How does proof-of-stake "mining" work?

I know and understand the concept of proof-of-stake. Instead of requiring users to do a certain amount of power-intensive hashing "work", it requires you to own a certain stake of the currency in order for you to mine new coins.

But how does the actual mining process work? In PoW mining, people "find" blocks by generating a hash that fulfills a certain condition. How can one mine a PoS block? Is a miner required? Or does just anyone holding coins get their share after a certain amount of time?

In Peercoin specifically, is PoW and PoS mining done independently or do they interfere or influence one another?

Steven Roose

Posted 2014-01-07T01:21:31.250

Reputation: 10 855

Answers

In Nextcoin, proof of stake is used. So the "mining" process there is just about holding coins and leaving your computer on. It doesn't involve powerful CPUs.

Each block (every 60 seconds), a random Nextcoin is selected to be the next "miner". There are 1 billion coins so the odds of a single wallet being selected is the number of Nxt in that wallet divided by 1 billion. (Also, it's possible to calculate and agree on who that node is so the transactions need only be sent to that particular wallet.)

If a node with the selected wallet is running, it will collect the transactions, make a block, and send it to the rest of the network and collect the fees. If the computer is turned off, however, then the entire network will have to select a different nextcoin to make the transaction. This time, the unresponsive wallet will be ignored. The network would suffer in that the time to make a block is decreased, but the thought is that people wouldn't leave their computers off if they have a lot of NXT because they're missing out on all the fees that they could have collected.

If you only have a few NXT, you can leave your computer off: You probably wouldn't have collected much fees anyway. But, your odds of being selected were low so it probably won't decrease transaction times much.

Eyal

Posted 2014-01-07T01:21:31.250

Reputation: 1 539

13How can a network with different incentives agree on a random number in a way that can't be manipulated? – ike – 2014-12-22T22:44:45.617

3also, couldn't i build a chain where i'm the only miner because i was the only person online at those moments? wouldn't my chain win against the current chain? – Luca Matteis – 2015-07-24T11:29:03.357

so as I understand, a node with lesser stake coin will have less probability to be a miner right ? – hqt – 2018-03-17T15:15:06.890

1The best explanation I found [until now] – Aminadav Glickshtein – 2018-03-19T07:36:47.290

For Peercoin specifically, PoW and PoS blocks are independent. Just as you're betting your consumed electricity and CPU-time vs. the possible PoW-blok's reward, in the PoS blocks you're betting your coin-age: the amount oF PPC you own multiplied by the number of days they've sitted idly at your wallet. It must be a minimum of 30 and a maximum of 90 days for your coins to start generating tickets for the PoS raffle.

Should your ticket win, you earn 1% interest and lose all your coin-age, so your coins are, from the network POV, as though you had just received them. I.e. you'll need to wait another 30 days for them to be able to pay you interest again. Over time, though, you're just supposed to earn about 1% annually.

Since code for PoS and PoW are independent of each other and the concept of PoS so new, there have been a couple bugs to be fixed plus a kind of attack was found that allowed users to generate a lot of PoS raffle-tickets for "free" - fortunately Sunny King has been able to fix such problems quickly.

Joe Pineda

Posted 2014-01-07T01:21:31.250

Reputation: 2 040

What is included in the hash for a PoS raffle ticket? – morsecoder – 2014-12-23T20:15:49.890