses, but was vetoed in February 18 59 by President Buchanan on the ground that it would cause friction between the states, that it would be uneconomical, that it might encourage fraudulent speculation, that it would injure existing institutions, and that it was unconstitutional. A similar bill was introduced by Morrill on the 16th of December 1861, and five months afterwards was presented to the Senate by Benjamin Wade of Ohio. The measure had a negative report from committee in the house, and was strongly opposed in the Senate; but it passed both branches, and on the 2nd of Tuly 1862 was signed by President Lincoln. This measure provided for the foundation and maintenance of colleges “ where the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics [which had not been included in the original bill], to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts. in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life.” In 1890 Morrill introduced in the Senate the so-call ed “ Second Morrill Act, ” under which $2 5,000 is given annually by the Federal government to each of the “ land-grant ” colleges.