​HOLT, SIR JOHN (1642-1710), lord chief justice of England, was born at Thame, Oxfordshire, on the 30th of December 1642. His father, Sir Thomas Holt, possessed a small patrimonial estate, but in order to supplement his income had adopted the profession of law, in which he was not very successful, although he became sergeant in 1677, and afterwards for his political services to the “Tories” was rewarded with knighthood. After attending for some years the free school of the town of Abingdon, of which his father was recorder, young Holt in his sixteenth year entered Oriel College, Oxford. He IS said to have spent a very dissipated youth, and even to have been in the habit of taking purses on the highway, but after entering Gray's Inn about 1000 he applied himself with exemplary diligence to the study of law. He was called to the bar in 1663. An ardent supporter of civil and religious liberty, he distinguished himself in the state trials w h1ch w ere then so common by the able and courageous manner in which he supported the pleas of the defendants. In 1685-1686 he was appointed recorder of London, and about the same time he was made k1ng's sergeant and received the honour of knighthood His giving a decision adverse to the pretensions of the king to exercise martial law in time of peace led to his dismissal from the office of recorder, but he was continued in the office of k1ng's sergeant in order to prevent him from becoming counsel for accused persons Having been one of the judges who acted as assessors to the peers in the Convention parliament, he took a leading part 1n arranging the constitutional change by which William III was called to the throne, and after his accession he was appointed lord chief justice of the King's Bench. His merits as a judge are the more apparent and the more remarkable when contrasted with the qualities displayed by his predecessors in office In judicial fairness, legal knowledge and ab1l1ty, clearness of statement and unbending integrity he has had few if any superiors on the English bench. Over the civil rights of his countrymen he exercised a jealous watchfulness, more especially when presiding at the trial of state prosecutions, and he was especially careful that all accused persons should be treated with fairness and respect He is, however, best known for the firmness with which he upheld his own prerogatives in opposition to the authority of the Houses of Parliament On several occasions his physical as well as his moral courage was tried by extreme tests. Having been requested to supply a number of police to help the soldiery in quelling a riot, he assured the messenger that if any of the people were shot he would have the soldiers hanged, and proceeding himself to the scene of riot he was successful in preventing bloodshed While steadfast in his sympathies with the Whig party, Holt maintained on the bench entire political impartiality, and always held himself aloof from political intrigue. On the retirement of Somers from the chancellorship in 1700 he was offered the great seal, but declined it. His death took place in London on the 5th of March 1710. He was buried in the chancel of Redgrave church. Reports of Cases determmed by Str John Holt (1681-1710) appeared at London ID 1738, and The Judgments delwered zu the case of Ashby v White and others, and m the case of John Paty and others, prmted from ortgmal MSS, at London (1837) See Burnet's Own Trmes; Tatler, N0 xiv, a Lzje, published m 1764, Welsby, Lwes of Ermnent English Judges of the 17th and 18th Ceuturres (1846), Campbell'S Lwes of the Lord Chtef Justrces, and Foss, Lu/es of the Judges.