No. That's not possible.

A transaction id is calculated from the raw transaction. More specifically the raw transaction is hashed twice with sha256: sha256(sha256(rawtransaction)).

That means, that the id is always 256 bits long (64 characters). Because sha256 and hashing in general is a one-way-operation, it's not possible to calculate the size of the rawtransaction just from the transaction id.

if you need more information about a transaction, you have to fetch that from a client. In bitcoin core you can use gettransaction or getrawtransaction. (getrawtransaction only works if the transaction belongs to one of your addresses or you have txindex enabled in your wallet.)