Blockchain technology, at least without accepting central party that controls access to the chain, inherently has slow blocks, or strong centralization incentives.

The reason is that blocks need to propagate much faster than the block interval time. If they don't, miners who are further away from the majority of the hash power are put at a disadvantage.

To explain this intuitively, notice that when miner A creates a block, he can start working immediately on a successor, while another miner B first needs to wait until A's block reaches him. During that time, B works on an outdated chain, and is unlikely to produce a block that ends up being accepted. The closer A and B are located together, and the more trust they have in eachother about not lying about new blocks they produce, the more they start to behave like a single party.

Thus, the ratio of block interval and propagation speed across the network is a means for keeping the advantages of larger miner groups over smaller ones in check.

This does not mean that the bitcoin currency is inappropriate for fast payments. They just require another mechanism than on-blockchain transactions. For example, look at the proposed Lightning network, which allows many small transaction between parties to occur, while only settling the resulting balance on the blockchain. It requires more trust, but has higher performance and convenience, and lower costs.

If faster computers had started producing blocks at higher rate the algorithm would just increase block difficulty. It is intentionally designed to give next block (and therefore next confirmation) at average once per ten minutes.

But it does not mean the money needs an hour to be transferred. The transaction is emitted immediately and the fact of sending money may be detected by receiver in seconds. Confirmations are required just to make sure the transaction is irreversible for the sender. And there are payment processors (like Coinbase) which accept payment just after the transaction is detected (i.e. without waiting for confirmation). Of course it is not suitable method for high value transactions (or if service is highly abused for some reason), but it does work (as making double spend requires some knowledge).

On the other hand if you need payments confirmed in shorter time you can use other cryptocurrencies. For instance DogeCoin block time is one minute (and after 10 minutes you have 10 confirmations making the transaction quite irreversible). There are also some altcoins with shorter times (e.g. 40 seconds for FlorinCoin) but they are not as popular as BTC or DOGE.

There's no inherent reason why it couldn't be done that way, but then there's no inherent reason why you couldn't charge an electric car wirelessly.

The present time between blocks represents a compromise: set the block time too high, and you'll inconvenience users. Set it too low, and blocks take too long to propagate around the network, which means that nodes won't mine efficiently. The existing block time is probably too long.

It's not so much that it couldn't be done, it's just that there are a lot of stakeholders with a lot of different ideas about what the block interval should be, and this requires agreement from a lot of people.

@Jakub Jagiełło discusses the mechanism that adjusts difficulty so that the actual block interval matches the target block interval, but the target block interval could be adjusted deliberately.