Bitcoin's state gets synchronized by everyone downloading the blockchain and applying all transactions in the correct order. Earlier versions of Bitcoin would just download block for block until they were caught up. Nowadays, Bitcoin first synchronizes only the block headers which are 80 bytes each and allow the node to pre-filter orphaned blocks and dead sidechains, before downloading all the corresponding blockchain data.

When your computer got shut down, likely some of your node's blockchain state got mixed up, so it's rebuilding the chainstate database, first headers, then blocks.