Bitcoin is a relatively new phenomenon and the peer-review process takes a while, so there is not much out there yet.
The most notable is a network analysis of bitcoin transactions done around the alleged "allinvain" theft earlier this year.
http://arxiv.org/abs/1107.4524
Other than that, there are currently a few articles published in academic journals that focus on bitcoin (as well as pop-sci and pop-compsci articles in various places)
For example
Grinberg, Reuben, Bitcoin: An Innovative Alternative Digital Currency (April 21, 2011). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1817857
The best answer may be to do this in the form of a community wiki where articles published in academic journals can be posted by subject, as if bitcoin survives it will obviously start to receive a lot of attention.
related question: http://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/q/36/46
– Artem Kaznatcheev – 2011-09-01T14:38:21.3672also, note that the paper you link has not been published or peer-reviewed and thus it is contentious if it counts as a scientific study. – Artem Kaznatcheev – 2011-09-01T14:38:57.793
@Artem: Yes, that's a good guide to roughly understand the mechanisms of Bitcoin. But nothing really convincing in there. – Stéphane Gimenez – 2011-09-01T15:00:46.530
Voting to close because there can't be an accepted complete answer to this question. – ripper234 – 2011-09-01T16:04:34.833
1@ripper: The problem is that some knowledge about existing works is needed if we are to allow science/technology-related questions here. My opinion is that these questions are obviously on-topic here, but maybe we should start some discussion on meta? – Stéphane Gimenez – 2011-09-01T17:28:56.550
The source references section of the white paper contains several research publications and papers that point (some directly, some indirectly) to the need for and inevitable emergence of Bitcoin. Since Bitcoin emerged from cypherpunk efforts to reclaim privacy and autonomy from the state, it is less coordinated academic effort, and more innovation out of social need. Much like guerilla warfare was rapidly born out of modern circumstance (overwhelming adversary) rather than a systematic formulation during years of institutionalized research effort. – venzen – 2017-06-28T03:21:53.740