In the bitcoin data directory there is a file called debug.log. This file as noted in the bitcoin documentation:

May contain IP addresses and transaction ID's.

This does not indicate that a transaction originated from a specific IP address but it does indicate that your node received a transaction from that IP address. If someone were to have a wide enough view of the network and controlled enough nodes then it could be inferred that the creator of a specific transaction was using a specific IP at the time. This is not always considered conclusive evidence at this time.